Adaptive Reclosing Scheme Based on Traveling Wave Injection For Multi-Terminal dc Grids

The hybrid dc circuit breaker(HCB)has the advantages of fast action speed and low operating loss,which is an idealmethod for fault isolation ofmulti-terminal dc grids.Formulti-terminal dc grids that transmit power through overhead lines,HCBs are required to have reclosing capability due to the high fault probability and the fact that most of the faults are temporary faults.To avoid the secondary fault strike and equipment damage that may be caused by the reclosing of the HCB when the permanent fault occurs,an adaptive reclosing scheme based on traveling wave injection is proposed in this paper.The scheme injects traveling wave signal into the fault dc line through the additionally configured auxiliary discharge branch in the HCB,and then uses the reflection characteristic of the traveling wave signal on the dc line to identify temporary and permanent faults,to be able to realize fast reclosing when the temporary fault occurs and reliably avoid reclosing after the permanent fault occurs.The test results in the simulation model of the four-terminal dc grid show that the proposed adaptive reclosing scheme can quickly and reliably identify temporary and permanent faults,greatly shorten the power outage time of temporary faults.In addition,it has the advantages of easiness to implement,high reliability,robustness to high-resistance fault and no dead zone,etc.

Stability Analysis of a Multi Area System with Renewable Energy and Multi-Terminal DC Tie Lines

Security constrained multi area multi objective dynamic economic dispatch (SCMAMODED) with renewable energy (RE) and all the possible MTDC stability constraints is formulated for the first time. The stability merits of multi terminal DC (MTDC) tie lines as compared to the traditional HVAC forms the main objective of this paper. Probabilistic load flow (PLF) is applied to determine the system parameters while the uncertainties are modelled using Scenario Based Method (SBM). The simulation results reveal that with the use of MTDC tie lines, the frequency and voltage stability in the MAMODED with renewable energy sources (RES) are enhanced while keeping the MTDC power exchange interface nodes at secure levels.

MMC直流侧故障有源限流策略

为了避免直流短路故障威胁到模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)型柔性直流电网的安全可靠运行,该文提出了一种适用于半桥型MMC直流侧故障的有源限流策略,限制直流短路电流和桥臂电流的峰值及上升速率。首先,该文阐述了故障期间系统控制策略对故障电流的影响,然后通过反馈桥臂电流分别调整差、共模调制波,进而改变上、下桥臂中子模块的数量及分配,达到快速抑制交、直流侧故障电流的目的。其次,推导了考虑有源限流策略下的故障电流解析式,并分析了该限流策略对控制系统稳定性的影响,为有源阻尼参数选取提供理论依据。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建四端柔性直流电网模型,仿真结果表明:有源限流策略不仅能够显著降低直流断路器开断故障电流,且能保证桥臂内器件的安全。

直流充电桩电能计量关键技术设计

针对当前直流(DC)充电桩电能计量存在计量效率低、误差大、电源纹波大、无法远程监控的问题,设计了充电桩计量电路。通过硬件乘法器级联原理实现三相交流有功功率的瞬时值硬件电路,能够快速获取交流(AC)有功功率在时域上输出的数据信息。将原始的多种信息输出变成单一的DC信号,为双通道模数转换器(ADC)同步测量提供了μs级别的AC有功功率信号。通过增量补偿控制输出模块对电网电压和实际输出电压的差值进行补偿,提高了充电桩测试电源的精度。DC充电桩能够远程无线通信,实现了多地区多客户端界面和现场操作终端界面的操作流程和数据的实时同步,大幅提升了DC充电桩电能计量能力。试验结果证明,该设计误差低、计量效率高。

双向DC/DC变换器在直流微网中的应用

为了降低直流微网母线电压的波动,提出基于双向DC/DC变换器的储能控制策略。运用直流母线电压外环,双向DC/DC变换器电感电流内环的控制方法实现直流微网与储能系统之间能量的双向流动。在系统电压产生波动时能够恢复到正常工作电压状态。通过仿真验证所提控制策略的正确性。仿真表明储能系统通过控制策略可以实现能量的双向传递。并且当电压突变时,储能系统可以使直流母线电压稳定,提高了系统可靠性。

