As a western boundary current, the Kuroshio is closely related to the large scale oceanic circulation and at the same time, is greatly influenced by the local topography because of its narrow width. Numerical studies ...As a western boundary current, the Kuroshio is closely related to the large scale oceanic circulation and at the same time, is greatly influenced by the local topography because of its narrow width. Numerical studies of the Kuroshio are usually confined to portions of it in different geographical regions since the computer execution time required to run a numerical model of the Pacific using a sufficiently fine grid to resolve adequately the flow structure of the Kuroshio is enormous. In order to circumvent the problems of multiple spatial scales and consistent boundary conditions, nested models are employed in which a coarse grid model of the Pacific is used to supply the open boundary conditions for a finer grid model of the northwestern Pacific to simulate the flow and temperature fields of the Kuroshio in summer and winter. The major features of the Kuroshio have in general been successfully simulated by the nested models.展开更多
Abiotic factors play an important role in species localisation,but biotic and anthropogenic predictors must also be considered in distribution modelling for models to be biologically meaningful.In this study,we formal...Abiotic factors play an important role in species localisation,but biotic and anthropogenic predictors must also be considered in distribution modelling for models to be biologically meaningful.In this study,we formalised the biotic predictors of nesting sites for four threatened Caucasian vultures by including species distribution models(wild ungulates,nesting tree species)as biotic layers in the vulture Maxent models.Maxent was applied in the R dismo package and the best set of the model parameters were defined in the R ENMeval package.Performance metrics were continuous Boyce index,Akaike's information criterion,the area under receiver operating curve and true skill statistics.We also calculated and evaluated the null models.Kernel density estimation method was applied to assess the overlap of vulture ecological niches in the environmental space.The accessibility of anthropogenic food resources was estimated using the Path Distance measure that considers elevation gradient.The availability of pine forests(Scots Pine)and wild ungulates(Alpine Chamois and Caucasian Goat)contributed the most(29.6%and 34.3%)to Cinereous Vulture(Aegypius monachus)nesting site model.Wild ungulate distribution also contributed significantly(about 46%)to the Bearded Vulture(Gypaetus barbatus)model.This scavenger nests in the highlands of the Caucasus at a minimum distance of 5–10 km from anthropogenic facilities.In contrast,livestock as a food source was most important in colony distribution of Griffon Vulture(Gyps fulvus).The contribution of distances to settlements and agricultural facilities to the model was 45%.The optimal distance from Egyptian Vulture(Neophron percnopterus)nesting sites to settlements was only 3–10 km,to livestock facilities no more than 15 km with the factor contribution of about 57%.Excluding the wild ungulate availability,the ecological niches of studied vultures overlapped significantly.Despite similar foraging and nesting requirements,Caucasian vultures are not pronounced nesting and trophic competitors due to the abundance of nesting sites,anthropogenic food sources and successful niche sharing.展开更多
The final product quality is determined by cumulation, coupling and propagation of product quality variations from all stations in multi-stage manufacturing systems （MMSs）. Modeling and control of variation propagat...The final product quality is determined by cumulation, coupling and propagation of product quality variations from all stations in multi-stage manufacturing systems （MMSs）. Modeling and control of variation propagation is essential to improve product quality. However, the current stream of variations （SOV） theory can only solve the problem that a single SOV affects the product quality. Due to the existence of multiple variation streams, limited research has been done on the quality control in serial-parallel hybrid multi-stage manufacturing systems （SPH-MMSs）. A state space model and its modeling strategies are developed to describe the multiple variation streams stack-up in an SPH-MMS. The SOV theory is extended to SPH-MMS. The dimensions of system model are reduced to the production-reality level, and the effect and feasibility of the model is validated by a machining case.展开更多
