Evaluation of Resistance of Different Kiwifruit Varieties (Lines) to Canker Disease and Brown Spot Disease

Kiwifruit canker and brown spot are significant diseases affecting kiwis,caused by Pseudomonas syringae patho-genic variations(Pseudomonas syringae pv.Actinidiae(Psa))and Corynesporapolytica(Corynespora cassiicola).At present,the research on canker disease and brown spot disease mainly focuses on the isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria,drug control,resistance gene mining and functional verification.Practice has proved that breeding disease resistant varieties are an effective method to control canker disease and brown spot disease.However,most existing cultivars lack genes for canker and brown spot resistance.Wild kiwifruit resources in nat-ure exhibit extensive genetic diversity due to prolonged natural selection,containing numerous resistance genes.But,due to insufficient understanding of the resistance of most kiwifruit varieties(lines)to canker disease and brown spot disease,some high-quality resources have not been fully utilized.The incidence of canker and brown spot of 18 kiwifruit cultivars(lines)was measured by inoculating isolated branches and leaves,and their resistance to canker and brown spot was analyzed according to the length,disease index,mean diameter,and systematic clustering.The results were as follows:Among 18 different kiwifruit varieties(lines)for canker disease,there were two highly resistant materials,eight disease-resistant materials,four disease-susceptible materials,and two highly susceptible materials.Moreover,regarding brown spot disease,there were one highly resistant material,five dis-ease-resistant materials,four susceptible materials,and three highly susceptible materials.Furthermore,four resources were resistant to both diseases.The outcomes provided a theoretical basis for breeding kiwifruit against canker and brown spot.

Research on Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Based on Improved Multi-target Domain Adversarial Network

Aiming at the problems of low efficiency,poor anti-noise and robustness of transfer learning model in intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machinery,a new method of intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machinery based on single source and multi-target domain adversarial network model(WDMACN)and Gram Angle Product field(GAPF)was proposed.Firstly,the original one-dimensional vibration signal is preprocessed using GAPF to generate the image data including all time series.Secondly,the residual network is used to extract data features,and the features of the target domain without labels are pseudo-labeled,and the transferable features among the feature extractors are shared through the depth parameter,and the feature extractors of the multi-target domain are updated anatomically to generate the features that the discriminator cannot distinguish.The modelt through adversarial domain adaptation,thus achieving fault classification.Finally,a large number of validations were carried out on the bearing data set of Case Western Reserve University(CWRU)and the gear data.The results show that the proposed method can greatly improve the diagnostic efficiency of the model,and has good noise resistance and generalization.

Fecal microbial biomarkers combined with multi-target stool DNA test improve diagnostic accuracy for colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a major global health burden.The current diagnostic tests have shortcomings of being invasive and low accuracy.AIM To explore the combination of intestinal microbiome composition and multi-target stool DNA(MT-sDNA)test in the diagnosis of CRC.METHODS We assessed the performance of the MT-sDNA test based on a hospital clinical trial.The intestinal microbiota was tested using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.This case-control study enrolled 54 CRC patients and 51 healthy controls.We identified biomarkers of bacterial structure,analyzed the relationship between different tumor markers and the relative abundance of related flora components,and distinguished CRC patients from healthy subjects by the linear discriminant analysis effect size,redundancy analysis,and random forest analysis.RESULTS MT-sDNA was associated with Bacteroides.MT-sDNA and carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)were positively correlated with the existence of Parabacteroides,and alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)was positively associated with Faecalibacterium and Megamonas.In the random forest model,the existence of Streptococcus,Escherichia,Chitinophaga,Parasutterella,Lachnospira,and Romboutsia can distinguish CRC from health controls.The diagnostic accuracy of MT-sDNA combined with the six genera and CEA in the diagnosis of CRC was 97.1%,with a sensitivity and specificity of 98.1%and 92.3%,respectively.CONCLUSION There is a positive correlation of MT-sDNA,CEA,and AFP with intestinal microbiome.Eight biomarkers including six genera of gut microbiota,MT-sDNA,and CEA showed a prominent sensitivity and specificity for CRC prediction,which could be used as a non-invasive method for improving the diagnostic accuracy for this malignancy.

