Risk Analysis Using Multi-Source Data for Distribution Networks Facing Extreme Natural Disasters

Distribution networks denote important public infrastructure necessary for people’s livelihoods.However,extreme natural disasters,such as earthquakes,typhoons,and mudslides,severely threaten the safe and stable operation of distribution networks and power supplies needed for daily life.Therefore,considering the requirements for distribution network disaster prevention and mitigation,there is an urgent need for in-depth research on risk assessment methods of distribution networks under extreme natural disaster conditions.This paper accessesmultisource data,presents the data quality improvement methods of distribution networks,and conducts data-driven active fault diagnosis and disaster damage analysis and evaluation using data-driven theory.Furthermore,the paper realizes real-time,accurate access to distribution network disaster information.The proposed approach performs an accurate and rapid assessment of cross-sectional risk through case study.The minimal average annual outage time can be reduced to 3 h/a in the ring network through case study.The approach proposed in this paper can provide technical support to the further improvement of the ability of distribution networks to cope with extreme natural disasters.

Joint Optimization Strategy for Video Transmission over Distributed Cognitive Radio Networks

A novel joint optimization strategy for the secondary user( SU) was proposed to consider the short-term and long-term video transmissions over distributed cognitive radio networks( DCRNs).Since the long-term video transmission consisted of a series of shortterm transmissions, the optimization problem in the video transmission was a composite optimization process. Firstly,considering some factors like primary user's( PU's) collision limitations,non-synchronization between SU and PU,and SU's limited buffer size, the short-term optimization problem was formulated as a mixed integer non-linear program( MINLP) to minimize the block probability of video packets. Secondly,combining the minimum packet block probability obtained in shortterm optimization and SU's constraint on hardware complexity,the partially observable Markov decision process( POMDP) framework was proposed to learn PU's statistic information over DCRNs.Moreover,based on the proposed framework,joint optimization strategy was designed to obtain the minimum packet loss rate in long-term video transmission. Numerical simulation results were provided to demonstrate validity of our strategies.

A Least-squares-based Iterative Method with Better Convergence for PF/OPF in Integrated Transmission and Distribution Networks

The limitations of the conventional master-slavesplitting(MSS)method,which is commonly applied to power flow and optimal power flow in integrated transmission and distribution(I-T&D)networks,are first analyzed.Considering that the MSS method suffers from a slow convergence rate or even divergence under some circumstances,a least-squares-based iterative(LSI)method is proposed.Compared with the MSS method,the LSI method modifies the iterative variables in each iteration by solving a least-squares problem with the information in previous iterations.A practical implementation and a parameter tuning strategy for the LSI method are discussed.Furthermore,a LSI-PF method is proposed to solve I-T&D power flow and a LSIheterogeneous decomposition(LSI-HGD)method is proposed to solve optimal power flow.Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed LSI-PF and LSI-HGD methods can achieve the same accuracy as the benchmark methods.Meanwhile,these LSI methods,with appropriate settings,significantly enhance the convergence and efficiency of conventional methods.Also,in some cases,where conventional methods diverge,these LSI methods can still converge.

Operational Risk Assessment for Integrated Transmission and Distribution Networks

To satisfy the requirements of accurate operationalrisk assessment of integrated transmission and distribution networks (I-T&D), an integrated operational risk assessment (IORA) algorithm is proposed. Specific cases demonstrate thatan I-ORA is necessary because it provides accurate handlingof the coupling between transmission and distribution networks,accurate analysis of power supply mode (PSM) changes ofimportant users and helps to improve security and stability ofpower grid operations. Two key technical requirements in theI-ORA algorithm are realized, i.e., integrated topology analysisand integrated power flow calculation. Under a certain contingency, integrated topology analysis is used to assess the risksof substation power cuts, network split and PSM changes ofimportant users, while the integrated power flow calculation,based on the self-adaptive Levenburg-Marquard method andNewton method, can be implemented to assess risks of heavyload/overload and voltage deviation. In addition, the graphicsprocessing unit is used to parallelly process some computationintensive steps. Numerical experiments show that the proposedI-ORA algorithm can realize accurate assessment for the entireI-T&D. In addition, the efficiency and convergence are satisfying,indicating the proposed I-ORA algorithm can significantly benefitreal practice in the coordination operation of I-T&D in the future.

