Determination of interfacial heat transfer coefficient and its application in high pressure die casting process

In this paper,the research progress of the interfacial heat transfer in high pressure die casting(HPDC)is reviewed.Results including determination of the interfacial heat transfer coefficient(IHTC),influence of casting thickness,process parameters and casting alloys on the IHTC are summarized and discussed.A thermal boundary condition model was developed based on the two correlations:(a)IHTC and casting solid fraction and(b)IHTC peak value and initial die surface temperature.The boundary model was then applied during the determination of the temperature field in HPDC and excellent agreement was found.

Interfacial heat transfer behavior at metal/die in finger-plated casting during high pressure die casting process

Heat transfer at the metal-die interface has a great influence on the solidification process and casting structure. As thin-wall components are extensively produced by high pressure die casting process(HPDC), the B390 alloy finger-plate casting was cast against an H13 steel die on a cold-chamber HPDC machine. The interfacial heat transfer behavior at different positions of the die was carefully studied using an inverse approach based on the temperature measurements inside the die. Furthermore, the filling process and the solidification rate in different finger-plates were also given to explain the distribution of interfacial heat flux(q) and interfacial heat transfer coefficient(h). Measurement results at the side of sprue indicates that qmax and hmax could reach 9.2 MW·m^(-2) and 64.3 kW ·m^(-2)·K^(-1), respectively. The simulation of melt flow in the die reveals that the thinnest(T_1) finger plate could accelerate the melt flow from 50 m·s^(-1) to 110 m·s^(-1). Due to this high velocity, the interfacial heat flux at the end of T_1 could firstly reach a highest value 7.92 MW·m^(-2) among the ends of T_n(n=2,3,4,5). In addition, the q_(max) and h_(max) values of T_2, T_4 and T_5 finger-plates increase with the increasing thickness of the finger plate. Finally, at the rapid decreasing stage of interfacial heat transfer coefficient(h), the decreasing rate of h has an exponential relationship with the increasing rate of solid fraction(f).

Study on Numerical Simulation of Mold Filling and Heat Transfer in Die Casting Process

A 3-D mathematical model considering turbulence phenomena has been established based on a computational fluid dynamics technique, so called 3-D SOLA-VOF (Solution Algorithm-Volume of Fluid), to simulate the fluid flow of mold filling process of die casting. In addition, the mathematical model for simulating the heat transfer in die casting process has also been established. The computation program has been developed by the authors with the finite difference method (FDM) recently. As verification, the mold filling process of a S-shaped die casting has been simulated and the simulation results coincide with that of the benchmark test. Finally, as a practical application, the gating design of a motorcycle component was modified by the mold filling simulation and the dies design of another motorcycle component was optimized by the heat transfer simulation. All the optimized designs were verified by the production practice.

Effect of different processing parameters on interfacial heat-transfer behavior in high-pressure die-casting process

Vacuum die casting can reduce the'air entrapment'phenomenon during casting process.Based on the temperature measurements at metal-die interface with different processing parameters,such as slow shot speed(VL),high shot speed(VH),pouring temperature(Tp)and initial die temperature(Tm),inverse method was developed to determine the interfacial heat transfer coefficient(IHTC).The results indicate that a closer contact between the casting and die could be achieved when the vacuum system is used.It is found that the vacuum could strongly increase the values of IHTC and decrease the grain size in castings.The IHTC could have a higher peak value with increasing the Tp from680to720℃or the VL from0.1to0.4m/s.In addition,the influence of the VH and Tm on IHTC could be negligible.

A study of metal/die interfacial heat transfer behavior of vacuum die cast pure copper

High pressure die casting copper is used to produce rotors for induction motors to improve efficiency.Experiments were carried out for a special"step-shape"casting with different step thicknesses.Based on the measured temperature inside the die,the interfacial heat transfer coefficient(IHTC)at the metal/die interface during vacuum die casting was evaluated by solving the inverse problem.The IHTC peak value was 4.5×10^3-11×10^3 W·m^-2·K^-1 under the basic operation condition.The influences of casting pressure,fast shot speed,pouring temperature and initial die surface temperature on the IHTC peak values were investigated.Results show that a greater casting pressure and faster shot speed could only increase the IHTC peak values at the location close to the ingate.An increase of pouring temperature and/or initial die surface temperature significantly increases the IHTC peak values.

