Knowledge flow analysis of knowledge co-production-based climate change adaptation for lowland rice farmers in Bulukumba Regency,Indonesia

To increase the resilience of farmers’livelihood systems,detailed knowledge of adaptation strategies for dealing with the impacts of climate change is required.Knowledge co-production approach is an adaptation strategy that is considered appropriate in the context of the increasing frequency of disasters caused by climate change.Previous research of knowledge co-production on climate change adaptation in Indonesia is insufficient,particularly at local level,so we examined the flow of climate change adaptation knowledge in the knowledge co-production process through climate field school(CFS)activities in this study.We interviewed 120 people living in Bulukumba Regency,South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia,involving 12 crowds including male and female farmers participated in CFS and not participated in CFS,local government officials,agriculture extension workers,agricultural traders,farmers’family members and neighbors,etc.In brief,the 12 groups of people mainly include two categories of people,i.e.,people involved in CFS activities and outside CFS.We applied descriptive method and Social network analysis(SNA)to determine how knowledge flow in the community network and which groups of actors are important for knowledge flow.The findings of this study reveal that participants in CFS activities convey the knowledge they acquired formally(i.e.,from TV,radio,government,etc.)and informally(i.e.,from market,friends,relatives,etc.)to other actors,especially to their families and neighbors.The results also show that the acquisition and sharing of knowledge facilitate the flow of climate change adaptation knowledge based on knowledge co-operation.In addition,the findings highlight the key role of actors in the knowledge transfer process,and key actors involved in disseminating information about climate change adaptation.To be specific,among all the actors,family member and neighbor of CFS actor are the most common actors in disseminating climate knowledge information and closest to other actors in the network;agricultural trader and family member of CFS actor collaborate most with other actors in the community network;and farmers participated in CFS,including those heads of farmer groups,agricultural extension workers,and local government officials are more willing to contact with other actors in the network.To facilitate the flow of knowledge on climate change adaptation,CFS activities should be conducted regularly and CFS models that fit the situation of farmers’vulnerability to climate change should be developed.

A method for identifying coalbed methane co-production interference based on production characteristic curves: A case study of the Zhijin block, western Guizhou, China

Efficient detection of coalbed methane(CBM) co-production interference is the key to timely adjusting the development plan and improving the co-production efficiency. Based on production data of six typical CBM co-production wells in the Zhijin block of western Guizhou Province, China, the production characteristic curves, including production indication curve, curve of daily water production per unit drawdown of producing fluid level with time, and curve of water production per unit differential pressure with time have been analyzed to explore the response characteristics of co-production interference on the production characteristic curves. Based on the unit water inflow data of pumping test in coal measures, the critical value of in-situ water production of the CBM wells is 2 m^(3)/(d·m). The form and the slope of the initial linear section of the production indication curves have clear responses to the interference, which can be used to discriminate internal water source from external water source based on the critical slope value of 200 m^(3)/MPa in the initial linear section of the production indication curve. The time variation curves of water production per unit differential pressure can be divided into two morphological types: up-concave curve and down-concave curve. The former is represented by producing internal water with average daily gas production greater than 800 m^(3)/d, and the latter produces external water with average daily gas production smaller than 400 m^(3)/d. The method and critical indexes for recognition of CBM co-production interference based on the production characteristic curve are constructed. A template for discriminating interference of CBM co-production was constructed combined with the gas production efficiency analysis, which can provide reference for optimizing co-production engineering design and exploring economic and efficient co-production mode.

Coal and rock fissure evolution and distribution characteristics of multi-seam mining

Henan Pingdingshan No.10 mine is prone to both coal and gas outbursts.The E_(9-10)coal seam is the main coal-producing seam but has poor quality ventilation,thus making it relatively difficult for gas extraction.The F_(15)coal seam,at its lower section,is not prone to coal and gas outbursts.The average seam separation distance of 150 m is greater than the upper limit for underside protective seam mining.Based on borehole imaging technology for field exploration of coal and rock fracture characteristics and discrete element numerical simulation,we have studied the evolution laws and distribution characteristics of the coal and rock fissure field between these two coal seams.By analysis of the influential effect of group F coal mining on the E_(9-10)coal seam,we have shown that a number of small fissures also develop in the area some 150 m above the overlying strata.The width and number of the fissures also increase with the extent of mining activity.Most of the fissures develop at a low angle or even parallel to the strata.The results show that the mining of the F_(15)coal seam has the effect of improving the permeability of the E_(9-10)coal seam.