Robust State Estimation of Active Distribution Networks with Multi-source Measurements

The volatile and intermittent nature of distributed generators(DGs) in active distribution networks(ADNs) increases the uncertainty of operating states. The introduction of distribution phasor measurement units(D-PMUs) enhances the monitoring level. The trade-offs of computational performance and robustness of state estimation in monitoring the network states are of great significance for ADNs with D-PMUs and DGs. This paper proposes a second-order cone programming(SOCP) based robust state estimation(RSE) method considering multi-source measurements. Firstly, a linearized state estimation model related to the SOCP state variables is formulated. The phase angle measurements of D-PMUs are converted to equivalent power measurements. Then, a revised SOCP-based RSE method with the weighted least absolute value estimator is proposed to enhance the convergence and bad data identification. Multi-time slots of D-PMU measurements are utilized to improve the estimation accuracy of RSE. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated in the modified IEEE 33-node and IEEE 123-node systems.

One high-efficiency analysis method for high-speed circuit networks containing distributed parameter elements

In the field of high-speed circuits, the analysis of mixed circuit networks containing both distributed parameter elements and lumped parameter elements becomes ever important. This paper presents a new method for analyzing mixed circuit networks. It adds transmission line end currents to the circuit variables of the classical modified nodal approach and can be applied directly to the mixed circuit networks. We also introduce a frequency-domain technique without requiring decoupling for multiconductor transmission lines. The two methods are combined together to efficiently analyze high-speed circuit networks containing uniform,nonuniform,and frequency-dependent transmission lines. Numerical experiment is presented and the results are compared with that computed by PSPICE.

Coordinated control of coastal multi-source multi-load system with desalination load: a review

Traditional seawater desalination requires high amounts of energy, with correspondingly high costs and limited benefits, hindering wider applications of the process. To further improve the comprehensive economic benefits of seawater desalination, the desalination load can be combined with renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and ocean energy or with the power grid to ensure its effective regulation. Utilizing energy internet(EI) technology, energy balance demand of the regional power grid, and coordinated control between coastal multi-source multi-load and regional distribution network with desalination load is reviewed herein. Several key technologies, including coordinated control of coastal multi-source multi-load system with seawater desalination load, flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution network, and combined control of coastal multi-source multi-load storage system with seawater desalination load, are discussed in detail. Adoption of the flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution networks is beneficial for solving water resource problems, improving the ability to dissipate distributed renewable energy, balancing and increasing grid loads, improving the safety and economy of coastal power grids, and achieving coordinated and comprehensive application of power grids, renewable energy sources, and coastal loads.

Sensitivity analysis of distributed parameter elements in high-speed circuit networks

This paper presents an analysis method, based on MacCormack＇s technique, for the evaluation of the time domain sensitivity of distributed parameter elements in high-speed circuit networks. Sensitivities can be calculated from electrical and physical parameters of the distributed parameter elements. The proposed method is a direct numerical method of time-space discretization and does not require complicated mathematical deductive process. Therefore, it is very convenient to program this method. It can be applied to sensitivity analysis of general transmission lines in linear or nonlinear circuit networks. The proposed method is second-order-accurate. Numerical experiment is presented to demonstrate its accuracy and efficiency.

面向高比例分布式能源接入的输配网两阶段风险调度研究

随着大量高比例可再生能源接入配电网,潮流呈现双向化,输电网和配电网互联性增加,分散独立的调度影响电网可靠稳定运行水平。面对输网与配网间互济需求增强的现状,提出了面向高比例分布式能源接入的输配电网两阶段风险调度研究。首先以最小运行成本为目标,构建考虑输配电网不同运行风险的日前经济调度模型,在风险限值约束情况下协同优化系统源网荷储多种可调资源;其次构建目标函数为综合风险值最小的日内风险调度模型,计算三类运行风险指标值,对日前可调控资源进行出力计划调整;最后通过改进的粒子群算例求解模型,证明了该模型可使输配电网间交互协调,协同优化运行成本与运行风险,验证了所提两阶段风险调度模型的有效性和优越性。