Efficacy of a Kiwifruit Extract (PhenActivTM) on Gastrointestinal Tract Function: A Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study

Objective: Gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort is experienced by millions of people every day. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PhenActivTM, a novel green kiwifruit extract, on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) function in otherwise healthy adults. Methods: 41 healthy adults with mild GI discomfort were enrolled in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Participants were randomized to either take 3.0 g/day of PhenActivTM or a placebo for 6 weeks. Interviews were conducted at baseline, week 3 and week 6, with participants completing questionnaires regarding GI symptoms. Frequency of bowel movements was self-recorded daily. Results: There were no differences in daily and weekly defecation frequency and stool characteristics in either group. The active and placebo groups significantly improve GSRS scores (p , only the active group had a significant improvement in the IBSSS and PAC-QOL scores (p < 0.05) from baseline. Neither group had changes in sleep quality, quality of life and fatigue, plasma zonulin concentrations or macular pigment optical density scores. The product was well tolerated with no GI disturbances or adverse events being reported. Conclusion: Supplementation of 3.0 g/day of PhenActivTM for 6 weeks did not improve defecation frequency or stool composition in healthy adults, but did improve perceived symptoms of GIT function, including symptoms of functional GIT disorders, IBS and constipation. The product was well tolerated and future trials investigating higher doses with more participants and/or a different population would be beneficial.

Investigation and Identification of Fungal Diseases of Kiwifruit in Qiandongnan Prefecture

[Objectives]The paper was to investigate and identify the fungal diseases of wild and red heart kiwifruit in Qiandongnan Prefecture.[Methods]The pathogenic fungi were isolated from diseased leaves and fruits of wild and red heart kiwifruit by tissue separation method.DNA sequencing was carried out by using the sequence analysis of ribosomal r DNA-ITS region,and molecular evolutionary trees were built by using MEGA 4.0 software.Finally,the pathogenic fungi were classified and identified by combining morphological observation.[Results]The main fungal diseases were anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on wild kiwifruit,fruit anthracnose caused by C.acutatum on red heart kiwifruit,leaf soft rot caused by Fusarium incarnatum on red heart kiwifruit,and brown spot caused by Alternaria alternata on red heart kiwifruit.[Conclusions]The study may provide some theoretical basis for the control of kiwifruit diseases in Qiandongnan Prefecture.

Joint target assignment and power allocation in the netted C-MIMO radar when tracking multi-targets in the presence of self-defense blanket jamming

The netted radar system(NRS)has been proved to possess unique advantages in anti-jamming and improving target tracking performance.Effective resource management can greatly ensure the combat capability of the NRS.In this paper,based on the netted collocated multiple input multiple output(CMIMO)radar,an effective joint target assignment and power allocation(JTAPA)strategy for tracking multi-targets under self-defense blanket jamming is proposed.An architecture based on the distributed fusion is used in the radar network to estimate target state parameters.By deriving the predicted conditional Cramer-Rao lower bound(PC-CRLB)based on the obtained state estimation information,the objective function is formulated.To maximize the worst case tracking accuracy,the proposed JTAPA strategy implements an online target assignment and power allocation of all active nodes,subject to some resource constraints.Since the formulated JTAPA is non-convex,we propose an efficient two-step solution strategy.In terms of the simulation results,the proposed algorithm can effectively improve tracking performance in the worst case.

