To meet the ever-increasing traffic demand and enhance the coverage of cellular networks,network densification is one of the crucial paradigms of 5G and beyond mobile networks,which can improve system capacity by depl...To meet the ever-increasing traffic demand and enhance the coverage of cellular networks,network densification is one of the crucial paradigms of 5G and beyond mobile networks,which can improve system capacity by deploying a large number of Access Points(APs)in the service area.However,since the energy consumption of APs generally accounts for a substantial part of the communication system,how to deal with the consequent energy issue is a challenging task for a mobile network with densely deployed APs.In this paper,we propose an intelligent AP switching on/off scheme to reduce the system energy consumption with the prerequisite of guaranteeing the quality of service,where the signaling overhead is also taken into consideration to ensure the stability of the network.First,based on historical traffic data,a long short-term memory method is introduced to predict the future traffic distribution,by which we can roughly determine when the AP switching operation should be triggered;second,we present an efficient three-step AP selection strategy to determine which of the APs would be switched on or off;third,an AP switching scheme with a threshold is proposed to adjust the switching frequency so as to improve the stability of the system.Experiment results indicate that our proposed traffic forecasting method performs well in practical scenarios,where the normalized root mean square error is within 10%.Furthermore,the achieved energy-saving is more than 28% on average with a reasonable outage probability and switching frequency for an area served by 40 APs in a commercial mobile network.展开更多
Precise localization techniques for indoor Wi-Fi access points(APs)have important application in the security inspection.However,due to the interference of environment factors such as multipath propagation and NLOS(No...Precise localization techniques for indoor Wi-Fi access points(APs)have important application in the security inspection.However,due to the interference of environment factors such as multipath propagation and NLOS(Non-Line-of-Sight),the existing methods for localization indoor Wi-Fi access points based on RSS ranging tend to have lower accuracy as the RSS(Received Signal Strength)is difficult to accurately measure.Therefore,the localization algorithm of indoor Wi-Fi access points based on the signal strength relative relationship and region division is proposed in this paper.The algorithm hierarchically divide the room where the target Wi-Fi AP is located,on the region division line,a modified signal collection device is used to measure RSS in two directions of each reference point.All RSS values are compared and the region where the RSS value has the relative largest signal strength is located as next candidate region.The location coordinate of the target Wi-Fi AP is obtained when the localization region of the target Wi-Fi AP is successively approximated until the candidate region is smaller than the accuracy threshold.There are 360 experiments carried out in this paper with 8 types of Wi-Fi APs including fixed APs and portable APs.The experimental results show that the average localization error of the proposed localization algorithm is 0.30 meters,and the minimum localization error is 0.16 meters,which is significantly higher than the localization accuracy of the existing typical indoor Wi-Fi access point localization methods.展开更多
In this study,we investigate the optimal location of access points(APs) to connect end nodes with a service provider through power-line communication in smartgrid communication networks.APs are the gateways of power-d...In this study,we investigate the optimal location of access points(APs) to connect end nodes with a service provider through power-line communication in smartgrid communication networks.APs are the gateways of power-distribution communication networks,connecting users to control centers.Hence,they are vital for the reliable,safe,and economical operation of a power system.This paper proposes a planning method for AP allocation that takes into consideration economics,reliability,network delay,and(n-1) resilience.First,an optimization model for the AP location is established,which minimizes the cost of installing APs,while satisfying the reliability,network delay,and(n-1) resilience constraints.Then,an improved genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem.The simulation results indicate that the proposed planning method can deal with diverse network conditions satisfactorily.Furthermore,it can be applied effectively with high flexibility and scalability.展开更多
A Wi-Fi fingerprinting localization approach has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to the ubiquity of Access Point( AP). However,typical fingerprinting localization methods fail to resist accidental e...A Wi-Fi fingerprinting localization approach has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to the ubiquity of Access Point( AP). However,typical fingerprinting localization methods fail to resist accidental environmental changes,such as AP movement. In order to address this problem,a robust fingerprinting indoor localization method is initiated. In the offline phase,three attributes of Received Signal Strength Indication( RSSI) —average,standard deviation and AP's response rate—are computed to prepare for the subsequent computation. In this way,the underlying location-relevant information can be captured comprehensively. Then in the online phase, a three-step voting scheme-based decision mechanism is demonstrated, detecting and eliminating the part of AP where the signals measured are severely distorted by AP 's movement. In the following localization step,in order to achieve accuracy and efficiency simultaneously,a novel fingerprinting localization algorithm is applied. Bhattacharyya distance is utilized to measure the RSSI distribution distance,thus realizing the optimization of MAximum Overlapping algorithm( MAO). Finally,experimental results are displayed,which demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods in eliminating outliers and attaining relatively higher localization accuracy.展开更多