基于D2D通信和虚拟MIMO的飞行器集群网络传输方案设计

在无中心飞行器集群网络中,非直通条件节点间不同的中继路径可能导致较大路径损耗落差,为有限资源前提下网络传输能力的提升带来困难。参考5G移动通信中的终端直通(Device to Device,D2D)技术与中继通信中的虚拟多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)技术,提出一套D2D通信与虚拟MIMO技术结合的无中心飞行器集群网络传输方案。重点研究在正交资源模式下,将不同的协作传输协议与空时编码进行组合,在信噪比、误比特率、接入概率等方面对通信性能的影响。仿真结果表明:D2D通信与虚拟MIMO技术结合的传输方案在不增加资源的前提下,对集群网络的通信性能有明显提升,且引入分布式空时编码可进一步优化误比特率性能,但3种传输协议在不同传输质量评价方向的改善有所不同。

Distributed continuation power flow method for integrated transmission and active distribution network

As the integration of distributed generations(DGs)transforms the traditional distribution network into the active distribution network,voltage stability assessments(VSA)of transmission grid and distribution grid are not suitable to be studied separately.This paper presents a distributed continuation power flow method for VSA of global transmission and distribution grid.Two different parameterization schemes are adopted to guarantee the coherence of load growth in transmission and distribution grids.In the correction step,the boundary bus voltage,load parameter and equivalent power are communicated between the transmission and distribution control centers to realize the distributed computation of load margin.The optimal multiplier technique is used to improve the convergence of the proposed method.The three-phase unbalanced characteristic of distribution networks and the reactive capability limits of DGs are considered.Simulation results on two integrated transmission and distribution test systems show that the proposed method is effective.

Research and application of wireless sensor network technology in power transmission and distribution system

Power is an important part of the energy industry,relating to national economy and people’s livelihood,and it is of great significance to ensure the security and stability in operation of power transmission and distribution system.Based on Wireless Sensor Network technology(WSN)and combined with the monitoring and operating requirements of power transmission and distribution system,this paper puts forward an application system for monitoring,inspection,security,and interactive service of layered power transmission and distribution system.Furthermore,this paper demonstrates the system verification projects in Wuxi,Jiangsu Province and Lianxiangyuan Community in Beijing,which have been widely used nationwide.

基于光纤传感的铁路牵引网故障自动识别方法

由于现有的铁路牵引网故障识别方法在识别过程中易受到周围环境影响,故障识别准确率较低,因此,提出基于分布式光纤传感的铁路牵引网故障自动识别方法。构建三种牵引网故障自动识别规则,通过自动识别规则,使用分布式光纤传感对故障特征进行提取;使用变量分析对故障损伤数据进行处理,筛选符合传输的故障损伤数据进行传输,计算故障损伤数据,运用网络拓扑结构对故障特征信息进行传输;通过融合层次的诊断,进行数据的融合,得到诊断结果,实现基于分布式光纤传感的铁路牵引网故障自动识别。搭建仿真模拟模型进行实验,通过实验结果表明:在10种不同的故障类型条件下,本文设计方法在对牵引网故障损伤自动识别中,准确率最高可达到93.35%,故障识别效果较好,可满足对铁路牵引网故障自动准确识别的需求,具有一定的实际应用价值。

基于动态平衡布局的输电网潮流图自动生成方法

为解决输电网潮流图自动生成中厂站布局与线路布线问题,提出基于动态平衡布局的输电网潮流图自动生成方法。针对厂站布局,首先,在力导向算法的基础上引入基于图纸中心点的惩罚函数,以解决力导向算法布局不均匀的问题,提高布局的均布度;然后,利用厂站分布率参数控制算法平衡次数,引导厂站向图纸边界运动,解决布局自动适应给定图幅大小的问题;最后,通过位置映射变换将围绕图纸中心点的椭圆分布转换为矩形分布,解决引入惩罚函数布局均匀但不符合传统输电网潮流图绘制习惯的问题。针对线路布线提出以构建通道树为中心的布线方法,有效降低布线交点个数,提升布线效果。所提布局与布线算法在实际工程应用中取得了良好的效果,通过案例验证了输电网潮流图自动生成的正确性和有效性。