Today, the nested model is used widely. The effect and role of each nested variate is analyzed in this paper. It is found that the forecast could benefit by nesting part of the variates and the effect of each of the v...Today, the nested model is used widely. The effect and role of each nested variate is analyzed in this paper. It is found that the forecast could benefit by nesting part of the variates and the effect of each of the variates may be different. Therefore, only the effectual variates are chosen for the nesting. According to this finding, a scheme is suggested and applied to the limited area mode (TL10) nested with global spectral mode (T63) for forecasting tropical cyclones over the South China Sea. A few numerical prediction tests show that this scheme is reasonable and efficient.展开更多
In this study, numerical simulation of a two-dimensional convective-dispersive model in Hakata Bay, Japan, is performed to analyze the impact of major river discharges due to torrential rain in Fukuoka City. Tank mode...In this study, numerical simulation of a two-dimensional convective-dispersive model in Hakata Bay, Japan, is performed to analyze the impact of major river discharges due to torrential rain in Fukuoka City. Tank models are applied to calculate river discharges, which are taken into consideration as river inflow in the hydrodynamic model of Hakata Bay. A two-way nesting “edge” technique is developed and applied in the model in order to consider the influence of narrow and complex geographical features. The area around “Island City” and Imazu Bay are calculated in high resolution. The resulting model has high reproducibility since the calculated river discharges, tidal current, and salinity show good agreement with observed data. To analyze the impact of large river discharges, the calculation period is set from 11 September 2002 to 21 September 2002 since there was torrential rain on September 16 in the given year in Fukuoka City (163.5 mm/d). The results show that low-salinity water covered the whole of the inner part of Hakata Bay, and water of lower salinity than outer sea water (<34.0 psu) spread out to the bay’s mouth two days after the torrential rain event. Fresh water covered the entire area of Imazu Bay and flowed out from the mouth of the Bay after the torrential rain event. The behavior of fresh water after a few days of torrential rain was remarkably different from normal discharge river flow. These results indicate that the environment in Imazu Bay can be degraded severely by torrential rain. Therefore, countermeasures to protect ecosystems in Hakata Bay must be examined immediately.展开更多
A baroclinic typhoon model with a moving multi--nested grid is applied in marine environmental forecasts. This paper describes the numerical methods of the model including governing equations, finite differencing, spl...A baroclinic typhoon model with a moving multi--nested grid is applied in marine environmental forecasts. This paper describes the numerical methods of the model including governing equations, finite differencing, split scheme and time integration.展开更多
The nested Bethe ansatz (BA) method is applied to find the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the transfer matrix for spin-ladder model with open boundary conditions. Based on the reflection equation, we find the gen...The nested Bethe ansatz (BA) method is applied to find the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the transfer matrix for spin-ladder model with open boundary conditions. Based on the reflection equation, we find the general diagonal solution, which determines the generalboundary interaction in the Hamiltonian. We introduce the spin-ladder model with open boundary conditions. By finding the solution K± of the reflection equation which determines the nontrivial boundary terms in the Hamiltonian, we diagonalize the transfer matrix of the spin-ladder model with open boundary conditions in the framework of nested BA.展开更多
A bogus typhoon scheme,designed for the initialization of a typhoon track prediction model,is developed in thispaper.This scheme includes both effects of axisymmetric wind and asymmetric wind.Experimental forecasts us...A bogus typhoon scheme,designed for the initialization of a typhoon track prediction model,is developed in thispaper.This scheme includes both effects of axisymmetric wind and asymmetric wind.Experimental forecasts using atwo-way interactive movable nested mesh model show that the forecast skill of typhoon tracks has clearly improvedafter introducing the bogus typhoon into the initial fields.展开更多
In this paper we proposed an AMH Supply Chain model to obtain optimal solutions for Two-, Three- and Four-Stage for deterministic models. Besides deriving its algebraic solutions, a simple searching method is successf...In this paper we proposed an AMH Supply Chain model to obtain optimal solutions for Two-, Three- and Four-Stage for deterministic models. Besides deriving its algebraic solutions, a simple searching method is successfully applied in obtaining optimal total costs and its integer multipliers. Our model has shown promising results in comparison to Equal Cycle Time and other existing ones. The tests focused on obtaining optimal total annual costs and other related details of Two-, Three- and Four-Stage for deterministic models. The results are run under Visual Basic Programming platform using Intel? CoreTM2 Duo T6500 Processor.展开更多