The growing ubiquity of Wi-Fi networks combined with the integration of low-cost Wi-Fi chipsets in all devices makes Wi-Fi as the wireless technology the most used for accessing to internet [1]. This means that the de...The growing ubiquity of Wi-Fi networks combined with the integration of low-cost Wi-Fi chipsets in all devices makes Wi-Fi as the wireless technology the most used for accessing to internet [1]. This means that the development of a Wi-Fi strategy has become an imperative for almost all operators worldwide. In this context, APs (Access Points) have to become as secure as cellular networks. Furthermore, authentication process between a mobile device and an access point has to be automated, without user constraining configuration. For reaching this purpose, client must have different credentials depending on authentication method. Our goal is to create an architecture that is both ergonomic and flexible in order to meet the need for connection and client mobility. We use NFC technology as a radio channel for starting communication with the network. The communication initiation will instantiate a virtual Wi-Fi AP and distribute all policies and access certificates for an authentication based on EAP-TLS (it could be extended to any EAP method for 802.1X standard). The end result of our new topology is to allow access to services through a virtual Wi-Fi AP with an enterprise-grade in a public hotspot.展开更多
Due to the gathering of sickrooms and consultation rooms in almost all hospitals, the performance of wireless devices system is deteriorated by the increase of collision probability and waiting time. In order to impro...Due to the gathering of sickrooms and consultation rooms in almost all hospitals, the performance of wireless devices system is deteriorated by the increase of collision probability and waiting time. In order to improve the performance of wireless devices system, relay is added to control the access point and then the access of devices is distributed. The concentration of access point is avoided and then the performance of system is expected to be improved. The discrete time Markov chain (DTMC) is proposed to calculate the access probability of devices in a duration time slot. The collision probability, throughput, delay, bandwidth and so on are theoretically calculated based on the standard IEEE802.15.6 and the performance of the system with and without relay is compared. The numerical result indicates that the performance of the system with control access point is higher than that of the system without control access point when the number of devices and/or packet arrive rate are high. However, the system with control access point is more complicated. It is the trade-off between the performance and the complication.展开更多
The handover speed is always vital for the further development of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), which is enjoying a fast growth. Based on the handover technology specified in IEEE 802.11 WLAN, Manageable Fast Ha...The handover speed is always vital for the further development of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), which is enjoying a fast growth. Based on the handover technology specified in IEEE 802.11 WLAN, Manageable Fast Handover (MFHO) mechanism is proposed to speed up handover at the Access Point (AP), meet handover demands of services with different Quality of Service (QoS), and ensure service continuity. Adopting a handover policy named 'Make-before-break', this mechanism enables wireless APs to control and manage handover between two stations based on improving Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP). Tests have been carried out to compare functions and performance of MFHO and IAPP-based handover technology. The test results prove that MFHO provides a higher successful handover ratio and better handover performance than IAPP-based handover technology.展开更多
Water resource access in the Nouhao sub-basin, assessed based on the availability of drinking water mobilization facilities, the availability of water for uses and the quality of drinking water, revealed that in 2017 ...Water resource access in the Nouhao sub-basin, assessed based on the availability of drinking water mobilization facilities, the availability of water for uses and the quality of drinking water, revealed that in 2017 the basin was covered by 1249 modern water point, main drinking water sources. On average, the sub-basin shows a ratio of 271 users per drinking water point. Communal level shows some disparity with Bittou recording the highest number of people per drinking water point, i.e., around 537. Water that can be captured in the entire sub-basin meets only 42% of the total water needs from the three mains uses: irrigation, domestic consumption and livestock. The highest demander among these uses is Irrigation with 75% of the need, i.e., approximately 12,859,995 m<sup>3</sup>. Water in 33% drinking sources of this sub basin is of poor quality. Arsenic, one of the quality parameters studied, is found in some communes of the sub-basin. 11% of the water points in Bissiga are arsenic polluted making this commune the most arsenic contaminated location. The vulnerability maps deducted from lack of water for uses;lack of drinking water works and poor water quality shows so, the exposure level of the sub-basin’ communes to some potential risks related to low water resources access.展开更多
本文研究了在毫微微蜂窝网络(femtocell network,FN)中,协同双小区系统的非正交多址接入(non-orthogonal multiple access,NOMA)与无线携能通信(simultaneous wireless information and power transfer,SWIPT)下行协作通信的中断性能,...本文研究了在毫微微蜂窝网络(femtocell network,FN)中,协同双小区系统的非正交多址接入(non-orthogonal multiple access,NOMA)与无线携能通信(simultaneous wireless information and power transfer,SWIPT)下行协作通信的中断性能,提出了一种边缘用户在邻基站及源基站随机中心用户共同协作的下行接入方案。所提方案共分为两个时隙:第一时隙内由两基站向所有用户广播叠加信号,提供中继服务的中心用户对其所接收的叠加信号逐级解码并收集能量。第二时隙,中心用户将其第一时隙内所收集的能量作为额外功率资源,在优先保证自身通信质量的前提下对成功解码的边缘用户信息进行再编码转发。基于空间均质泊松点过程(Poisson point process,PPP)中心用户的位置模型,推导了中心用户与边缘用户平均中断概率的表达式,进行了蒙特卡罗仿真验证,同时分析了各仿真参数(中心用户分布半径、用户阈值速率、路径损耗指数等)与中心用户、边缘用户平均中断概率的关系。结果表明:所提方案可以改善边缘用户的下行接入中断性能和系统吞吐量。展开更多
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61801208,61931023,and U1936202.