Coupling control on pillar stress concentration and surface cracks in shallow multi-seam mining

In order to ensure safe mining and reduce surface damage in shallow multi-seam mining,the failure characteristics of interburden strata with different coal pillars offset distances between pillars in the upper and lower seams,the distribution characteristics of stress concentration in coal pillars,and the development characteristics of stratum cracks and subsidence were investigated by physical and UDEC2D simulation.Meanwhile,the effect of different coal pillar offset distances on stress concentration of coal pillar and development of stratum cracks were studied.Based on those results,a formula for safe mining and reducing surface damage was established,which provided a theoretical basis for safe and environmentally friendly mining in shallow multi-seam.According to the results,the optimal coal pillar offset distance(the side to side horizontal distance of the upper and lower coal pillars)between the upper and lower coal seams was developed to reduce the stress concentration of coal pillars and surface damage.The results of this study have been applied in Ningtiaota coal mine and have achieved good results in safe and environmentally friendly mining.

Geomechanics of subsidence above single and multi-seam coal mining

Accurate prediction of surface subsidence due to the extraction of underground coal seams is a significant challenge in geotechnical engineering. This task is further compounded by the growing trend for coal to be extracted from seams either above or below previously extracted coal seams, a practice known as multiseam mining. In order to accurately predict the subsidence above single and multi-seam longwall panels using numerical methods, constitutive laws need to appropriately represent the mechanical behaviour of coal measure strata. The choice of the most appropriate model is not always straightforward. This paper compares predictions of surface subsidence obtained using the finite element method, considering a range of well-known constitutive models. The results show that more sophisticated and numerically taxing constitutive laws do not necessarily lead to more accurate predictions of subsidence when compared to field measurements. The advantages and limitations of using each particular constitutive law are discussed. A comparison of the numerical predictions and field measurements of surface subsidence is also provided.

Lateral Stress Concentration in Localized Interlayer Rock Stratum and the Impact on Deep Multi-Seam Coal Mining

To explore the impact of lateral stress concentration in interlayer rock stratum on the exploitation of protected coal seam, a field experiment was carried out in a multi-seam mining structure. Lateral stress redistribution and interlayer rock failure behavior were surveyed. Then an assistant numerical investigation was implemented to evolve the effect of liberated seam mining and its influence on stress reconstruction in surrounding rock mass. The cause of lateral stress concentration and its impact were discussed finally. Key findings turn out that a certain lateral stress increases in interlayer rock stratum and concentrates on its lower region. Lateral stress concentration and interlayer rock failure are interactional. The former is an inducing factor of the latter;the latter promotes the increase of concentration degree. Extent of lateral stress concentration increases to the maximum as seam distance is about 50 m. But the efficacy of liberated seam mining decreases as the seam spacing gets larger. Protected seam mining is then classified based upon the impact of lateral stress concentration, which helps to prevent the rock burst hazard and then to achieve a reliable mining in deep mines.

Coalbed methane desorption characteristics controlled by coalification and its implication on gas co-production from multiple coal seams

In this work,CH4 isothermal adsorption measurements were carried out on 64 coal samples collected from western Guizhou Province of China,and the coalbed methane(CBM)desorption processes were quantitatively analyzed.The results show that the Langmuir volume and the Langmuir pressure are controlled by coalification,and tend to increase as the vitrinite reflectance changes from 0.98% to 4.3%.Based on a division method of CBM desorption stages,the CBM desorption process were divided into four stages(inefficient,slow,fast and sensitive desorption stages)by three key pressure nodes(the initial,turning and sensitive pressures).The fast and sensitive desorption stages with high desorption efficiency are the key for achieving high gas production.A theoretical chart of the critical desorption pressure(P_(cd))and its relationship with different pressure nodes was established.The higher-rank coals have the higher initial,turning and sensitive pressures,with larger difference between pressure nodes.Most CBM wells only undergo partial desorption stages due to the differences in P_(cd) caused by the present-gas content.Under the same gas content conditions,the higher the coal rank,the less desorption stages that CBM needs to go through.During coalbed methane co-production from multiple coal seams within vertically superposed pressure systems,the reservoir pressure,the P_(cd),the initial working liquid level(WLL)height,and coal depth are key factors for evaluating whether coal seams can produce CBM simultaneously.It must be ensured that each production layer enters at least the fast desorption stage prior to that the WLL was lower than the depth of each layer.Only on this basis can all layers achieve the maximum gas production.