By means of vertical normal modes a regional nested multilevel primitive equation model can be reduced to several sets of shallow water equations characterized by various equivalent depths. Therefore, time integration...By means of vertical normal modes a regional nested multilevel primitive equation model can be reduced to several sets of shallow water equations characterized by various equivalent depths. Therefore, time integration of the model in spectral form can be performed in the manner similar to those used in the spectral nested shallow water equation model case.展开更多
A method to expand meteorological elements in terms of finite double Fourier series in a limited-region and a spectral nested shallow water equation model based upon the method with conformal map projection in rectang...A method to expand meteorological elements in terms of finite double Fourier series in a limited-region and a spectral nested shallow water equation model based upon the method with conformal map projection in rectangular coordinates, have been proposed, and computational stability and efficiency of time integration have been discussed.展开更多
This paper introduces the theory of utility maximization ofNested Logit model,the establishment of selective limbs and its probability expressions;the basic calculation formula of time value. Investigate the travel ro...This paper introduces the theory of utility maximization ofNested Logit model,the establishment of selective limbs and its probability expressions;the basic calculation formula of time value. Investigate the travel routes and travel mode choices of residents from Suzhou to Shanghai,consider different impact variables in the survey,and divide their travel lines into two travel days on weekdays due to commuting to Shanghai, and free travel to Shanghai on weekdays.The data of the survey were analyzed and analyzed,and the parameters of the established Nested Logit model were calibrated by ST AT A software.The selection model and time value of the travel route and travel mode of residents under different scenarios and different influence variables were obtained Analyze.展开更多
We present a three-level nested-grid ocean circulation modeling system for the Belize shelf of the western Caribbean Sea. The nested-grid system has three subcomponents: a coarse-resolution outer model of the western ...We present a three-level nested-grid ocean circulation modeling system for the Belize shelf of the western Caribbean Sea. The nested-grid system has three subcomponents: a coarse-resolution outer model of the western Caribbean Sea; an intermediate-resolution middle model of the southern Meso-American Barrier Reef System; and a fine-resolution inner model of the Belize shelf. The two-way nesting technique based on the semi-prognostic method is used to exchange information between the three subcomponents. We discuss two applications of the nested-grid system in this study. In the first application we simulate the seasonal mean circulation in the region, with the nested system forced by monthly mean surface fluxes and boundary forcing. The model results reproduce the general circulation features on the western Caribbean Sea and meso-scale circulation features on the Belize shelf. In the second application, we simulate the storm-induced circulation during Hurricane Mitch in 1998, with the nested-grid system forced by the combination of monthly mean forcing and idealized wind stress associated with the storm. The model results demonstrate that the storm-induced currents transport a large amount of estuarinc waters from coastal regions of Honduras and Guatemala to offshore reef atolls.展开更多
文摘As a western boundary current, the Kuroshio is closely related to the large scale oceanic circulation and at the same time, is greatly influenced by the local topography because of its narrow width. Numerical studies of the Kuroshio are usually confined to portions of it in different geographical regions since the computer execution time required to run a numerical model of the Pacific using a sufficiently fine grid to resolve adequately the flow structure of the Kuroshio is enormous. In order to circumvent the problems of multiple spatial scales and consistent boundary conditions, nested models are employed in which a coarse grid model of the Pacific is used to supply the open boundary conditions for a finer grid model of the northwestern Pacific to simulate the flow and temperature fields of the Kuroshio in summer and winter. The major features of the Kuroshio have in general been successfully simulated by the nested models.
基金the State Assignment,project 075-00347-19-00(Patterns of the spatiotemporal dynamics of meadow and forest ecosystems in mountainous areas(Russian Western and Central Caucasus)WWF's‘Save the Forest-Home of Raptors’project(2020-2022).