双线圈并联ICPT系统的分布式补偿电流均衡方法

针对双线圈并联的高功率感应耦合电能传输(ICPT)系统存在线圈间补偿电流不均衡问题,提出一种分布式补偿电流均衡方法。首先提出了双线圈并联ICPT系统的分布式补偿网络,然后依据等效思想和迭代思想提出补偿电流均衡方法,根据该方法求解得到补偿参数和各线圈补偿电流表达式,再将该方法拓展到n线圈并联结构。在北京超算云计算中心的COMSOL云平台验证了所提出的方法不仅有效均衡了各线圈的补偿电流,而且谐振状态受参数漂移的影响程度并未因补偿网络的复杂程度增加而增加。最后搭建了实验平台,验证了所提方法的有效性。

柔性互联输配一体化电网有损潮流的精细化建模及应用

多端柔性互联输配一体化电网内部的运行方式复杂、网损特性差异显著,导致传统一刀切的网损补偿方法难以准确刻画网损的实际情况,影响了输(配)电交直流有损潮流模型的应用潜力和输配边界潮流的一致性。为此,该文提出一种基于双层定点迭代的精细化有损潮流模型。针对网损补偿方法不准确的问题,综合考虑网络类型、数据属性和物理特征等因素,为输、配电网及交、直流电网的精准有损潮流分析建立了差异化的网损补偿模型。针对输配边界潮流的不一致问题,将输配一体化有损潮流建模为一个双层定点迭代问题,并采用主从分裂法实现协同求解。在多个算例中分析了不同有损潮流模型的性能差异及其原因,讨论了所提模型在求解精度、收敛速度和计算效率等方面的优势,验证了所提模型在不同控制方式和优化目标下的鲁棒性和通用性。

异构大规模分布式网络设计与性能评估

提出了一种面向6G的异构大规模分布式网络(Het-LDN)。该网络由大量异构的分布式无线节点构成,具有低成本、低功耗、高性能、易部署和易扩展等特征,满足未来无线通信的各项需求,包括实现极致的蜂窝系统容量,保证超高可行性传输,支持海量用户同时接入和取得一致性的用户体验。介绍了分层的分布式网络结构与多链路协同传输方案,并通过仿真实验展示了用户吞吐量的性能优势。认为该网络可成为面向6G的具备强竞争力的商业化解决方案。

基于故障时刻自同步的波形比较式多端配电网快速保护方案

为打破电气量的同步采集技术壁垒,并合理应对不平衡差流问题,分析了基于故障检测时刻保护数据自同步的实现方法,利用多端电流合成和Tanimoto系数构建了波形相似度比较式保护新判据。基于5G网络数据实时传输功能,形成了一套适用于多端配电网的综合快速保护方案。经PSCAD/EMTDC软件仿真,验证了所提方案能够快速可靠地确定故障区段,能很好地适应配电网复杂故障场景。

计及SOP损耗的交直流配电网三相区间状态估计

随着分布式电源及智能软开关(SOP)等新型设备投入配电网运行,需要对交直流配电网进行精确的状态估计。首先构建了交直流配电网的区间状态估计模型,考虑三相不对称性与交直流之间的耦合;其次,为计及SOP的损耗,增设SOP两侧支路电流作为状态变量,完善了区间状态估计中的雅克比矩阵;最后采用基于迭代运算的线性规划方法进行区间状态估计。在修改IEEE33节点算例上进行仿真,结果表明所提方法能保证计及SOP损耗的状态估计结果的准确性。

考虑输电网与柔性互联配电网交互影响的可靠性评估方法

对输电网与柔性互联配电网组成的输配电网络整体采用故障枚举法进行可靠性评估时,除去分析输电网与配电网内部故障对各自供电可靠性的影响之外,还须考虑故障场景下输电网与配电网间的交互影响。文中在现有输电网与配电网各自独立的可靠性评估方法基础上,提出针对输配电网络整体的可靠性评估方法。所提方法可计及故障条件下输电网与配电网运行状态间的相互关联,将输电网故障后的节点负荷减载细化为配电网优化后的负荷切除方案,提升输电网可靠性评估结果精度,并将应对输电网故障导致的配电网负荷损失纳入配电网可靠性评估。此外,在输电网可靠性评估中计及了配电网内部故障导致的输电网节点供电负荷损失及其对输电网运行可靠性造成的影响。针对输配电网络整体,基于故障枚举采用解析法计算得到输配电网络可靠性指标,算例分析结果验证了所建立可靠性评估模型的有效性。