Extended state observer based smooth switching control for tilt-rotor aircraft

A tilt-rotor aircraft has three flight modes: helicopter mode, airplane mode and conversion mode. Unlike the traditional aircraft, the tilt-rotor aircraft, which combines the characteristics of helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft, is a complex multi-body system with the violent variation of the aerodynamic parameters. For these characteristics, a new smooth switching control scheme is provided for the tilt-rotor aircraft. First, the reference commands for airspeed and nacelle angles are calculated by analyzing the conversion corridor and the conversion path. Subsequently, based on the finite-time switching theorem, an average dwell time condition is designed to guarantee the stability in the switching process. Besides, considering the state vibrations and bumps may appear in switching points, the fuzzy weighted logic is employed to improve the system transient performance. For disturbance rejection, three extended state observers are designed separately to estimate the disturbances in the switched systems. Compared with the traditional auto disturbance rejection control and proportion integration differentiation control, this method overcomes the conservatism of wasting the whole model information. The control performances of robustness and smoothness are verified with simulation, which shows that the new smooth switching control scheme is more targeted and superior than the traditional design method.

A voltage support control strategy based on three-port flexible multi-state switch in distribution networks

Voltage sags in power system may lead to serious problems such as the off-grid of distributed generation and electrical equipment failures.As a novel type of power electronic equipment,a flexible multi-state switch(FMSS)is capable to support the voltage during the grid faults.In this paper,a voltage control strategy to support the voltage in a distribution network is proposed by introducing three-port FMSS.The positive-negative-sequence compensation(PNSC)scheme is adopted to control the active and reactive current.This control scheme eliminates active power oscillations at the port of voltage sags and reduces coupling oscillations of other ports.Based on the characteristics of the voltage support under PNSC scheme,two voltage support strategies are proposed.A proportional-integral controller is introduced to provide the reactive power references,which eliminates the errors when estimating the grid voltage and impedance.A current limiting scheme is adopted to keep the port current in a safe range by adjusting the active and reactive power references.The voltage support strategies in two different voltage sags are simulated,and results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategies.

A systematic method of smooth switching LPV controllers design for a morphing aircraft

This paper is concerned with a systematic method of smooth switching linear parameter- varying （LPV） controllers design for a morphing aircraft with a variable wing sweep angle. The morphing aircraft is modeled as an LPV system, whose scheduling parameter is the variation rate of the wing sweep angle. By dividing the scheduling parameter set into subsets with overlaps, output feedback controllers which consider smooth switching are designed and the controllers in over- lapped subsets are interpolated from two adjacent subsets. A switching law without constraint on the average dwell time is obtained which makes the conclusion less conservative. Furthermore, a systematic algorithm is developed to improve the efficiency of the controllers design process. The parameter set is divided into the fewest subsets on the premise that the closed-loop system has a desired performance. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.

Sliding mode control for mobile welding robot

The sliding mode controller of mobile welding robot is established in this paper through applying the method of variable structure control with sliding mode into the control of the mobile welding robot. The traditional switching function smooth method is improved by combining the smoothed switching function with the time-varying control gain. It is shown that the proposed sliding mode controller is robust to bounded external disturbances. Experimental results demonstrate that sliding mode controller algorithm can be used into seam tracking and the tracking system is stable with bounded uncertain disturbance. In the seam tracking process, the robot moves steadily without any obvious chattering.

Model reference adaptive control with smooth switching scheme for piecewise linear systems and its application in turbofan engine control

A model reference adaptive control(MRAC)with smooth switching scheme was proposed for piecewise linear systems,and the method was utilized in turbofan engine control to avoid the discontinuity of control input.In this scheme,each sub-region of the operating envelope had its own MRAC controller,and smooth indicator function based smooth switching scheme was introduced to switch multiple controllers smoothly at the boundary of adjacent sub-regions.The Lyapunov stability analysis indicated that the proposed smooth switching scheme can guarantee the convergence of the closed-loop system during the controllers switching.The tracking error system was converted into a switched system to analyze the global stability of the closed-loop system.The advantage of the method was that the chattering of system output and instability caused by asynchronous switching can be eliminated.The simulation illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme in comparison with the existing MRAC controller with gain scheduling for turbofan engine.