文摘Abiotic factors play an important role in species localisation,but biotic and anthropogenic predictors must also be considered in distribution modelling for models to be biologically meaningful.In this study,we formalised the biotic predictors of nesting sites for four threatened Caucasian vultures by including species distribution models(wild ungulates,nesting tree species)as biotic layers in the vulture Maxent models.Maxent was applied in the R dismo package and the best set of the model parameters were defined in the R ENMeval package.Performance metrics were continuous Boyce index,Akaike's information criterion,the area under receiver operating curve and true skill statistics.We also calculated and evaluated the null models.Kernel density estimation method was applied to assess the overlap of vulture ecological niches in the environmental space.The accessibility of anthropogenic food resources was estimated using the Path Distance measure that considers elevation gradient.The availability of pine forests(Scots Pine)and wild ungulates(Alpine Chamois and Caucasian Goat)contributed the most(29.6%and 34.3%)to Cinereous Vulture(Aegypius monachus)nesting site model.Wild ungulate distribution also contributed significantly(about 46%)to the Bearded Vulture(Gypaetus barbatus)model.This scavenger nests in the highlands of the Caucasus at a minimum distance of 5–10 km from anthropogenic facilities.In contrast,livestock as a food source was most important in colony distribution of Griffon Vulture(Gyps fulvus).The contribution of distances to settlements and agricultural facilities to the model was 45%.The optimal distance from Egyptian Vulture(Neophron percnopterus)nesting sites to settlements was only 3–10 km,to livestock facilities no more than 15 km with the factor contribution of about 57%.Excluding the wild ungulate availability,the ecological niches of studied vultures overlapped significantly.Despite similar foraging and nesting requirements,Caucasian vultures are not pronounced nesting and trophic competitors due to the abundance of nesting sites,anthropogenic food sources and successful niche sharing.
基金This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50675137).
文摘The final product quality is determined by cumulation, coupling and propagation of product quality variations from all stations in multi-stage manufacturing systems （MMSs）. Modeling and control of variation propagation is essential to improve product quality. However, the current stream of variations （SOV） theory can only solve the problem that a single SOV affects the product quality. Due to the existence of multiple variation streams, limited research has been done on the quality control in serial-parallel hybrid multi-stage manufacturing systems （SPH-MMSs）. A state space model and its modeling strategies are developed to describe the multiple variation streams stack-up in an SPH-MMS. The SOV theory is extended to SPH-MMS. The dimensions of system model are reduced to the production-reality level, and the effect and feasibility of the model is validated by a machining case.
文摘Today, the nested model is used widely. The effect and role of each nested variate is analyzed in this paper. It is found that the forecast could benefit by nesting part of the variates and the effect of each of the variates may be different. Therefore, only the effectual variates are chosen for the nesting. According to this finding, a scheme is suggested and applied to the limited area mode (TL10) nested with global spectral mode (T63) for forecasting tropical cyclones over the South China Sea. A few numerical prediction tests show that this scheme is reasonable and efficient.
文摘In this study, numerical simulation of a two-dimensional convective-dispersive model in Hakata Bay, Japan, is performed to analyze the impact of major river discharges due to torrential rain in Fukuoka City. Tank models are applied to calculate river discharges, which are taken into consideration as river inflow in the hydrodynamic model of Hakata Bay. A two-way nesting “edge” technique is developed and applied in the model in order to consider the influence of narrow and complex geographical features. The area around “Island City” and Imazu Bay are calculated in high resolution. The resulting model has high reproducibility since the calculated river discharges, tidal current, and salinity show good agreement with observed data. To analyze the impact of large river discharges, the calculation period is set from 11 September 2002 to 21 September 2002 since there was torrential rain on September 16 in the given year in Fukuoka City (163.5 mm/d). The results show that low-salinity water covered the whole of the inner part of Hakata Bay, and water of lower salinity than outer sea water (<34.0 psu) spread out to the bay’s mouth two days after the torrential rain event. Fresh water covered the entire area of Imazu Bay and flowed out from the mouth of the Bay after the torrential rain event. The behavior of fresh water after a few days of torrential rain was remarkably different from normal discharge river flow. These results indicate that the environment in Imazu Bay can be degraded severely by torrential rain. Therefore, countermeasures to protect ecosystems in Hakata Bay must be examined immediately.
