A Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network with Hierarchical Multi-Scale Feature Fusion for Image Classification

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used in image classification tasks, but their increasing model size and computation make them challenging to implement on embedded systems with constrained hardware resources. To address this issue, the MobileNetV1 network was developed, which employs depthwise convolution to reduce network complexity. MobileNetV1 employs a stride of 2 in several convolutional layers to decrease the spatial resolution of feature maps, thereby lowering computational costs. However, this stride setting can lead to a loss of spatial information, particularly affecting the detection and representation of smaller objects or finer details in images. To maintain the trade-off between complexity and model performance, a lightweight convolutional neural network with hierarchical multi-scale feature fusion based on the MobileNetV1 network is proposed. The network consists of two main subnetworks. The first subnetwork uses a depthwise dilated separable convolution (DDSC) layer to learn imaging features with fewer parameters, which results in a lightweight and computationally inexpensive network. Furthermore, depthwise dilated convolution in DDSC layer effectively expands the field of view of filters, allowing them to incorporate a larger context. The second subnetwork is a hierarchical multi-scale feature fusion (HMFF) module that uses parallel multi-resolution branches architecture to process the input feature map in order to extract the multi-scale feature information of the input image. Experimental results on the CIFAR-10, Malaria, and KvasirV1 datasets demonstrate that the proposed method is efficient, reducing the network parameters and computational cost by 65.02% and 39.78%, respectively, while maintaining the network performance compared to the MobileNetV1 baseline.

MSSTNet:Multi-scale facial videos pulse extraction network based on separable spatiotemporal convolution and dimension separable attention

Background The use of remote photoplethysmography(rPPG)to estimate blood volume pulse in a noncontact manner has been an active research topic in recent years.Existing methods are primarily based on a singlescale region of interest(ROI).However,some noise signals that are not easily separated in a single-scale space can be easily separated in a multi-scale space.Also,existing spatiotemporal networks mainly focus on local spatiotemporal information and do not emphasize temporal information,which is crucial in pulse extraction problems,resulting in insufficient spatiotemporal feature modelling.Methods Here,we propose a multi-scale facial video pulse extraction network based on separable spatiotemporal convolution(SSTC)and dimension separable attention(DSAT).First,to solve the problem of a single-scale ROI,we constructed a multi-scale feature space for initial signal separation.Second,SSTC and DSAT were designed for efficient spatiotemporal correlation modeling,which increased the information interaction between the long-span time and space dimensions;this placed more emphasis on temporal features.Results The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of the proposed network reached 9.58dB on the PURE dataset and 6.77dB on the UBFC-rPPG dataset,outperforming state-of-the-art algorithms.Conclusions The results showed that fusing multi-scale signals yielded better results than methods based on only single-scale signals.The proposed SSTC and dimension-separable attention mechanism will contribute to more accurate pulse signal extraction.

Multi-Scale Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit Networks for Tool Wear Prediction in Smart Manufacturing

As an integrated application of modern information technologies and artificial intelligence,Prognostic and Health Management(PHM)is important for machine health monitoring.Prediction of tool wear is one of the symbolic applications of PHM technology in modern manufacturing systems and industry.In this paper,a multi-scale Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit network(MCGRU)is proposed to address raw sensory data for tool wear prediction.At the bottom of MCGRU,six parallel and independent branches with different kernel sizes are designed to form a multi-scale convolutional neural network,which augments the adaptability to features of different time scales.These features of different scales extracted from raw data are then fed into a Deep Gated Recurrent Unit network to capture long-term dependencies and learn significant representations.At the top of the MCGRU,a fully connected layer and a regression layer are built for cutting tool wear prediction.Two case studies are performed to verify the capability and effectiveness of the proposed MCGRU network and results show that MCGRU outperforms several state-of-the-art baseline models.

Pedestrian attribute classification with multi-scale and multi-label convolutional neural networks

Pedestrian attribute classification from a pedestrian image captured in surveillance scenarios is challenging due to diverse clothing appearances,varied poses and different camera views. A multiscale and multi-label convolutional neural network( MSMLCNN) is proposed to predict multiple pedestrian attributes simultaneously. The pedestrian attribute classification problem is firstly transformed into a multi-label problem including multiple binary attributes needed to be classified. Then,the multi-label problem is solved by fully connecting all binary attributes to multi-scale features with logistic regression functions. Moreover,the multi-scale features are obtained by concatenating those featured maps produced from multiple pooling layers of the MSMLCNN at different scales. Extensive experiment results show that the proposed MSMLCNN outperforms state-of-the-art pedestrian attribute classification methods with a large margin.