Multi-Target Tracking of Person Based on Deep Learning

To improve the tracking accuracy of persons in the surveillance video,we proposed an algorithm for multi-target tracking persons based on deep learning.In this paper,we used You Only Look Once v5(YOLOv5)to obtain person targets of each frame in the video and used Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metric(DeepSORT)to do cascade matching and Intersection Over Union(IOU)matching of person targets between different frames.To solve the IDSwitch problem caused by the low feature extraction ability of the Re-Identification(ReID)network in the process of cascade matching,we introduced Spatial Relation-aware Global Attention(RGA-S)and Channel Relation-aware Global Attention(RGA-C)attention mechanisms into the network structure.The pre-training weights are loaded for Transfer Learning training on the dataset CUHK03.To enhance the discrimination performance of the network,we proposed a new loss function design method,which introduces the Hard-Negative-Mining way into the benchmark triplet loss.To improve the classification accuracy of the network,we introduced a Label-Smoothing regularization method to the cross-entropy loss.To facilitate the model’s convergence stability and convergence speed at the early training stage and to prevent the model from oscillating around the global optimum due to excessive learning rate at the later stage of training,this paper proposed a learning rate regulation method combining Linear-Warmup and exponential decay.The experimental results on CUHK03 show that the mean Average Precision(mAP)of the improved ReID network is 76.5%.The Top 1 is 42.5%,the Top 5 is 65.4%,and the Top 10 is 74.3%in Cumulative Matching Characteristics(CMC);Compared with the original algorithm,the tracking accuracy of the optimized DeepSORT tracking algorithm is improved by 2.5%,the tracking precision is improved by 3.8%.The number of identity switching is reduced by 25%.The algorithm effectively alleviates the IDSwitch problem,improves the tracking accuracy of persons,and has a high practical value.

猕猴桃采后真菌病害生物防治研究进展

猕猴桃果实易受多种病原真菌的侵染,采后易发生软腐病、灰霉病、青霉病等严重危害果实品质的真菌性病害。传统的有效防治方法主要为采前使用化学杀菌剂,但其易污染环境并可能危害人类健康。目前,已有一系列生物防治方法被研究并报道,这些方法可有效防控猕猴桃采后真菌病害:第一类为天然抑菌物质,包括植物提取物和其他天然物质;第二类为拮抗微生物,包括生防酵母、生防细菌、生防木霉,生防菌也能与物理及化学方法协同发挥作用。本文概述了各类生物防治方法在猕猴桃采后真菌病害绿色防控方面的研究进展及生防机理,并提出了目前存在的问题,最后展望了这一领域今后的研究方向。

氯吡脲处理对脐红猕猴桃果实品质的影响

脐红为深受市场欢迎的黄肉红心芽变猕猴桃新品种,研究不同浓度氯吡脲处理对其果实品质的影响,对脐红猕猴桃生产具有重要指导意义。设置5、10 mg/L氯吡脲水溶液2个处理,在谢花后25 d进行浸果,以清水为对照(CK),于果实成熟期测定果实的外观品质、内在品质、矿质元素及水解氨基酸含量。结果表明:10 mg/L氯吡脲水溶液处理后的单果重、横径、侧径、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比均增幅最大,分别提高了32.26%、17.09%、12.45%、9.38%和18.73%;可滴定酸、维生素C、花色苷含量和钙元素含量则显著降低,分别降低了7.75%、17.05%、52.13%和28.30%。在单个氨基酸方面,胱氨酸和精氨酸等2种氨基酸含量随氯吡脲浓度的增加而显著降低,丝氨酸、甘氨酸、脯氨酸等3种氨基酸含量则显著提高,总氨基酸含量有所降低,但差异不显著。在不同类别氨基酸方面,甜味氨基酸含量随着氯吡脲浓度的增加而提高,鲜味氨基酸、芳香氨基酸含量则降低。综上,氯吡脲的施用可促进脐红猕猴桃果实膨大,增加果实风味,如提高可溶性固形物含量、降低可滴定酸含量,但高浓度处理降低了果实营养品质,如维生素C、花色苷、钙元素、鲜味氨基酸和芳香氨基酸含量。建议种植户合理施用氯吡脲,以促进脐红猕猴桃产业健康可持续发展。