基金supported by the Chinese National Research Program of Science and Technology under Project! 85-903-03-04.
文摘A baroclinic typhoon model with a moving multi--nested grid is applied in marine environmental forecasts. This paper describes the numerical methods of the model including governing equations, finite differencing, split scheme and time integration.
文摘The nested Bethe ansatz (BA) method is applied to find the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the transfer matrix for spin-ladder model with open boundary conditions. Based on the reflection equation, we find the general diagonal solution, which determines the generalboundary interaction in the Hamiltonian. We introduce the spin-ladder model with open boundary conditions. By finding the solution K± of the reflection equation which determines the nontrivial boundary terms in the Hamiltonian, we diagonalize the transfer matrix of the spin-ladder model with open boundary conditions in the framework of nested BA.
文摘A bogus typhoon scheme,designed for the initialization of a typhoon track prediction model,is developed in thispaper.This scheme includes both effects of axisymmetric wind and asymmetric wind.Experimental forecasts using atwo-way interactive movable nested mesh model show that the forecast skill of typhoon tracks has clearly improvedafter introducing the bogus typhoon into the initial fields.
文摘In this paper we proposed an AMH Supply Chain model to obtain optimal solutions for Two-, Three- and Four-Stage for deterministic models. Besides deriving its algebraic solutions, a simple searching method is successfully applied in obtaining optimal total costs and its integer multipliers. Our model has shown promising results in comparison to Equal Cycle Time and other existing ones. The tests focused on obtaining optimal total annual costs and other related details of Two-, Three- and Four-Stage for deterministic models. The results are run under Visual Basic Programming platform using Intel? CoreTM2 Duo T6500 Processor.
文摘By means of vertical normal modes a regional nested multilevel primitive equation model can be reduced to several sets of shallow water equations characterized by various equivalent depths. Therefore, time integration of the model in spectral form can be performed in the manner similar to those used in the spectral nested shallow water equation model case.
文摘A method to expand meteorological elements in terms of finite double Fourier series in a limited-region and a spectral nested shallow water equation model based upon the method with conformal map projection in rectangular coordinates, have been proposed, and computational stability and efficiency of time integration have been discussed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71601110)the National Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0804900).
文摘This paper introduces the theory of utility maximization ofNested Logit model,the establishment of selective limbs and its probability expressions;the basic calculation formula of time value. Investigate the travel routes and travel mode choices of residents from Suzhou to Shanghai,consider different impact variables in the survey,and divide their travel lines into two travel days on weekdays due to commuting to Shanghai, and free travel to Shanghai on weekdays.The data of the survey were analyzed and analyzed,and the parameters of the established Nested Logit model were calibrated by ST AT A software.The selection model and time value of the travel route and travel mode of residents under different scenarios and different influence variables were obtained Analyze.
文摘We present a three-level nested-grid ocean circulation modeling system for the Belize shelf of the western Caribbean Sea. The nested-grid system has three subcomponents: a coarse-resolution outer model of the western Caribbean Sea; an intermediate-resolution middle model of the southern Meso-American Barrier Reef System; and a fine-resolution inner model of the Belize shelf. The two-way nesting technique based on the semi-prognostic method is used to exchange information between the three subcomponents. We discuss two applications of the nested-grid system in this study. In the first application we simulate the seasonal mean circulation in the region, with the nested system forced by monthly mean surface fluxes and boundary forcing. The model results reproduce the general circulation features on the western Caribbean Sea and meso-scale circulation features on the Belize shelf. In the second application, we simulate the storm-induced circulation during Hurricane Mitch in 1998, with the nested-grid system forced by the combination of monthly mean forcing and idealized wind stress associated with the storm. The model results demonstrate that the storm-induced currents transport a large amount of estuarinc waters from coastal regions of Honduras and Guatemala to offshore reef atolls.