Study on the disaster caused by the linkage failure of the residual coal pillar and rock stratum during multiple coal seam mining:mechanism of progressive and dynamic failure

Multi-seam mining often leads to the retention of a significant number of coal pillars for purposes such as protection,safety,or water isolation.However,stress concentration beneath these residual coal pillars can significantly impact their strength and stability when mining below them,potentially leading to hydraulic support failure,surface subsidence,and rock bursting.To address this issue,the linkage between the failure and instability of residual coal pillars and rock strata during multi-seam mining is examined in this study.Key controls include residual pillar spalling,safety factor(f.),local mine stiffness(LMS),and the post-peak stiffness(k)of the residual coal pillar.Limits separating the two forms of failure,progressive versus dynamic,are defined.Progressive failure results at lower stresses when the coal pillar transitions from indefinitely stable(f,>1.5)to failing(f,<1.5)when the coal pillar can no longer remain stable for an extended duration,whereas sud-den(unstable)failure results when the strength of the pillar is further degraded and fails.The transition in mode of failure is defined by the LMS/k ratio.Failure transitions from quiescent to dynamic as LMS/k.<1,which can cause chain pillar instability propagating throughout the mine.This study provides theoretical guidance to define this limit to instability of residual coal pillars for multi-seam mining in similar mines.

Effect of Packaging Conditions on Shelf-Life of Mortadella Made with Citrus Fibre Washing Water and Thyme or Rosemary Essential Oil

The “elimination” of chemical additives used in a wide variety of foods is demanded, while “natural” additives are seen as a benefit for both quality and safety. Researchers are looking for new sources of ingredients and/or additives. The aim of this work was to study the effect of 1) the addition of 5.00% citrus fibre washing water (CFWW) and 0.02% rosemary essential oil (REO) or 0.02 % thyme essential oil (TEO) and 2) storage conditions on the chemical, microbe- ological and sensorial properties of mortadellas, a bologna-type sausage. CFWW + REO or CFWW + TEO samples stored in vacuum packaging showed the lowest TBA values. The resulting products were packed either in vacuum, modified atmosphere or air pouches and stored for 24 days. Lipid oxidation was assessed by the TBA method, while a quantitative descriptive analysis was carried out for sensory evaluation. Microbiological counts were also determined. CFWW + REO samples stored in vacuum packaging showed the lowest counts of aerobic and lactic acid bacteria. The sensory evaluation provided similar scores for CFWW + REO and CFWW + TEO samples. The lowest scores were obtained for control mortadella stored in air packaging. The addition of citrus fibre washing water and spice essential oils is a technologically viable alternative in emulsified meat products, since they improve customer acceptance and have desirable effects as regards oxidative stability and reduced microbial growth, which contributes to prolonging their shelf-life.

Evaluation of Aqueous Product from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Cardboard as Bacterial Growth Medium: Co-Liquefaction of Cardboard and Bacteria for Higher Bio-Oil Production

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) processing of lignocellulosic biomass to bio-oil produces aqueous co-product (AP) which contains significant (~40 wt%) carbon from the original feedstock. This study evaluates macro and micronutrient composition of AP from Ca(NO3)2 catalyzed HTL of cardboard (CbAP) to cultivate bacteria. HPLC, GC-MS and ICP-MS analysis of CbAP revealed presence of C1-C3 carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, phenolics, sub-optimal phosphorous and bio-incompatible levels of calcium. Dilutions (5 - 80 vol%) of detoxified CbAP (DTP-CbAP) in potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) were supplemented with 50 mg·mL-1 of yeast extract and inoculated with metabolically versatile Enterobacter species. The cultures were incubated at 25°C under aerobic conditions. A maximum 9.4 fold increase in the dry cell weight was observed in DTP-CbAP-15 vol%. Co-liquefaction of the bacteria with cardboard in 1:1 and 1:3 weight ratios each produced ~33% more total bio-oil. These had higher HHVs of 34.11 and 31.05 MJ·kg-1, respectively compared with bio-oil from cardboard feedstock alone which had HHV of 30.61 MJ·kg-1. The study highlights the challenges in cultivating microbes in AP from HTL of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) and the possibility to integrate microbial capture and recycle of the AP carbon for enhanced bio-oil production and quality.

A Review of the Production Cycle of Titanium Dioxide Pigment

Titanium is a very important element for several industrial applications, being one of the ninth most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust (0.63% wt). In this work it will discuss the different mining and industrial activities involved in the production of titanium dioxide. The first step analyzed will treat about the beneficiation mining process of titanium mineral, and secondly, it will discuss the two main processes of the TiO2 manufacturing (sulphate and chloride routes). In addition, we will show different uses of the titanium dioxide pigment as filler in paper, plastics and rubber industries and as flux in glass manufacture, etc. Finally, we will show that the old wastes are currently called co-products since they were valorized, being commercialized by the Spanish industry of TiO2 production in different fields such as agriculture, civil engineering, or cement manufacturing.