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定陕西眉县猕猴桃矿物质含量及相关营养评价

为探究陕西眉县所产猕猴桃中矿物质含量及评价其相关营养价值。利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法对陕西眉县主产的徐香、翠香、红心、黄心四个品种猕猴桃中9种矿物质含量进行测定,并采用营养质量指数法(Index of nutritional quality,INQ)对矿物质元素进行营养评价,同时应用SPSS软件对9种矿物质和能量进行相关性分析。陕西眉县四个品种猕猴桃矿物质均以钾、磷、钙、镁四种元素为主,约占总矿物质的99.8%,四个品种中INQ均大于1的矿物质有钙、钾、镁、铜,其中钾的INQ最高在3.89~5.19。矿物总量最高的品种为翠香328 mg/100g,但营养质量指数最高的为徐香16.78(INQ_(总))。通过相关性分析表明各元素间存在着不同程度的相关性,其中钾与能量的相关系数最高为0.982。猕猴桃是一种高钾低钠的优质食品,不同品种猕猴桃矿物质元素的营养价值差异明显,矿物质营养密度最高的为翠香,其次为红心、黄心、徐香,但从营养价值指数方面来看,徐香最高,翠香次之,红心和黄心猕猴桃矿物营养水平稍逊。

猕猴桃便携式无损检测仪影响因素及其精度校准分析

为探究产地、成熟度对便携式可溶性固形物无损检测精度的影响,以同一品种3个产地的猕猴桃为试材,分别采用便携式无损检测仪和常规有损检测仪对其可溶性固形物含量进行测定和比较,并运用人工神经网络对其进行分析。结果表明,在使用便携式无损检测仪对猕猴桃可溶性固形物检测时,3个产地的无损检测R2分别为0.26、0.52、0.61,成熟度会对其检测精度造成一定影响,但在不同产地间没有稳定、统一的规律;基于人工神经网络学习、建模产生的随机预测值可将R2提高5%~49%。因此,可利用预测值来作为中间校准程序,以辅助提高便携式无损检测精度。

不同美味猕猴桃花粉萌发活力及形态学研究

为探究猕猴桃花粉萌发活力和花粉萌发前后的形态变化,以15份美味猕猴桃花粉为样本,采用离体培养方法测定花粉的萌发活力,利用扫描电镜观察离体培养前后5份雌株花粉和10份雄株花粉的形态变化。结果表明:15份花粉样本萌发率差异较大,5份雌株花粉均不萌发;10份雄株花粉中8号花粉样本的萌发率最高,为79.27%;9号花粉样本的萌发率最低,仅为22.85%。15份花粉样本离体培养前后扫描电镜观察发现:极面观基本相同,均为三裂圆形;赤道面观有差异,5份雌株花粉离体培养前后花粉形态不发生改变,均为近球形,而10份雄株花粉在萌发前为超长球形或长球形,萌发后均为近球形,极轴长度略有变小、赤道轴长变大、极轴长度与赤道轴长度比值变小、萌发沟宽度增宽,但萌发后的雄株花粉样本间各项形态学指标值差异较小。

猕猴桃9个种41份种质花粉形态观察与分析

为了解猕猴桃属植物间的亲缘关系,以9个猕猴桃种41份种质的花粉为供试材料,采用扫描电镜结合ImageJ图像处理软件对花粉进行形态学观测,并根据花粉极轴长度(P)、赤道轴长度(E)、萌发沟长度、萌发沟宽度、极轴长度/赤道轴长度(P/E)和大小(P×E)指标对供试材料进行聚类分析。结果表明,供试花粉均为单粒花粉,均以单粒、等极和辐射对称形式存在。极轴长度范围在21.50~33.40μm之间,赤道轴长度范围在9.87~16.24μm之间,萌发沟长度范围在17.53~29.08μm之间,萌发沟脊宽度范围在0.47~2.03μm之间,花粉粒大小(极轴×赤道轴)范围在218.68~543.18μm^(2)之间,极轴长度/赤道轴长度范围为1.36~2.26,花粉形状为超长球形或长球形,萌发孔类型均为三孔沟,极面观为三裂圆形,均为N3P4C5型。外壁纹饰分为波纹状、颗粒状和疣状,占样品总数的比例分别为63.41%、19.51%和17.08%。在遗传距离为7.5时,供试材料可以分为3个类群;在遗传距离为1.5时,供试材料可以分为6个类群,其中,中华猕猴桃被分为了4类。在两个遗传距离时,四萼猕猴桃均单独分为一类。