Smooth tracking control for conversion mode of a tilt-rotor aircraft with switching modeling

This paper investigates the state-tracking control problem in conversion mode of a tilt-rotor aircraft with a switching modeling method and a smooth interpolation technique.Based on the nonlinear model of the conversion mode,a switched linear model is developed by using the Jacobian linearization method and designing the switching signal based on the mast angle.Furthermore,an ℋ_(∞) state-tracking control scheme is designed to deal with the conversion mode control issue.Moreover,instead of limiting the amplitude of control inputs,a smooth interpolation method is developed to create bumpless performance.Finally,the XV-15 tilt-rotor aircraft is chosen as a prototype to illustrate the effectiveness of this developed control method.

微电网运行模式平滑切换控制策略研究

基于主从式控制模式的微网在发生非计划孤岛时,传统的PQ-V/F控制策略会导致微网难以维持系统的稳定运行。在分析微网运行模式切换时系统内电气量产生冲击原因的基础上,提出一种改进的储能变流器控制策略,通过在电压环中新增一个电压保持环路,配合外加电流环调节器,保证孤岛检测期间系统内的功率平衡,较好地解决了微网运行模式切换时系统内电压电流的冲击问题,实现运行模式的平稳过渡。在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建仿真模型,对比分析了采用传统控制策略和改进控制策略的控制效果,验证了改进控制策略的可行性和有效性。

三端口柔性多状态开关多模式平滑切换控制策略

光伏整县推进和电动汽车快速发展造成配电网末端电压偏高等电能质量问题,基于区域柔性互联的柔性多状态开关(flexible multi-state switch,FMSS)技术成为解决方案之一。针对柔性多状态开关PQ模式与VF模式间切换的波动及冲击性问题,提出在状态跟随控制器之后添加惯性环节,并改进相位预同步环节,可实现FMSS并离网工作模式的平滑切换。针对FMSS直流母线控制端的馈线故障导致系统运行崩溃问题,提出一种引入权值调节的控制策略,可实现系统稳定运行情况下,有功控制和直流母线电压控制的平滑切换。在MATLAB/Simulink环境下搭建了三端口FMSS仿真模型,对提出的控制策略进行了仿真验证,仿真结果实现了任意馈线故障下三端口FMSS无缝转供电功能。最后搭建物理实验平台,进一步验证了所提平滑切换策略的有效性。

基于虚拟同步发电机控制的并网逆变器切换型振荡及其非光滑分岔特性

在大扰动下,基于虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制的并网逆变器因限幅环节饱和发生的切换型振荡对电力系统的安全稳定运行构成威胁,其振荡机理和影响因素复杂。为此,该文研究大扰动下由VSG限幅环节饱和引发的切换型振荡的机理,并分析限幅环节的类型、限幅值大小和系统参数对切换型振荡特性的影响。首先,介绍切换型振荡和非光滑分岔理论,以及基于VSG控制的并网逆变器及其限幅环节;其次,分析大扰动下VSG并网逆变器切换型振荡现象,并基于相图法揭示其动力学本质是系统发生了非光滑分岔;再次,分析非光滑分岔与限幅环节的类型和限幅值大小的关系,指出非光滑分岔是由多个限幅环节共同作用引发的;最后,分析VSG控制参数和外部参数对系统非光滑分岔特性的影响。结果表明,限幅值越小和故障程度越严重,系统越容易发生切换型振荡。