Lightweight Image Super-Resolution via Weighted Multi-Scale Residual Network

The tradeoff between efficiency and model size of the convolutional neural network(CNN)is an essential issue for applications of CNN-based algorithms to diverse real-world tasks.Although deep learning-based methods have achieved significant improvements in image super-resolution(SR),current CNNbased techniques mainly contain massive parameters and a high computational complexity,limiting their practical applications.In this paper,we present a fast and lightweight framework,named weighted multi-scale residual network(WMRN),for a better tradeoff between SR performance and computational efficiency.With the modified residual structure,depthwise separable convolutions(DS Convs)are employed to improve convolutional operations’efficiency.Furthermore,several weighted multi-scale residual blocks(WMRBs)are stacked to enhance the multi-scale representation capability.In the reconstruction subnetwork,a group of Conv layers are introduced to filter feature maps to reconstruct the final high-quality image.Extensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the proposed model,and the comparative results with several state-of-the-art algorithms demonstrate the effectiveness of WMRN.

Clothing Parsing Based on Multi-Scale Fusion and Improved Self-Attention Mechanism

Due to the lack of long-range association and spatial location information,fine details and accurate boundaries of complex clothing images cannot always be obtained by using the existing deep learning-based methods.This paper presents a convolutional structure with multi-scale fusion to optimize the step of clothing feature extraction and a self-attention module to capture long-range association information.The structure enables the self-attention mechanism to directly participate in the process of information exchange through the down-scaling projection operation of the multi-scale framework.In addition,the improved self-attention module introduces the extraction of 2-dimensional relative position information to make up for its lack of ability to extract spatial position features from clothing images.The experimental results based on the colorful fashion parsing dataset(CFPD)show that the proposed network structure achieves 53.68%mean intersection over union(mIoU)and has better performance on the clothing parsing task.

Defect Detection Algorithm of Patterned Fabrics Based on Convolutional Neural Network

The background pattern of patterned fabrics is complex,which has a great interference in the extraction of defect features.Traditional machine vision algorithms rely on artificially designed features,which are greatly affected by background patterns and are difficult to effectively extract flaw features.Therefore,a convolutional neural network(CNN)with automatic feature extraction is proposed.On the basis of the two-stage detection model Faster R-CNN,Resnet-50 is used as the backbone network,and the problem of flaws with extreme aspect ratio is solved by improving the initialization algorithm of the prior frame aspect ratio,and the improved multi-scale model is designed to improve detection of small defects.The cascade R-CNN is introduced to improve the accuracy of defect detection,and the online hard example mining(OHEM)algorithm is used to strengthen the learning of hard samples to reduce the interference of complex backgrounds on the defect detection of patterned fabrics,and construct the focal loss as a loss function to reduce the impact of sample imbalance.In order to verify the effectiveness of the improved algorithm,a defect detection comparison experiment was set up.The experimental results show that the accuracy of the defect detection algorithm of patterned fabrics in this paper can reach 95.7%,and it can accurately locate the defect location and meet the actual needs of the factory.

A Multi-Scale Network with the Encoder-Decoder Structure for CMR Segmentation

Cardiomyopathy is one of the most serious public health threats.The precise structural and functional cardiac measurement is an essential step for clinical diagnosis and follow-up treatment planning.Cardiologists are often required to draw endocardial and epicardial contours of the left ventricle(LV)manually in routine clinical diagnosis or treatment planning period.This task is time-consuming and error-prone.Therefore,it is necessary to develop a fully automated end-to-end semantic segmentation method on cardiac magnetic resonance(CMR)imaging datasets.However,due to the low image quality and the deformation caused by heartbeat,there is no effective tool for fully automated end-to-end cardiac segmentation task.In this work,we propose a multi-scale segmentation network(MSSN)for left ventricle segmentation.It can effectively learn myocardium and blood pool structure representations from 2D short-axis CMR image slices in a multi-scale way.Specifically,our method employs both parallel and serial of dilated convolution layers with different dilation rates to capture multi-scale semantic features.Moreover,we design graduated up-sampling layers with subpixel layers as the decoder to reconstruct lost spatial information and produce accurate segmentation masks.We validated our method using 164 T1 Mapping CMR images and showed that it outperforms the advanced convolutional neural network(CNN)models.In validation metrics,we archived the Dice Similarity Coefficient(DSC)metric of 78.96%.