Study on interfacial heat transfer coefficient at metal/die interface during high pressure die casting process of AZ91D alloy

The high pressure die casting (HPDC) process is one of the fastest growing and most efficient methods for the production of complex shape castings of magnesium and aluminum alloys in today's manufacturing industry. In this study, a high pressure die casting experiment using AZ91D magnesium alloy was conducted, and the temperature profiles inside the die were measured. By using a computer program based on solving the inverse heat problem, the metal/die interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) was calculated and studied. The results show that the IHTC between the metal and die increases right after the liquid metal is brought into the cavity by the plunger, and decreases as the solidification process of the liquid metal proceeds until the liquid metal is completely solidified, when the IHTC tends to be stable. The interfacial heat transfer coefficient shows different characteristics under different casting wall thicknesses and varies with the change of solidification behavior.

Heat Transfer between Casting and Die during High Pressure Die Casting Process of AM50 Alloy-Modeling and Experimental Results

A method based on die casting experiments and mathematic modeling is presented for the determination of the heat flow density （HFD） and interfacial heat transfer coefficient （IHTC） during the high pressure die casting （HPDC） process.Experiments were carried out using step shape casting and a commercial magnesium alloy,AM50.Temperature profiles were measured and recorded using thermocouples embedded inside the die. Based on these temperature readings,the HFD and IHTC were successfully determined and the calculation results show that the HFD and IHTC at the metal-die interface increases sharply right after the fast phase injection process until approaching their maximum values,after which their values decrease to a much lower level until the dies are opened.Different patterns of heat transfer behavior were found between the die and the casting at different thicknesses.The thinner the casting was,the more quickly the HFD and IHTC reached their steady states.Also,the values for both the HFD and IHTC values were different between die and casting at different thicknesses.

铝车轮铸造模具水冷界面换热系数反算求解

铝车轮低压铸造过程中,模具温度场是影响铝液凝固的重要因素。水冷作为铸造模具的主要冷却方式,对模具温度场的影响机理仍不明晰,有待深入研究。本文以铝车轮铸造模具的边模水冷模块为研究对象,设计水冷降温实验并采集水冷过程中的模具温度数据。通过ProCAST及ANSYS分析冷却水流动状态,以实测温度数据为基础进行软件反求解,基于Beck非线性估算法,建立界面换热数值模型。通过对比分析两种界面换热系数求解方式,并正向求解以验证两种求解方式的准确性,以期为铝车轮低压铸造模拟验证提供数据支撑,有望获取冷却水与模具的真实换热系数,并揭示其传热行为和换热机理。

FEA technique of hot plate forming process using cell-typed die with cooling device

Hot plate forming using a cell-typed die is a process for forming a large thick plate with a spherical shape for the manufacture of a large spherical LNG tank.Cell-typed upper and lower dies made of a framework of steel plates fitted to make a grid pattern are used in this process,and an air-cooling device is separately installed inside the lower die.A finite element analysis (FEA) technique was developed,which included hot forming,air flow,cooling and thermal deformation analysis for the hot plate forming process using the cell-typed die.Further,the convective and interface heat transfer coefficients were used to reproduce analytically the effects of the cooling device in the hot plate forming analysis.A small-scale model test of the process was conducted to verify the FEA technique.The analysis results show that the curvature of the final plate agrees well with that of the designed experiment within a maximum relative error of 0.03% at the corner of the plate.

基于快速原型的转移涂料法制作模具技术

将快速原型制造与转移涂料精密铸造结合 ,对复杂曲面金属模具的快速制作方法进行了探索。该方法用三维造型软件设计模具 ,用分层制作技术快速得到模具原型 ,再基于原型直接采用转移涂料工艺 ,制作出近净型金属模具毛坯。该工艺流程短 ,成本较低 。

SDC99冷作模具钢深冷处理试验及数值分析

通过试验实测冷作模具钢SDC99的低温参数,结合沸腾换热经验模型求解沸腾换热系数,建立有限元数值分析模型,对SDC99冷作模具钢试件深冷处理过程进行数值模拟。研究表明,试件心部和表面的冷却状况差异较大,尤其是温度和冷却速度。然而,这种温度和冷却速度的剧烈变化主要集中于从试件表面至内部的1/3厚度内,而在试件心部温度和冷却速度变化比较平缓。模拟结果与试验实测数据比较吻合,最大相对偏差为10.58%,这说明采用数值分析方法能较好的再现试件在深冷处理过程中的动态温度场变化规律,为后续组织性能评估以及深冷处理工艺的制定提供依据。

圆截面管对流换热系数的实验研究

有冷却系统的冲压模具是冲压热成形中重要的部分。通过自制的测量设备对水流与H11模具钢之间的对流换热系数进行了实验研究。分析了流量、热流密度和管道直径对对流换热系数的影响。结果表明:对流换热系数与流量近似成正比关系,而与管径成反比关系;对流换热系数也和热流密度成正比关系。将实测结果、经验公式和数值仿真计算的值对比后,发现实测结果与经验公式及数值仿真的结果趋势一致。