Effects of Spent Craft Brewers’ Yeast on Fermentation and Methane Production by Rumen Microorganisms

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key component of beer brewing and a major by-product. The leftover, spent brewers’ yeast from large breweries has been used as a protein supplement in cattle;however the possible advantages of spent yeast from smaller craft breweries, containing much higher levels of bioactive hop acids, have not been evaluated. Hops secondary metabolites from the hops (Humulus lupulus L.) used to make beer are concentrated in the yeast during brewing, and have antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Uncultivated suspensions of bovine rumen microorganisms produced less methane during fructose fermentation when exposed to inactivated, and freeze-dried spent craft brewers’ yeast than a bakers’ yeast control. The experiment was repeated with caprine rumen microorganisms and ground grass hay as the substrate. Likewise, in the presence of craft brewers’ yeast less methane was produced (2.7% vs. 6.9% CH4). Both experiments also revealed a decrease in acetic acid production, but not propionic acid production, when craft brewers’ yeast was included. These results indicated that spent yeast could represent a co-product for craft breweries, and a feed supplement for ruminants that has a favorable impact on methane production.

Thermochemical Characterization of Casamance Biomass Residues for Production of Combustibles Briquettes

The development of alternatives energies illustrates the common interest of all countries in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change. Thermochemical treatment of municipal solid waste, agricultural and forestry wastes is a major challenge for this XXIst century to replace petroleum fuels. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) makes it possible to elucidate the thermal behavior of Casamance (Senegal) biomass residues, mass losses and decomposition rate, under inert (N2) atmosphere and oxidizing (O2) atmosphere. Carbonization and briquetting techniques of these various residues encountered in this part of Senegal country, by densification in order to produce fuel briquettes (call biochars) will be used to improve stoves for cooking. Samples used in this study are peanuts shells (PNS), cashew nut shells (CNS), palm nut shells (PLS) and millet stems (MS). Elemental and approximate analyses make it possible to determine the CHNSO* composition, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ashes content of the samples used. Higher heating values (HHV) of the former residues are ranging from 28.60 MJ&middot;kg-1, 26.51 MJ&middot;kg-1, 29.69 MJ&middot;kg-1 and 24.93 MJ&middot;kg-1 respectively. The chars are obtained by slow pyrolysis with a heating rate of 5&deg;C&middot;min-1 from ambient temperature up to 800&deg;C under inert atmosphere. The morphology of the samples is different for the four biomasses studied, from biomass in the form of wood fibers to a more compact biomass. The parietal composition of different samples presented was determined by Van Soest method using neutral detergents (NDS), acid detergent (ADS) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 72%);to solubilize successively extractable, hemicellulose and cellulose respectively;lignin was obtained by balance (Table 2). The samples show a high level of cellulose, this pseudo-component is very rich in carbon directly linked to the calorific value, whose values vary from 32.35%;24.20%;34.94% and 39.67% for PNS, PLS, CNS and MS respectively.

A Narrative Inquiry of the Corporate Governance Model of Shanghai Rural Revitalization:A Case Study of Cloud City Company

China still has 556 million rural vulnerable population in 2021,and rural revitalization has become China’s national development strategy.On December 8,2022,the author conducted an in-depth interview with the coordinator of Cloud City Company,a leading enterprise in Haishen Village,Huinan Township,Pudong New Area in Shanghai.This case sketches a panoramic picture of the co-production in Haishen Village through a qualitative research method of narrative inquiries.It provides what has happened in Haishen Village with the detailed description and some comments on Shanghai rural revitalization.This paper also raised many arguable questions to be further discussed.

How Does the Government Facilitate the Co-Production of Digital Public Safety Services?——Based on Empirical Evidence from Shenzhen

The application of big data technology provides support for the co-production of public safety services.Existing research often focuses on how technology influences co-production,but lacks attention to the key actors that drive co-production and the mechanisms that facilitate it.This study examines the role of government in the digital co-production of public safety services,using the practice of Shenzhen as a case study.Shenzhen has built 125 information systems based on over 100 billion pieces of big data,forming a model of digital safety service co-production.The study reveals three types of digital co-production,characterized by"government-business joint planning,passive participation of businesses and the public,and active cooperation among government,businesses,and the public"in the"design-production-application"stages.The study shows that the government is not only a co-producer but also a proactive actor in activating the willingness of non-governmental entities to participate.Local governments mobilize non-governmental participation through three mechanisms:empowerment,profit enhancement,and value co-creation.The"power-interest-value"paradigm is applicable for analyzing the co-production of public services and helps to explain the transformation mechanisms of co-production behavior.