A novel multi-resolution network for the open-circuit faults diagnosis of automatic ramming drive system

The open-circuit fault is one of the most common faults of the automatic ramming drive system(ARDS),and it can be categorized into the open-phase faults of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor(PMSM)and the open-circuit faults of Voltage Source Inverter(VSI). The stator current serves as a common indicator for detecting open-circuit faults. Due to the identical changes of the stator current between the open-phase faults in the PMSM and failures of double switches within the same leg of the VSI, this paper utilizes the zero-sequence voltage component as an additional diagnostic criterion to differentiate them.Considering the variable conditions and substantial noise of the ARDS, a novel Multi-resolution Network(Mr Net) is proposed, which can extract multi-resolution perceptual information and enhance robustness to the noise. Meanwhile, a feature weighted layer is introduced to allocate higher weights to characteristics situated near the feature frequency. Both simulation and experiment results validate that the proposed fault diagnosis method can diagnose 25 types of open-circuit faults and achieve more than98.28% diagnostic accuracy. In addition, the experiment results also demonstrate that Mr Net has the capability of diagnosing the fault types accurately under the interference of noise signals(Laplace noise and Gaussian noise).

Identification of tomato leaf diseases using convolutional neural network with multi-scale and feature reuse

Various diseases seriously affect the quality and yield of tomatoes. Fast and accurate identification of disease types is of great significance for the development of smart agriculture. Many Convolution Neural Network (CNN) models have been applied to the identification of tomato leaf diseases and achieved good results. However, some of these are executed at the cost of large calculation time and huge storage space. This study proposed a lightweight CNN model named MFRCNN, which is established by the multi-scale and feature reuse structure rather than simply stacking convolution layer by layer. To examine the model performances, two types of tomato leaf disease datasets were collected. One is the laboratory-based dataset, including one healthy and nine diseases, and the other is the field-based dataset, including five kinds of diseases. Afterward, the proposed MFRCNN and some popular CNN models (AlexNet, SqueezeNet, VGG16, ResNet18, and GoogLeNet) were tested on the two datasets. The results showed that compared to traditional models, the MFRCNN achieved the optimal performance, with an accuracy of 99.01% and 98.75% in laboratory and field datasets, respectively. The MFRCNN not only had the highest accuracy but also had relatively less computing time and few training parameters. Especially in terms of storage space, the MFRCNN model only needs 2.7 MB of space. Therefore, this work provides a novel solution for plant disease diagnosis, which is of great importance for the development of plant disease diagnosis systems on low-performance terminals.

Using Hybrid Penalty and Gated Linear Units to Improve Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks for Single-Channel Speech Enhancement

Recently,speech enhancement methods based on Generative Adversarial Networks have achieved good performance in time-domain noisy signals.However,the training of Generative Adversarial Networks has such problems as convergence difficulty,model collapse,etc.In this work,an end-to-end speech enhancement model based on Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks is proposed,and some improvements have been made in order to get faster convergence speed and better generated speech quality.Specifically,in the generator coding part,each convolution layer adopts different convolution kernel sizes to conduct convolution operations for obtaining speech coding information from multiple scales;a gated linear unit is introduced to alleviate the vanishing gradient problem with the increase of network depth;the gradient penalty of the discriminator is replaced with spectral normalization to accelerate the convergence rate of themodel;a hybrid penalty termcomposed of L1 regularization and a scale-invariant signal-to-distortion ratio is introduced into the loss function of the generator to improve the quality of generated speech.The experimental results on both TIMIT corpus and Tibetan corpus show that the proposed model improves the speech quality significantly and accelerates the convergence speed of the model.