3株生防菌对猕猴桃软腐病的作用

为探究生防菌对猕猴桃软腐病的作用,选用前期获得的3株生防菌(贝莱斯芽孢杆菌P2-1、耐盐芽孢杆菌PL7和多黏芽孢杆菌NL4)进行室内抑菌试验、猕猴桃软腐病接种和自然发病防治试验,并研究了3株生防菌对猕猴桃果实病程相关基因表达的影响。试验结果表明,菌株P2-1、PL7和NL4对猕猴桃软腐病菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)菌丝生长的抑制率分别为83.49%、74.82%和49.33%,P2-1的抑制效果最好,PL7次之,NL4最差;3株生防菌对接种猕猴桃软腐病均具有抑制作用,其中以P2-1的效果最好,PL7次之,NL4最差;3株生防菌均能显著降低猕猴桃软腐病自然发病率,其中以P2-1处理的发病率最低;3株生防菌处理均对猕猴桃果实品质无影响;3株生防菌处理猕猴桃果实后,果实中基因PR1、PR5和SOD的表达显著上调。研究结果可为菌株P2-1、PL7和NL4开发为防治猕猴桃软腐病的生物制剂提供参考。

猕猴桃酵素发酵工艺优化及体外抗氧化活性测定

为进一步延伸猕猴桃加工链,该研究以猕猴桃为原料,通过单因素试验、Plackett-Burman试验和响应面试验优化猕猴桃酵素发酵工艺,并分析猕猴桃酵素对2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS^(+))、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、羟基自由基清除效果及Fe^(3+)的相对还原能力。结果表明,猕猴桃酵素最佳发酵工艺为料液比38∶100(g∶mL)、菌种(酿酒酵母∶植物乳杆菌∶保加利亚乳杆菌=3∶1∶1)接种量0.24%、白砂糖添加量12%,发酵时间144 h,发酵温度26.4℃。在最佳工艺条件下制备的猕猴桃酵素超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活力可达1893.30 U/mL。抗氧化试验结果表明,猕猴桃酵素对DPPH·、ABTS^(+)·、·OH清除率及Fe^(3+)相对还原能力分别为37.2%、80.13%、79.01%及24.65%;分别比优化前提高了7.98%、2.50%、2.41%及3.58%。综上,经过发酵工艺优化后猕猴桃酵素SOD酶活增加,抗氧化活性有所提升。

猕猴桃根腐病根际土壤酶活性及真菌群落组成研究

分析猕猴桃根腐病感病植株和未感病植株根际土壤真菌群落差异,可为研究猕猴桃根腐病发生机制及其调控技术提供依据。在浙江省天台县街头镇的“红阳”猕猴桃种植基地,以树龄9年的猕猴桃根腐病感病植株和未感病植株根际土壤真菌为研究对象,对菌群ITS序列进行高通量测序注释后,对比分析了真菌群落结构与多样性指数的差异,并测定分析了根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性。结果表明,猕猴桃根腐病的发生极显著地降低了根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶的活性(p<0.01)。感病植株根际土壤真菌群落丰富度指数(Chao1)显著低于未感病植株根际土壤(p<0.05)。在门分类水平上,感病植株根际土壤真菌中相对丰度降低的有担子菌门、未分类真菌和接合菌门,其差异均为极显著(p<0.01);相对丰度升高的为子囊菌门,其差异达极显著水平(p<0.01)。在属分类水平上,感病植株根际土壤真菌相对丰度增加的有赤霉菌属、丛赤壳属、镰刀菌属、假裸囊菌属和肉座菌属,其差异均达极显著水平(p<0.01);相对丰度降低的有未分类伞菌纲、枝鼻菌属、粗糙孔菌属、线虫草属、支顶孢属、粪盘菌属、木霉属和被孢霉属,其差异均达极显著水平(p<0.01)。猕猴桃感染根腐病后,根际土壤真菌在门和属水平上的菌群变化打破了原有的微生物拮抗平衡关系。