Monitoring and evaluation of disaster risk caused by linkage failure and instability of residual coal pillar and rock strata in multi-coal seam mining

Comprehensive research methods such as literature research,theoretical analysis,numerical simulations and field monitoring have been used to analyze the disasters and characteristics caused by the linkage failure and instability of the residual coal pillars-rock strata in multi-seam mining.The effective monitoring area and monitoring design method of linkage instability of residual coal pillar-rock strata in multi-seam mining have been identified.The evaluation index and the risk assessment method of disaster risk have been established and the project cases have been applied and validated.The results show that:①The coal pillar will not only cause disaster in singleseam mining,but also more easily cause disaster in multi-seam mining.The instability of coal pillars can cause not only dynamical disasters such as rock falls and mine earthquakes,but also cause surface subsidence and other disasters.②When monitoring the linkage instability of residual coal pillar-rock strata,it is not only necessary to consider the monitoring of the apply load body(key block),the transition body(residual coal pillar)and the carrier body(interlayer rock and working face),but also to strengthen the monitoring of the fracture development height(linkage body).③According to the principles of objectivity,easy access and quantification,combined with investigation,analysis,and production and geological characteristics of this mining area,the main evaluation indexes of the degree of disaster caused by linkage instability of residual coal pillar-rock strata are determined as:microseismic energy,residual coal pillar damage degree,fracture development height.And the evaluation index classification table was also given.④According to the measured value of the evaluation index,the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to calculate the disaster risk degree in the studied mine belongs to class III,that is,medium risk level.The corresponding pressure relief technology was adopted on site,which achieved a good control effect,and also verified the accuracy and effectiveness of the risk evaluation results.

HEALTHCARE: A COMPLEX SERVICE SYSTEM

Healthcare is indeed a complex service system, one requiring the technobiology approach of systems engineering to underpin its development as an integrated and adaptive system. In general, healthcare services are carried out with knowledge-intensive agents or components which work together as providers and consumers to create or co-produce value. Indeed, the engineering design of a healthcare system must recognize the fact that it is actually a complex integration of human-centered activities that is increasingly dependent on information technology and knowledge. Like any service system, healthcare can be considered to be a combination or recombination of three essential components - people （characterized by behaviors, values, knowledge, etc.）, processes （characterized by collaboration, customization, etc.） and products （characterized by software, hardware, infrastructures, etc.）. Thus, a healthcare system is an integrated and adaptive set of people, processes and products. It is, in essence, a system of systems which objectives are to enhance its efficiency （leading to greater interdependency） and effectiveness （leading to improved health）. Integration occurs over the physical, temporal, organizational and functional dimensions, while adaptation occurs over the monitoring, feedback, cybernetic and learning dimensions. In sum, such service systems as healthcare are indeed complex, especially due to the uncertainties associated with the human-centered aspects of these systems. Moreover, the system complexities can only be dealt with methods that enhance system integration and adaptation.

Linking science and decision making to promote an ecology for the city:practices and opportunities

To promote urban sustainability and resilience,there is an increasing demand for actionable science that links science and decision making based on social-ecological knowledge.Approaches,frameworks,and practices for such actionable science are needed and have only begun to emerge.We propose that approaches based on the co-design and co-production of knowledge can play an essential role to meet this demand.Although the antecedents for approaches to the co-design and co-production of knowledge are decades old,the integration of science and practice to advance urban sustainability and resilience that we present is different in several ways.These differences include the disciplines needed,diversity and number of actors involved,and the technological infrastructures that facilitate local-to global connections.In this article,we discuss how the new requirements and possibilities for co-design,co-production,and practical use of social-ecological research can be used as an ecology for the city to promote urban sustainability and resilience.While new technologies are part of the solution,traditional approaches also remain important.Using our urban experiences with long-term,place-based research from several U.S.Long-Term Ecological Research sites and U.S.Department of Agriculture,Forest Service Urban Field Stations,we describe a dynamic framework for linking research with decisions.We posit that this framework,coupled with a user-defined,theory-based approach to science,is instrumental to advance both practice and science.Ultimately,cities are ideal places for integrating basic science and decision making,facilitating flows of information through networks,and developing sustainable and resilient solutions and futures.