Feature Fusion-Based Deep Learning Network to Recognize Table Tennis Actions

A system for classifying four basic table tennis strokes using wearable devices and deep learning networks is proposed in this study.The wearable device consisted of a six-axis sensor,Raspberry Pi 3,and a power bank.Multiple kernel sizes were used in convolutional neural network(CNN)to evaluate their performance for extracting features.Moreover,a multiscale CNN with two kernel sizes was used to perform feature fusion at different scales in a concatenated manner.The CNN achieved recognition of the four table tennis strokes.Experimental data were obtained from20 research participants who wore sensors on the back of their hands while performing the four table tennis strokes in a laboratory environment.The data were collected to verify the performance of the proposed models for wearable devices.Finally,the sensor and multi-scale CNN designed in this study achieved accuracy and F1 scores of 99.58%and 99.16%,respectively,for the four strokes.The accuracy for five-fold cross validation was 99.87%.This result also shows that the multi-scale convolutional neural network has better robustness after fivefold cross validation.

基于层级过滤器和时间卷积增强自注意力网络的序列推荐

针对实际推荐场景中用户意外交互产生的噪声问题,以及自注意力机制中注意力分布分散导致用户短期需求偏移难以捕获的问题,提出一种基于层级过滤器和时间卷积增强自注意力网络的序列推荐(FTARec)模型。首先,通过层级过滤器过滤原始数据中的噪声;其次,结合时间卷积增强自注意力网络和解耦混合位置编码获取用户嵌入,该过程通过时间卷积增强补充自注意力网络在项目短期依赖建模上的不足;最后,结合对比学习改善用户嵌入,并根据最终用户嵌入进行预测。相较于自注意力序列推荐(SASRec)、过滤增强的多层感知器序列推荐方法(FMLPRec)等现有序列推荐模型,FTARec在3个公开数据集Beauty、Clothing和Sports上取得了更高的命中率(HR)和归一化折损累计增益(NDCG),相较于次优的DuoRec,HR@10分别提高了7.91%、13.27%和12.84%,NDCG@10分别提高了5.52%、8.33%和9.88%,验证了所提模型的有效性。

基于时序图卷积的动态网络链路预测

动态网络链路预测广泛的应用前景,使得其逐渐成为网络科学研究的热点.动态网络链路演化过程中具有复杂的空间相关性和时间依赖性,导致其链路预测任务极具挑战.提出一个基于时序图卷积的动态网络链路预测模型(dynamic network link prediction based on sequential graph convolution, DNLP-SGC).针对网络快照序列不能有效反映动态网络连续性的问题,采用边缘触发机制对原始网络权重矩阵进行修正,弥补了离散快照表示动态网络存在时序信息丢失的不足.从网络演化过程出发,综合考虑节点间的特征相似性以及历史交互信息,采用时序图卷积提取动态网络中节点的特征,该方法融合了节点时空依赖关系.进一步,采用因果卷积网络捕获网络演化过程中潜在的全局时序特征,实现动态网络链路预测.在2个真实的网络数据集上的实验结果表明,DNLP-SGC在precision, recall, AUC指标上均优于对比的基线模型.

基于排序蒸馏的序列化推荐算法

为解决当前基于知识蒸馏的推荐算法排名有效性和效率低,以及现有知识蒸馏模型更强调的是静态和单一知识迁移的问题,提出一种基于排序蒸馏的序列化推荐算法。训练一个性能优越、规模大的教师模型,训练一个符合移动终端设备的小模型即学生模型,使学生模型在教师模型的指导下学习排序。学生模型实现了与教师模型相似的排名性能,且学生模型规模较小提高了在线推荐效率。通过在数据集MovieLens和Gowalla上的实验,验证了该模型增强了学生模型的学习效果,缓解了学生模型学习不充分导致排名不佳的问题。模型可以自然地运用于序列化推荐的模型中,具有很好的通用性。

基于高维多目标序贯三支决策的恶意代码检测模型

针对传统基于二支决策的恶意代码检测方法在面对动态环境中的复杂海量数据时,没有考虑在信息不充足条件下进行决策产生影响的问题,本文提出了一种基于卷积神经网络的序贯三支决策恶意代码检测模型。通过卷积神经网络对样本数据进行特征提取并构建多粒度特征集,引入序贯三支决策理论对恶意代码进行检测。为改善检测模型整体性能,避免阈值选取的主观性,本文在上述模型的基础上,同时考虑模型的综合分类性能、决策效率和决策风险代价建立高维多目标序贯三支决策模型,并采用高维多目标优化算法对模型进行求解。仿真结果表明,模型在保证检测性能的同时,有效地提升了决策效率,降低了决策时产生风险代价,更好地拟合了真实动态检测环境。