文摘To meet the ever-increasing traffic demand and enhance the coverage of cellular networks,network densification is one of the crucial paradigms of 5G and beyond mobile networks,which can improve system capacity by deploying a large number of Access Points(APs)in the service area.However,since the energy consumption of APs generally accounts for a substantial part of the communication system,how to deal with the consequent energy issue is a challenging task for a mobile network with densely deployed APs.In this paper,we propose an intelligent AP switching on/off scheme to reduce the system energy consumption with the prerequisite of guaranteeing the quality of service,where the signaling overhead is also taken into consideration to ensure the stability of the network.First,based on historical traffic data,a long short-term memory method is introduced to predict the future traffic distribution,by which we can roughly determine when the AP switching operation should be triggered;second,we present an efficient three-step AP selection strategy to determine which of the APs would be switched on or off;third,an AP switching scheme with a threshold is proposed to adjust the switching frequency so as to improve the stability of the system.Experiment results indicate that our proposed traffic forecasting method performs well in practical scenarios,where the normalized root mean square error is within 10%.Furthermore,the achieved energy-saving is more than 28% on average with a reasonable outage probability and switching frequency for an area served by 40 APs in a commercial mobile network.
基金The work presented in this paper is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFB0801303,2016QY01W0105)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1636219,61602508,61772549,U1736214,61572052)+1 种基金Plan for Scientific Innovation Talent of Henan Province(No.2018JR0018)the Key Technologies R&D Program of Henan Province(No.162102210032).
文摘Precise localization techniques for indoor Wi-Fi access points(APs)have important application in the security inspection.However,due to the interference of environment factors such as multipath propagation and NLOS(Non-Line-of-Sight),the existing methods for localization indoor Wi-Fi access points based on RSS ranging tend to have lower accuracy as the RSS(Received Signal Strength)is difficult to accurately measure.Therefore,the localization algorithm of indoor Wi-Fi access points based on the signal strength relative relationship and region division is proposed in this paper.The algorithm hierarchically divide the room where the target Wi-Fi AP is located,on the region division line,a modified signal collection device is used to measure RSS in two directions of each reference point.All RSS values are compared and the region where the RSS value has the relative largest signal strength is located as next candidate region.The location coordinate of the target Wi-Fi AP is obtained when the localization region of the target Wi-Fi AP is successively approximated until the candidate region is smaller than the accuracy threshold.There are 360 experiments carried out in this paper with 8 types of Wi-Fi APs including fixed APs and portable APs.The experimental results show that the average localization error of the proposed localization algorithm is 0.30 meters,and the minimum localization error is 0.16 meters,which is significantly higher than the localization accuracy of the existing typical indoor Wi-Fi access point localization methods.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2012AA050801)
文摘In this study,we investigate the optimal location of access points(APs) to connect end nodes with a service provider through power-line communication in smartgrid communication networks.APs are the gateways of power-distribution communication networks,connecting users to control centers.Hence,they are vital for the reliable,safe,and economical operation of a power system.This paper proposes a planning method for AP allocation that takes into consideration economics,reliability,network delay,and(n-1) resilience.First,an optimization model for the AP location is established,which minimizes the cost of installing APs,while satisfying the reliability,network delay,and(n-1) resilience constraints.Then,an improved genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem.The simulation results indicate that the proposed planning method can deal with diverse network conditions satisfactorily.Furthermore,it can be applied effectively with high flexibility and scalability.
基金Sponsored by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2014AA123103)
文摘A Wi-Fi fingerprinting localization approach has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to the ubiquity of Access Point( AP). However,typical fingerprinting localization methods fail to resist accidental environmental changes,such as AP movement. In order to address this problem,a robust fingerprinting indoor localization method is initiated. In the offline phase,three attributes of Received Signal Strength Indication( RSSI) —average,standard deviation and AP's response rate—are computed to prepare for the subsequent computation. In this way,the underlying location-relevant information can be captured comprehensively. Then in the online phase, a three-step voting scheme-based decision mechanism is demonstrated, detecting and eliminating the part of AP where the signals measured are severely distorted by AP 's movement. In the following localization step,in order to achieve accuracy and efficiency simultaneously,a novel fingerprinting localization algorithm is applied. Bhattacharyya distance is utilized to measure the RSSI distribution distance,thus realizing the optimization of MAximum Overlapping algorithm( MAO). Finally,experimental results are displayed,which demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods in eliminating outliers and attaining relatively higher localization accuracy.