基于TRIZ的猕猴桃采摘机设计

针对猕猴桃采摘效率低、易损伤果实等问题,应用TRIZ理论指导猕猴桃采摘机的设计。通过需求分析,确定猕猴桃采摘机的作业流程。基于系统功能分析识别旋拧式猕猴桃采摘末端执行器的功能缺陷,应用因果分析、物场分析等TRIZ工具对采摘末端执行器求解创新方案,创新设计出一种自动定位果树—识别果实—剪断果梗—收集果实的猕猴桃采摘机。应用ADAMS对末端执行器采摘动作进行步态仿真、应用MATLAB对采摘机作业空间和采摘轨迹进行动态仿真,结果表明:猕猴桃采摘机采摘轨迹空间范围为X方向行程约1.4 m、Y方向行程约1.8 m和Z方向行程约2.3 m;采摘速度为8 s/个,末端执行器采摘过程作业动作平稳连贯,满足预期设计要求。在产品概念设计阶段应用TRIZ理论,有利于产生高质量、多层级的概念解,提高产品设计效率。

基于超高压处理的猕猴桃原浆制备研究

为优化猕猴桃超高压灭菌条件下原浆制作工艺,对3种不同原浆制作工艺分别进行单因素优化试验,筛选出两种产品色泽和稳定性较好的工艺,并对这两种工艺所制作样品进行4℃储藏40 d的品质对比。结果表明,在最大程度保留猕猴桃原浆绿色,提高其稳定性的条件下,3种工艺的优选次序为:对辊式挤压制浆>胶体磨制浆>高压微射流制浆;与胶体磨工艺相比,对辊式挤压工艺制作的产品在4℃条件下储藏30 d内无明显的自然分层,产品VC损失较少;优化后的制浆工艺为:采用对辊式挤压工艺,挤压次数为1次。按照该工艺制作的猕猴桃原浆色泽相对均一,以青绿色为主,VC含量为40~50 mg/100 g。

不同叶面肥及株型控制对中科猕砧2号猕猴桃组培苗生长发育的影响

以中科猕砧2号猕猴桃2月龄组培苗为研究对象,研究不同配比的叶面施肥结合株型控制对植株干径生长、叶绿素含量、氮磷钾含量以及幼苗生理指标的影响。结果表明,中科猕砧2号组培穴盘苗的干径、叶绿素含量及植株全氮、全钾含量,根冠比在不同处理间均存在显著差异,植株全磷含量在各处理间差异不显著。4个控制因子中,株型控制对中科猕砧2号组培穴盘苗生长的促进作用最大,全抹芽的株型控制+施复合叶面肥(0.2%尿素+0.1%磷酸二氢钾+0.2%园艺肥)为中科猕砧2号组培穴盘苗育苗期间的最优处理配方。

基于SWOT分析的陕西省周至县猕猴桃产业经济效益提升策略

为了助力陕西省周至县猕猴桃产业的持续健康发展,立足于周至县猕猴桃产业发展现状,采用SWOT分析方法梳理产业发展的影响因素,找出其中的症结和痛点。研究发现,周至县猕猴桃产业尚未形成规模化生产,果品质量无法得到有效保障,落后的组织经营方式严重影响了周至县猕猴桃产业的综合竞争力。为提升当地猕猴桃产业的经济效益,应强化政策引导,推动周至县猕猴桃产业标准化生产,重点培育具有品牌影响力的市场经营主体,利用电商平台做好品牌推广。