Performance Evaluation of Three-Dimensional UWB Real-Time Locating Auto-Positioning System for Fire Rescue

Fire rescue challenges and solutions have evolved from straightfor-ward plane rescue to encompass 3D space due to the rise of high-rise city buildings.Hence,this study facilitates a system with quick and simplified on-site launching and generates real-time location data,enabling fire rescuers to arrive at the intended spot faster and correctly for effective and precise rescue.Auto-positioning with step-by-step instructions is proposed when launching the locating system,while no extra measuring instrument like Total Station(TS)is needed.Real-time location tracking is provided via a 3D space real-time locating system(RTLS)constructed using Ultra-wide Bandwidth technology(UWB),which requires electromagnetic waves to pass through concrete walls.A hybrid weighted least squares with a time difference of arrival(WLS/TDOA)positioning method is proposed to address real path-tracking issues in 3D space and to meet RTLS requirements for quick computing in real-world applications.The 3D WLS/TDOA algorithm is theoretically constructed with the Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRLB).The computing complexity is reduced to the lower bound for embedded hardware to directly compute the time differential of the arriving signals using the time-to-digital converter(TDC).The results of the experiments show that the errors are controlled when the positioning algorithm is applied in various complicated situations to fulfill the requirements of engineering applications.The statistical analysis of the data reveals that the proposed UWB RTLS auto-positioning system can track target tags with an accuracy of 0.20 m.

Joint TDOA and AOA location algorithm

For the joint time difference of arrival（TDOA） and angle of arrival（AOA） location scene,two methods are proposed based on the rectangular coordinates and the polar coordinates,respectively.The problem is solved perfectly by calculating the target position with the joint TDOA and AOA location.On the condition of rectangular coordinates,first of all,it figures out the radial range between target and reference stations,then calculates the location of the target.In the case of polar coordinates,first of all,it figures out the azimuth between target and reference stations,then figures out the radial range between target and reference stations,finally obtains the location of the target.Simultaneously,simulation analyses show that the theoretical analysis is correct,and the proposed methods also provide the application of the joint TDOA and AOA location algorithm with the theoretical basis.

BFGS quasi-Newton location algorithm using TDOAs and GROAs

With the emergence of location-based applications in various fields, the higher accuracy of positioning is demanded. By utilizing the time differences of arrival （TDOAs） and gain ratios of arrival （GROAs）, an efficient algorithm for estimating the position is proposed, which exploits the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno （BFGS） quasi-Newton method to solve nonlinear equations at the source location under the additive measurement error. Although the accuracy of two-step weighted-least-square （WLS） method based on TDOAs and GROAs is very high, this method has a high computational complexity. While the proposed approach can achieve the same accuracy and bias with the lower computational complexity when the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） is high, especially it can achieve better accuracy and smaller bias at a lower SNR. The proposed algorithm can be applied to the actual environment due to its real-time property and good robust performance. Simulation results show that with a good initial guess to begin with, the proposed estimator converges to the true solution and achieves the Cramer-Rao lower bound （CRLB） accuracy for both near-field and far-field sources.

Direct solution for fixed source location using well-posed TDOA and FDOA measurements

Based on the time differences of arrival(TDOA) and frequency differences of arrival(FDOA) measurements of the given planar stationary radiation source, the joint TDOA/FDOA location algorithm which solves the location of the target directly is proposed. Compared with weighted least squares(WLS) methods,the proposed algorithm is also suitable for well-posed conditions,and gets rid of the dependence on the constraints of Earth's surface. First of all, the solution formulas are expressed by the radial range. Then substitute it into the equation of the radial range to figure out the radial range between the target and the reference station. Finally use the solution expression of the target location to estimate the location of the target accurately. The proposed algorithm solves the problem that WLS methods have a large positioning error when the number of observation stations is not over-determined. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, including effectively increasing the positioning accuracy and reducing the number of observatories.

A Quadratic Constraint Total Least-squares Algorithm for Hyperbolic Location

A novel algorithm for source location by utilizing the time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements of a signal received at spatially separated sensors is proposed. The algorithm is based on quadratic constraint total least-squares (QC-TLS) method and gives an explicit solution. The total least-squares method is a generalized data fitting method that is appropriate for cases when the system model contains error or is not known exactly, and quadratic constraint, which could be realized via Lagrange multipliers technique, could constrain the solution to the location equations to improve location accuracy. Comparisons of performance with ordinary least-squares are made, and Monte Carlo simulations are performed. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm has high location accuracy and achieves accuracy close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) near the small TDOA measurement error region.