Land cover classification from remote sensing images based on multi-scale fully convolutional network

Although the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)has shown great potential for land cover classification,the frequently used single-scale convolution kernel limits the scope of informa-tion extraction.Therefore,we propose a Multi-Scale Fully Convolutional Network(MSFCN)with a multi-scale convolutional kernel as well as a Channel Attention Block(CAB)and a Global Pooling Module(GPM)in this paper to exploit discriminative representations from two-dimensional(2D)satellite images.Meanwhile,to explore the ability of the proposed MSFCN for spatio-temporal images,we expand our MSFCN to three-dimension using three-dimensional(3D)CNN,capable of harnessing each land cover category’s time series interac-tion from the reshaped spatio-temporal remote sensing images.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed MSFCN,we conduct experiments on two spatial datasets and two spatio-temporal datasets.The proposed MSFCN achieves 60.366%on the WHDLD dataset and 75.127%on the GID dataset in terms of mIoU index while the figures for two spatio-temporal datasets are 87.753%and 77.156%.Extensive comparative experiments and abla-tion studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MSFCN.

基于用户长短期偏好的个性化推荐

针对现有序列推荐模型忽略用户的长期偏好和短期偏好,导致推荐模型不能充分发挥作用,推荐效果不佳的问题,提出一种基于用户长短期偏好的个性化推荐模型.首先,针对长期偏好序列长且不连续的特点,采用BERT(bidirectional encoder representations from transformers)对长期偏好建模;针对短期偏好序列短且与用户交互的间隔时间较短,具有易变性,采用垂直水平卷积网络对短期偏好建模;在得到用户的长期偏好和短期偏好后,利用激活函数进行动态建模,然后利用门控循环网络对长短期偏好进行平衡.其次,针对用户在日常交互中的误碰行为,采用稀疏注意力网络进行建模,在对长短期偏好建模前使用稀疏注意力网络进行用户行为序列处理;用户特征偏好对推荐结果也会有影响,使用带有偏置编码的多头注意力机制对用户特征进行提取.最后,将各部分得到的结果输入到全连接层得到最后的输出结果.为验证本文模型的可行性,在数据集Yelp和MovieLens-1M上进行实验,实验结果表明该模型优于其他基线模型.

基于KPCA-MTCN的锂离子电池故障诊断方法

为了维护储能系统的安全稳定运行,本文针对锂离子电池故障诊断这一重要问题,提出了一种结合核主成分分析(KPCA)和多尺度时序卷积网络(MTCN)的故障诊断方法.该方法首先归一化故障数据,然后利用KPCA降低数据维度并校验数据的可靠性;其次,根据故障类型对数据进行标注,并按比例划分训练集和测试集;接着在训练阶段使用霜冰算法(RIME)优化MTCN模型的超参数以提高模型的精度;最后基于故障数据验证MTCN的分类精度,并与长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)、卷积神经网络(CNN)、Xception和ResNet50进行比较.在KPCA验证充电故障和未知故障数据的可靠性后,基于两组数据测试的结果表明,相比于CNN和LSTM,MTCN对于两组故障的分类准确率均为最高,分别达到了99.265%和99.688%,与Xception和ResNet50较为接近.同时针对训练数据量的测试结果表明,在训练数据量较少时MTCN仍能保持较好的诊断效果,说明MTCN的并行结构可以从不同的尺度提取更多的时序信息.

A CNN-Based Single-Stage Occlusion Real-Time Target Detection Method

Aiming at the problem of low accuracy of traditional target detection methods for target detection in endoscopes in substation environments, a CNN-based real-time detection method for masked targets is proposed. The method adopts the overall design of backbone network, detection network and algorithmic parameter optimisation method, completes the model training on the self-constructed occlusion target dataset, and adopts the multi-scale perception method for target detection. The HNM algorithm is used to screen positive and negative samples during the training process, and the NMS algorithm is used to post-process the prediction results during the detection process to improve the detection efficiency. After experimental validation, the obtained model has the multi-class average predicted value (mAP) of the dataset. It has general advantages over traditional target detection methods. The detection time of a single target on FDDB dataset is 39 ms, which can meet the need of real-time target detection. In addition, the project team has successfully deployed the method into substations and put it into use in many places in Beijing, which is important for achieving the anomaly of occlusion target detection.