文摘The growing ubiquity of Wi-Fi networks combined with the integration of low-cost Wi-Fi chipsets in all devices makes Wi-Fi as the wireless technology the most used for accessing to internet [1]. This means that the development of a Wi-Fi strategy has become an imperative for almost all operators worldwide. In this context, APs (Access Points) have to become as secure as cellular networks. Furthermore, authentication process between a mobile device and an access point has to be automated, without user constraining configuration. For reaching this purpose, client must have different credentials depending on authentication method. Our goal is to create an architecture that is both ergonomic and flexible in order to meet the need for connection and client mobility. We use NFC technology as a radio channel for starting communication with the network. The communication initiation will instantiate a virtual Wi-Fi AP and distribute all policies and access certificates for an authentication based on EAP-TLS (it could be extended to any EAP method for 802.1X standard). The end result of our new topology is to allow access to services through a virtual Wi-Fi AP with an enterprise-grade in a public hotspot.
文摘Due to the gathering of sickrooms and consultation rooms in almost all hospitals, the performance of wireless devices system is deteriorated by the increase of collision probability and waiting time. In order to improve the performance of wireless devices system, relay is added to control the access point and then the access of devices is distributed. The concentration of access point is avoided and then the performance of system is expected to be improved. The discrete time Markov chain (DTMC) is proposed to calculate the access probability of devices in a duration time slot. The collision probability, throughput, delay, bandwidth and so on are theoretically calculated based on the standard IEEE802.15.6 and the performance of the system with and without relay is compared. The numerical result indicates that the performance of the system with control access point is higher than that of the system without control access point when the number of devices and/or packet arrive rate are high. However, the system with control access point is more complicated. It is the trade-off between the performance and the complication.
文摘The handover speed is always vital for the further development of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), which is enjoying a fast growth. Based on the handover technology specified in IEEE 802.11 WLAN, Manageable Fast Handover (MFHO) mechanism is proposed to speed up handover at the Access Point (AP), meet handover demands of services with different Quality of Service (QoS), and ensure service continuity. Adopting a handover policy named 'Make-before-break', this mechanism enables wireless APs to control and manage handover between two stations based on improving Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP). Tests have been carried out to compare functions and performance of MFHO and IAPP-based handover technology. The test results prove that MFHO provides a higher successful handover ratio and better handover performance than IAPP-based handover technology.
文摘Water resource access in the Nouhao sub-basin, assessed based on the availability of drinking water mobilization facilities, the availability of water for uses and the quality of drinking water, revealed that in 2017 the basin was covered by 1249 modern water point, main drinking water sources. On average, the sub-basin shows a ratio of 271 users per drinking water point. Communal level shows some disparity with Bittou recording the highest number of people per drinking water point, i.e., around 537. Water that can be captured in the entire sub-basin meets only 42% of the total water needs from the three mains uses: irrigation, domestic consumption and livestock. The highest demander among these uses is Irrigation with 75% of the need, i.e., approximately 12,859,995 m<sup>3</sup>. Water in 33% drinking sources of this sub basin is of poor quality. Arsenic, one of the quality parameters studied, is found in some communes of the sub-basin. 11% of the water points in Bissiga are arsenic polluted making this commune the most arsenic contaminated location. The vulnerability maps deducted from lack of water for uses;lack of drinking water works and poor water quality shows so, the exposure level of the sub-basin’ communes to some potential risks related to low water resources access.
文摘本文研究了在毫微微蜂窝网络(femtocell network,FN)中,协同双小区系统的非正交多址接入(non-orthogonal multiple access,NOMA)与无线携能通信(simultaneous wireless information and power transfer,SWIPT)下行协作通信的中断性能,提出了一种边缘用户在邻基站及源基站随机中心用户共同协作的下行接入方案。所提方案共分为两个时隙:第一时隙内由两基站向所有用户广播叠加信号,提供中继服务的中心用户对其所接收的叠加信号逐级解码并收集能量。第二时隙,中心用户将其第一时隙内所收集的能量作为额外功率资源,在优先保证自身通信质量的前提下对成功解码的边缘用户信息进行再编码转发。基于空间均质泊松点过程(Poisson point process,PPP)中心用户的位置模型,推导了中心用户与边缘用户平均中断概率的表达式,进行了蒙特卡罗仿真验证,同时分析了各仿真参数(中心用户分布半径、用户阈值速率、路径损耗指数等)与中心用户、边缘用户平均中断概率的关系。结果表明:所提方案可以改善边缘用户的下行接入中断性能和系统吞吐量。