Studies of commutation failures in hybrid LCC/MMC HVDC systems

A hybrid of line commutated converters(LCCs)and modular multi-level converters(MMCs)can provide the advantages of both the technologies.However,the commutation failure still exists if the LCC operates as an inverter in a hybrid LCC/MMC system.In this paper,the system behavior during a commutation failure is investigated.Both halfbridge and full-bridge MMCs are considered.Control strategies are examined through simulations conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC.Additionally,commutation failure protection strategies for multi-terminal hybrid LCC/MMC systems with AC and DC circuit breakers are studied.This paper can contribute to the protection design of future hybrid LCC/MMC systems against commutation failures.

Preventing DC Over-voltage in Multi-terminal HVDC Transmission

This paper is concerned with power reduction control which is used to avoid DC over-voltage for multiterminal HVDC transmission of offshore wind power.Voltages and frequencies of offshore AC wind farm networks are used for transmitting control signals for the power reduction control.These methods do not require fast communication.Power reduction sharing among the offshore wind farms using the different control signals is analysed.The control systems are also compared against the DC chopper method to prevent a DC overvoltage.Simulation and experiments are carried out to evaluate the control systems.

Modeling,Control,and Protection of Modular Multilevel Converter-based Multi-terminal HVDC Systems:A Review

Multi-terminal direct current(MTDC)grids provide the possibility of meshed interconnections between regional power systems and various renewable energy resources to boost supply reliability and economy.The modular multilevel converter(MMC)has become the basic building block for MTDC and DC grids due to its salient features,i.e.,modularity and scalability.Therefore,the MMC-based MTDC systems should be pervasively embedded into the present power system to improve system performance.However,several technical challenges hamper their practical applications and deployment,including modeling,control,and protection of the MMC-MTDC grids.This paper presents a comprehensive investigation and reference in modeling,control,and protection of the MMC-MTDC grids.A general overview of state-of-the-art modeling techniques of the MMC along with their performance in simulation analysis for MTDC applications is provided.A review of control strategies of the MMC-MTDC grids which provide AC system support is presented.State-of-the art protection techniques of the MMCMTDC systems are also investigated.Finally,the associated research challenges and trends are highlighted.

Analysis and Control of Modular Multi-terminal DC Power Flow Controller with Fault Current Limiting Function

In order to overcome the problems of power flow control and fault current limiting in multi-terminal high voltage direct current(MTDC)grids,this paper proposes a modular multi-terminal DC power flow controller(MM-DCPFC)with fault current limiting function.The topology structure,operation principle,and equivalent circuit of MM-DCPFC are introduced,and such a structure has the advantages of modularity and scalability.The power balance mechanism is studied and a hierarchical power balance control strategy is proposed.The results show that MM-DCPFC can achieve internal power exchange,which avoids the use of external power supply.The fault characteristics of MM-DCPFC are analyzed,fault current limiting and self-protection methods are proposed,and the factors affecting the current limiting capability are studied.The simulation models are established in PLECS,and the simulation results verify the effectiveness of MM-DCPFC in power flow control,fault current limiting,and scalability.In addition,a prototype is developed to validate the function and control method of MM-DCPFC.

Nyquist Stability Analysis and Capacitance Selection for DC Current Flow Controllers in Meshed Multi-terminal HVDC Grids

Controllability of DC current/power flow is essentialin multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grids, particularly for theMTDC grids in a meshed topology. In this paper, consideringmeshed MTDC (M2TDC) grids with the installation of twoline/multi-lineDC current flow controllers (CFCs), a small-signalmodel of the DC CFCs integrated M2TDC grids is derived,studying the impact of the power losses of the DC CFC andtheir influence on the analysis of energy exchanges. The systemstability analysis is analysed using the Nyquist diagram, which ismore suitable for analyzing complex nonlinear systems with morecompact and reliable indicators of stability in comparison withgain/phase margins shown in the Bode diagram. In addition, aselection method of the interconnected capacitor of the DC CFCis proposed under different operating conditions. The impact ofthe switching frequencies of the DC CFC on the control ranges ofthe DC current flows is analyzed. The effectiveness of the Nyquistanalysis and the capacitance selection method is verified bysimulation studies using PSCAD/EMTDC. The obtained control ranges of the DC CFC with different switching frequenciesand capacitances would be useful for practical engineeringapplications.