分区互联配电网异步孤岛模式切换策略研究

大规模分布式电源的存在允许配电网通过网络重构改变供电方式,实现部分区域在必要时刻以异步孤岛形式运行。但配电网运行方式的改变必然伴随着关键换流器控制模式的切换和参数的调整,如何平稳地实现配电分区在并网和孤岛之间的转换是实现有源配电网安全可靠运行的重要内容。针对通过软开关(soft open point,SOP)实现柔性互联的配电分区,分析了该系统由并网转为异步孤岛运行的暂态特性,提出了基于参考功率自适应的改进下垂控制策略,并采用状态跟踪方法降低了配电网运行状态切换时刻的暂态波动,实现了配电网运行方式的平滑切换。在PSCAD/EMTDC环境下搭建了仿真模型进行验证,结果表明,所提控制方法可有效提升分区互联有源配电网运行的灵活性。

基于LADRC的柔性多状态开关平滑切换策略

为实现多端口柔性多状态开关(flexible multi-state switches,FMSS)在所连馈线发生故障时的平滑切换,该文提出一种基于线性自抗扰控制(linear active disturbance rejection control,LADRC)的平滑切换策略,使用LADRC代替比例积分(proportional integral,PI)控制器的直流电压外环并设计解耦状态观测器以便控制器参数调节,引入内环电流指令值反馈以减小其在控制模式切换时的变化幅度,实现FMSS控制模式的平滑切换。通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真,验证了馈线故障出现在PQ或UdcQ控制端口的连接处时,采用基于LADRC的平滑切换策略均可显著减小FMSS的直流电压偏移率,使端口有功功率过渡平滑,迅速恢复稳定,更好地实现了多端口FMSS控制模式的平滑切换。

四旋翼飞行器的RBF神经网络鲁棒自适应控制

针对具有模型不确定性和有界外部扰动的四旋翼飞行器,提出了一种基于径向基函数神经网络的鲁棒自适应全局控制方法(RRAC)。所提方法结合了神经网络控制对未知非线性的强拟合能力和鲁棒控制的全局稳定性,解决了神经网络控制仅能实现半全局一致最终有界的问题,实现了控制精度和鲁棒性的双重提升。所设计的控制器由在近似域内工作的神经网络控制器和在近似域外工作的鲁棒控制器组成。引入一种新型切换函数来实现两者之间的平滑切换,以保证闭环系统的所有信号是全局一致最终有界的。利用Lyapunov函数和Barbalat引理严格证明了非线性四旋翼飞行器系统的稳定性。仿真表明,所设计的控制器在模型不确定性和有界外部扰动下对参考轨迹依旧保持良好的跟踪性能,且跟踪误差趋近于零。

基于I/F启动的PMSM无感复合控制方法

针对永磁同步电机全速域无位置传感器控制,电机起动时观测器位置估算困难的问题。提出一种电流频率比结合龙伯格观测器的无位置传感器控制策略。首先,在低速域中,采用I/F控制启动;在中高速域,引入龙伯格观测器和锁相环进行位置估计。其次,针对两种控制方法之间直接过渡导致的振荡问题,本文提出了新型平滑过渡策略;对于PI调节器存在协调性与抗干扰能力差的问题,引入自抗扰控制并与新型平滑过渡策略相结合,进一步形成一种复合过渡法;最后经过Simulink和电机实验平台的验证,仿真和实验结果显示,复合控制方法过渡过程平稳并且转速超调和误差明显减小。

Design for aircraft engine multi-objective controllers with switching characteristics

The aircraft engine multi-loop control system is described and the switching control theory is introduced to solve the regulating and protecting control problems in this paper. The aircraft engine multi-loop control system is firstly described and the control problems are formulated. Secondly, the theory of the smooth switching control is devoted and a new extended scheme for the smooth switching of a switched control system is introduced. Then, for the key technologies of aero-engines switching control, a design algorithm is presented which can determine which candidate controller should be put in feedback with the plant to achieve a desired performance and the procedure to design the aircraft engine multi-loop control system is detailed. The switching performance objectives and the switching scheme are given and a family of PID controllers and compensators is designed. The simulation shows that using the switching control design method can not only improve the dynamic performance of the aircraft engine control system and reduce the switching times, but also guarantee the stability in some peculiar occasions.