射压造型(DISA线)用金属模具的快速制造

介绍了DISA线壳体模具的快速制造工艺过程 ,即在三维造型和快速原型制造的基础上 ,结合转移涂料精密铸造工艺 ,实现铸铁模具的快速制造。此种制造工艺具有速度快、成本低、模具精度高等优点 。

热冲压模具冷却水道FEM-CFD耦合优化研究

基于FEM-CFD耦合优化方法对某车型B柱进行了连续热冲压数值模拟,获得了热冲压模具冷却水道优化设计方案并研究了热冲压设计参数对模具冷却性能的影响规律。结果表明:水道换热系数h c和水道与模面距离H能显著地影响冷却系统性能和模具温度分布。在设计冷却水道时通过引入水道换热系数h c对H、D(水道间距)、R(水道半径)参数进行了集成优化。该方法对热冲压模具冷却系统的设计具有重要意义。

铝合金压铸过程铸件/铸型界面换热行为的研究 Ⅰ．实验研究和界面换热系数求解

采用"阶梯"铸件,设计了压铸过程模具温度测量的实验方案并进行了压铸实验.以实验中测得的铸型内部不同位置的温度为基础,采用热传导反算法求解了压铸过程中铸件/铸型界面热流以及换热系数;分析了铸件的厚度对于界面热流以及换热系数的影响,结果表明:压铸过程铸件/铸型界面热流或是换热系数随着压射过程的进行迅速升高直至最大值,然后随着凝固过程的进行而减小;同时,铸件的不同厚度部位与铸型之间的界面热流和换热系数的变化规律也不同,随着铸件厚度的增大,铸件铸型之间的界面热流和换热系数峰值均减小,但是界面热流和换热系数较大值保持的时间则逐渐增大.

机械手在CPU散热片冷锻成形过程中的应用

针对CPU散热片现存生产方式的局限性,确定新的工艺方案,并开发出一套利用机械手送料的新型模具。介绍了机械手在CPU散热片冷锻成形过程中的应用,机械手的结构和动作原理,以及与模具、冲床精确配合的设计过程,从而顺利完成整个生产过程,实现了机电一体化。这种结构设计集中了连续模高速以及工程模材料利用率高的的优点,提高了速度,节约了成本,对相关产品的设计有一定的借鉴作用。

内、外锅冲压生产线的设计

介绍了内外锅冲压生产线的冲压方案及生产布置 ,确定了生产线设备的主要工艺参数、动作循环图。对行星齿轮传动的自动送料机构的原理、设计要点进行分析 ,并检查了送料机构和多工位模具的干涉情况。经生产实践检验 ,设计的内外锅冲压生产线可靠实用 ,满足了大批量生产的需要。

压铸件的表层微观组织及其形成分析

通过对平板压铸件取样及微观组织分析,发现不同位置表层组织具有3种特征:有较厚且细密的激冷组织;有少量激冷组织;完全没有激冷组织。经过平板压铸件充型及凝固过程的数值模拟,探讨了上述不同特征表层组织形成的原因,结果表明:充型过程金属液与模具的碰撞方式,以及凝固顺序对表层组织有着重要影响。

铝合金ADC12Z高压铸造过程中铸件与铸型间界面热交换系数的研究

通过采集高压铸造过程中铸型内部温度的变化曲线,采用热传导反算法,求解了以铝合金ADCl2Z为铸件材料的铸件(?)铸型界面换热系数,分析了该界面换热系数随铸件厚度的变化规律.计算及分析结果表明:在压铸过程中,铸件－铸型界面换热系数迅速升至最大值,随后下降,凝固结束后趋于稳定．涛件厚度增大不仅提高了换热系数,而且对换热系数的变化趋势也有很大影响.同时,不同厚度的铸件,其固相率和冷却速率的变化规律也有较大区别,

气体保护电渣重熔过程氧传递的动力学研究

基于渗透理论建立了气体保护电渣重熔过程渣-钢间氧传递的动力学模型,并在50 kg电渣炉进行模具钢S136(/%:0.39C、0.26Si、0.43Mn、0.020P、0.018S、13.37Cr、0.21Mo、0.34V)的重熔实验,得出渣中FeO含量-0～2.0%(FeO),电极端部钢液中原始氧含量-0～0.010 0%[O],自耗电极半径-40～300 mm和重熔速率-(0.5～5.0)×10^(-6) m^3/s对熔渣和钢液间传氧速率的影响。结果表明,熔渣中FeO含量-(FeO)存在一个临界值,(FeO)小于此临界值时,氧的传递过程为电极端部钢液向渣中传递;反之,氧的传递过程为渣中FeO向电极端部钢液内传递。随自耗电极半径的增加,钢-渣间传氧速率减小;随着重熔速率和钢液中原始氧含量增加,钢-渣间传氧速率增加。