COMPARISON OF TDOA LOCATION ALGORITHMS WITH DIRECT SOLUTION METHOD

For Time Difference Of Arrival(TDOA) location based on multi-ground stations scene,two direct solution methods are proposed to solve the target position in TDOA location.Therein,the solving methods are realized in the rectangular and polar coordinates.On the condition of rectangular coordinates,first of all,it solves the radial range between the target and reference station,then cal-culates the location of the target.In the case of polar coordinates,the azimuth between the target and reference station is solved first,then the radial range between the target and reference station is figured out,finally the location of the target is obtained.Simultaneously,the simulation and comparison analysis are given in detail,and show that the polar solving method has the better fuzzy performance than that of rectangular coordinate.

High Performance of a TOA-TDOA Hybrid GSM Location System for Intelligent Transportation Systems

This paper illustrates the performance of a mobile positioning technique applicable to a GSM network.An experimental system of a network-based GSM positioning for ITS has been proposed, and the hybrid TOA-TDOA method based on GSM signaling has been analyzed and used. The performance of the proposed system is showed through simulations in urban and suburban environments. The accuracy for 67% mobile stations is 70 m in urban and 120 m in suburban. The accuracy, coverage and network load of positioning system are also analyzed.

Multiple moving sources passive location based on multiset canonical correlation analysis

To solve the problem of multiple moving sources passive location, a novel blind source separa- tion （BSS） algorithm based on the muhiset canonical correlation analysis （MCCA） is presented by exploiting the different temporal structure of uncorrelated source signals first, and then on the basis of this algorithm, a novel multiple moving sources passive location method is proposed using time difference of arrival （TDOA） and frequency difference of arrival （FDOA） measurements. The key technique of this location method is TDOA and FDOA joint estimation, which is based on BSS. By blindly separating mixed signals from multiple moving sources, the multiple sources location problem can be translated to each source location in turn, and the effect of interference and noise can also he removed. The simulation results illustrate that the performance of the MCCA algorithm is very good with relatively light computation burden, and the location algorithm is relatively simple and effective.

适用于声源定位的气体绝缘输电线路超声导波传播特性研究

基于到达时间差(TDOA)的声源定位方法是当前气体绝缘输电线路(GIL)故障定位的主要方式,声波在GIL结构上的传输特性深刻影响着定位结果的准确性。为进一步提升故障定位精度,该文提出了考虑导波频散与多模态特性的GIL壳体声传输分析模型,以典型220 kV GIL管段为研究对象,建立声波传输有限元模型,研究了导波特性对故障定位的影响,确定了适用于故障定位的超声导波模态以及GIL非直管结构对该模态导波的衰减与时延量,通过现场定位试验验证了分析模型的可行性,为GIL声源故障定位系统的传感器配置与定位阈值设置提供了计算依据。结果表明,在20~60 kHz频带内,F(1,1)模态导波具有能量高、波形形状稳定、抗干扰能力强等特点,使用该模态导波进行故障定位精度较高。GIL非直管结构会对F(1,1)模态导波造成较大的幅值衰减与一定程度的时延,在故障定位中考虑非直管结构衰减与时延影响可以使定位误差降低60%以上。

基于频域阈值处理广义互相关和空间筛选的多源局部放电定位方法

该文针对电力设备的多源局部放电定位问题,提出了基于频域阈值处理广义互相关(frequency domain threshold processing generalized cross-correlation,FDTP-GCC)和空间筛选的多源局部放电定位方法。为实现多源局部放电超声信号的同源时间差提取问题,该文提出了FDTP-GCC算法,该算法直接应用于超声传感设备采集的原始信号,在频域内通过设置幅度谱阈值排除干扰频段,幅度谱归一化突出多源信号时间差的冲激函数特征,直接得到对应同源信号的时间差。通过仿真证明了FDTP-GCC算法进行时间差估计的高准确性、高稳定性、高抗噪能力。为解决FDTP-GCC算法带来的同源时间差分离的问题,该文提出了基于空间筛选的多源局部放电定位方法,并分析了采用基于解析解的算法和智能算法进行空间筛选的定位性能。最后采用双局部放电源进行了定位试验,试验结果表明该文方法提取的时间差误差均在1μs以内,两个局部放电源的定位误差为20.53cm和4.93cm。