基于模糊下垂的微网系统频率及平滑切换控制研究

微电网并网和孤岛2种运行模式之间的平滑切换及系统频率的稳定是主从结构微电网系统安全稳定运行的重要保障。结合微电网系统的运行特征,提出基于相位角切换的并离网切换方式,增加预同步控制模块使得在孤岛转并网时更快跟踪电网相位并加以补偿,解决切换中主从逆变器输出电压和电流的冲击问题;为保证微电网系统频率的稳定,提出基于模糊下垂控制的V-F控制策略并将其应用于基于相位角切换方式的平滑切换中,使得系统频率基本保持在50Hz,避免电压电流在切换中有过大的振荡及频率出现冲击等问题;最后搭建实验平台验证所提方法的有效性和稳定性。

直驱式永磁同步风力发电机双模功率控制策略的仿真研究

在分析变桨距执行机构动作滞后及变桨速度限制带来的功率波动问题基础上,针对直驱式永磁同步风力发电机(permanent magnet synchronous generator,PMSG)系统,提出全风况下结合变桨距控制的双模功率控制策略。低于额定风速时,采用基于转速反馈的最大风能跟踪控制;高于额定风速时,根据发电机额定功率和即时转速设定参考电磁转矩,将发电机输出有功功率限定在额定值附近;并给出了双模控制系统中2种控制模式之间平滑切换(smooths witching)的具体规则。对双模功率控制策略下的一台2MW直驱式PMSG系统进行仿真研究,验证了该控制策略的正确性和有效性。相对于采用传统控制策略的直驱式PMSG系统,该控制策略能够在额定风速以上获得更为平稳的有功功率输出。

微电网切换至孤岛运行时的小信号稳定性分析

微电网平稳切换至孤岛运行模式是保证微电网内重要负荷持续可靠供电的重要手段之一。以V/f孤岛控制方式的微电网为研究对象,建立了孤岛模式下的微电网小信号模型,并利用特征根分析法分析了V/f控制器参数变化、负荷阻抗及线路阻抗变化对切换过程中系统小信号稳定性的影响规律,并用时域仿真进行了验证。其后,讨论了系统不同工况下对主导特征值的参数灵敏度的影响规律。最终获得了保证微电网平稳切换至孤岛运行模式的主导影响参数和影响因素,其结论可为微电网平滑切换控制方法和策略提供参考。

应用于直线电机的平滑切换模糊PID控制方法

为了适应直线电机的快速动态特性,抑制由于直接驱动使参数摄动和负载扰动等不确定因素对伺服特性的影响,提出了一种新的平滑函数模型,设计了平滑切换式模糊PID复合控制器,并应用于直线电机位置伺服控制。通过模糊控制提高伺服系统的动态性能,用PID控制保证系统的稳态性能,利用平滑函数改善控制切换过程。在PRS-XY型混联机床上的应用表明,该控制算法明显提高了伺服系统的动态性能,减小了位置跟随误差,对非线性扰动因素具有良好的适应性。

微电网的并离网平滑切换控制策略研究

针对光储微电网并离网切换过程中的平滑过渡问题,提出了一种适用于主从控制与对等控制相结合条件下的控制策略,通过离网过程中对电压相位进行积分控制,并网过程中对电压的相位和幅值进行无差调节控制,实现并离网切换过程的平滑过渡,提高电能质量,保证微电网系统中重要负荷的正常稳定运行。文章通过在Matlab/Simulink平台下搭建光储微电网仿真模型,对所提出的控制策略的有效性和可行性进行了验证。

微电网平滑过渡的功率优化控制

微电源的接入会对传统电网电压和频率造成较大影响,针对由4个不同类型微源组成微电网接入配电网后存在的并网、孤网和两种运行模式之间的切换,建立了参数更为接近实际的微电网控制模型以研究并网孤网互换、孤网下投切负荷或微源等3种运行模式的平滑过渡。对所建模型进行了仿真分析,对比了每种运行模式下采用功率优化前后的各微源出力以及微电网交流母线电压频率的变化情况。仿真结果验证了所提功率优化控制策略的可行性及有效性,实现平滑过渡的同时,可提高被优化微源的利用率。