基于电磁辐射到达时差的电弧故障定位及精度

为了实现利用电磁辐射信号进行配网电弧故障定位,提出了一种基于到达时差(time difference of arrival,TDOA)方法的Chan-LM协同定位算法。该算法采用Chan算法快速获得的初始点,再经过LM(Levenberg-Marquart)算法迭代修正定位结果。仿真分析了TDOA定位算法、电磁辐射传感器配置对定位精度的影响,结果表明Chan-LM协同算法比Chan算法的定位误差减小40%,参考主站位于中心位置的Y形布站方式,传感器所在海拔高度相同时的监测区域整体定位准确度较高。利用实测电弧电磁辐射波形验证了Chan-LM协同算法能够有效改善定位精度,为基于电磁辐射TDOA的电弧定位策略应用提供参考依据。

基于多波束/TDOA技术的双星干扰源定位

单星多波束干扰源定位方法需要在3个以上的同频波束都能接收到干扰源信号的情况下才能实现定位。由于同频波束的数量有限以及干扰源位置的随机性,往往会出现能接收到干扰源信号的同频波束少于3个,或接收增益过低影响定位精度的情况。【目的】针对只有两个可用波束的定位问题以及进一步提高干扰源的定位精度,提出了通过邻星与主星建立基于多波束天线与到达时间差(TDOA)技术的双星联合定位模型。【方法】通过建立双星联合定位模型,并联立出定位方程组证明了该模型的可行性。同时,基于定位几何稀疏精度因子(GDOP)对定位模型的接收增益误差、波束指向误差、到达时间差误差以及位置预测误差4个方面进行了定位误差分析,并使用Matlab进行仿真对比。【结果】仿真实验表明,基于多波束天线与TDOA技术的双星联合定位方法的定位精度明显优于传统的单星多波束定位方法。【结论】基于多波束天线与TDOA技术的双星联合定位方法利用了TDOA对定位精度影响较小的优势,使其代替部分波束参与到卫星定位中,不仅减少了对定位波束数量的需求,而且减少了测量增益的误差与波束指向的误差,大大提高了定位的精度并提升了可靠性,较单星多波束定位更具优势。

基于运动单站的LTE辐射源定位技术

长期演进(LTE)信号具有覆盖范围广泛、带宽大、自相关特性良好、抗衰落能力强及发射功率大等诸多有利于定位的优点,是一种可用于定位的主要机会信号。基于LTE信号的定位方法需要利用辐射源的位置信息进行解算,在非合作环境中获取基站的位置信息是使用LTE信号进行定位的基础。提出了一种利用移动单站获取LTE辐射源位置的定位方法,以到达时间差(TDOA)为观测量,建立了包含钟差校准的定位模型,并从单站的运动轨迹和初始点选取两个方面分析了算法的收敛性和定位精度。通过行人以及车载两种方式,在实际环境中对定位方法的性能进行了测试,实验结果表明,该方法的定位误差小于10 m。

到达时间差与扫描时间差定位精度分析

针对静止或者慢速运动的周期性旋转扫描雷达目标定位,提出一种基于到达时间差与扫描时间差联合的无源定位方法。首先介绍该体制的基本定位原理及定位模型,并给出闭式求解算法,再推导其定位克拉美罗界,最后分析测量参数精度、观测平台高度计位置误差对目标定位精度的影响,仿真结果表明:通过提高到达时间差和扫描时间差角度信息参数测量精度、增大站间基线长度、减小平台位置误差等能够明显提升目标定位精度,并且在到达时间差为20 ns、扫描角时间误差等效为0.001°的情况下,距离接收站连线中心450 km处,扫描周期为3 s的目标辐射源定位精度可以达到50 m,具有较好的实际应用价值。

外辐射源雷达与多站时差定位雷达数据融合定位技术研究

在各种无源雷达系统中,外辐射源雷达具有较高距离测量精度但方位角测量精度较差,而多站时差定位雷达则恰恰相反,其具有较高的方位角测量精度而测距精度则较差。因此,将外辐射源雷达测量数据与时差定位雷达测量数据进行联合定位、融合处理,必可以取长补短,较大地提高外辐射源雷达的定位精度。在外辐射源雷达和多站时差定位雷达定位原理的基础上,建立了两者联合定位的模型;为解决两种雷达目标测量方程非线性的问题,首先采用扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)对两种雷达各自的定位结果进行非线性滤波,而后再对滤波后的目标位置估值进行融合定位处理。仿真结果表明,将外辐射源雷达联合多站时差定位雷达进行联合定位、融合处理后的目标定位精度得到了较大提高。

一种基于团簇中心点的时差量测滤波方法

在无源场景中,时差量测的时间间隔大多为非均匀特性。提出一种基于团簇中心点的时差滤波方法,将时间间隔过短的量测划为同一簇,每个簇的中心点代入滤波模型,实现了序贯迭代过程。相比于常用的滤波方法,避免了滤波发散问题,提高了时差的预测精度。最后,在仿真数据上将中心点滤波方法与卡尔曼滤波及改进算法进行比较,验证了该方法的准确性和有效性。

海战场环境下的多站时差定位技术研究

首先对多站时差定位技术进行了理论分析,然后根据海战场环境下的作战情景对多站时差定位系统的布站方式及定位精度进行了仿真。最后,结合工程应用中的实际情况,利用干涉仪测向系统的到达角测量结果对Chan算法的模糊解进行了优化,定位精度能够达到预期目标。

基于差分模型的近场无源定位算法

对于均匀线性天线阵列近场目标定位研究是探测领域重要难点之一。本文根据前期近场基于差分迭代传播计算模型研究基础,提出一种新型高精度近场无源定位算法,针对均匀线性阵列近场目标空间几何结构,突破传统菲涅尔近似近场传播模型的束缚,建立全新高精度目标关系模型并形成定位解析表达式,通过阵列处理估计改进到达时差(TOA)定位观测量,利用新算法快速准确地获取近场多个独立同分布目标的定位信息。仿真实验结果表明:新算法机理不同于传统近场估计分析,特别是定位解析式的引入使得位置精度提升的同时计算量大为降低,更好地适应了近场非线性关系结构,性能分析显示TOA误差对定位估计精度的影响较为有限,在典型信噪比条件下新算法的距离和角度估计精度优于几种常规处理算法,未来具有深入研究的价值。

基于TDOA的无人机集群协同单目标定位

无源定位作为现代信息化战场中电子侦察的重要技术,可以在自身不辐射电磁波的情况下实现对敌方目标的精确定位。以高灵活性、高安全性的无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)集群为接收站,研究基于到达时差测量的辐射源定位方法。作为高机动平台,UAV集群的位置误差更大,基于该情况对Chan算法、Taylor算法进行改进,并提出了一种粒子群泰勒协同的解算方法。与其他方法的定位结果进行对比,仿真结果表明所提的方法定位精度接近克拉美罗下界(Cramer-Rao lower bound,CRLB),解决了Taylor算法的初值问题。

多声源定位的关联模糊消除方法研究

基于到达时差(Time Difference of Arrival,TDOA)的多声源定位中,由于麦克风阵列对测量的TDOA值无法与目标声源进行关联,声源定位过程会产生关联模糊,从而影响多声源定位结果的精度。针对这一问题,提出基于阵列重构的多声源关联模糊消除方法。通过广义互相关(Generialized Cross⁃Correlation,GCC)算法估计麦克风阵列的TDOA值,再利用排序算法获得定位麦克风阵列所有可能的TDOAs序列,并基于Chan算法估计所有可能的声源。通过轮换定位麦克风阵列的参考麦克风,构造多组校验子阵列,利用真实声源与阵列麦克风的相对位置关系来滤除虚假声源。对于不同校验子阵列筛选出的所有声源位置,以出现频数最大化原则再次进行冗余校验,从而提升最终筛选真实声源的准确性。仿真及实验结果表明,该方法能够以最少数量常规麦克风有效消除多声源定位中的虚假声源。在同等麦克风数量的情况下,该方法的定位精度及定位鲁棒性高于对比方法。