电流转移型高压直流断路器

混合式高压直流断路器是目前处理直流电网故障较为认可的一种方式,但其存在造价昂贵、使用个数多等问题。为有效解决此类弊端,提出一种电流转移型高压直流断路器,并对其故障隔离控制时序进行了研究。电流转移型高压直流断路器借鉴了混合式高压直流断路器的关键部件和设计理念,将直流母线以及与其相连的混合式直流断路器进行了整合,以整体概念对断路器进行了再设计,优化了设备利用价值。在保证同等直流故障处理能力的前提下,相比混合式高压直流断路器,其投资成本大幅度降低。为验证电流转移型高压直流断路器的有效性,在PSCAD/EMTDC内建立了一个三端单极直流网络模型。仿真结果验证了电流转移型高压直流断路器在隔离直流线路故障方面的可行性和有效性。

特高压交直流大电网的数模混合实时仿真系统建模

为对金沙江一期和锦屏电力外送的系统接入和受端交流扰动后的交直流响应性能及恢复情况进行专题研究,中国电力科学研究院仿真中心按照网络物理特性相符并适应仿真中心现有仿真设备规模的等值网,建立了迄今国内外规模最大的数模混合实时仿真系统。文中阐述了数模混合实时仿真系统建模的关键技术,包括:交直流系统模拟比的选择,发电机和动态负荷模型的建立和校核,采用不同策略和技术的7回高压和特高压直流系统的建立;无源元件模型的建立和连接;系统数据库的建立;系统的全面校核等。

南方电网西电东送交直流混合输电系统安全稳定性分析

随着国家“西部大开发”战略的实施,南方电网“西电东送”工程的建设进入了快速发展阶段,南方电网已成为我国第1个也是目前唯一的500kV超高压远距离交直流混合输电的大型区域电网。现以我国南方电网已经形成的“两交一直”和即将“五交两直”的交直流混合输电系统为基础,对南方电网进行分析,揭示其输电能力、薄弱环节和采取安全稳定控制措施等安全稳定特性,表明通过合理优化和正确制定安全稳定控制策略,保证安全自动装置动作的可靠性,交直流混合输电系统不仅可取得较大的输电效益,而且也可安全稳定运行。

直流微网中超级电容器储能系统控制方法研究

直流微网有利于光伏等可再生能源的接入,便于为直流负荷提供电能,节约成本。但直流微网易受到新能源出力和负载波动影响,存在运行不稳定、电能质量差等缺点。本文提出一种用于双向DC/DC电路中的滑模变结构控制方法,该方法可应用于孤岛运行和并网运行2种方式控制。在Matlab/Simulink平台上分别搭建了孤岛光伏供电系统和并网光伏系统的直流微网仿真系统,仿真结果表明该方法可以提高供电电能质量,提高直流微网电压质量,此结果验证了控制方法的鲁棒性和有效性。

直流微网中的ZigBee通信及以太网网关设计

为实现直流微网中的多个变流设备的通信,进而实现直流微网的监控和能量管理,提出了基于ZigBee无线传感器网络和以太网的通信方案。系统采用JN5139实现了多个变流设备、协调器之间的ZigBee通信;在协调器中,结合CP2200以太网控制芯片,实现了协调器与监控主机之间的以太网通信。经试验表明,本方案组网灵活、施工维护方便;在协调器中采用ZigBee芯片和以太网芯片直接连接,减少中间环节,提高了系统的整体通信效果。

中压直流系统短路电流快速识别装置

为提高直流系统的稳定可靠性,保证在直流系统发生故障后,及时识别和切断短路电流,提出了中压直流系统短路电流快速识别装置。硬件上设计了以FPGA+AVR的双处理器结构为核心的各个功能电路,实现了对主回路电流的采样和调理,以及对两处理芯片之间通信、人机交互和通信功能。在软件上,对于FPGA和AVR分别采用自顶向下和模块化编程思想,设计以DDL算法为核心,结合FIR滤波、采样算法的短路电流快速识别软件系统。最后,搭建实验回路进行短路电流快速识别试验,验证了所研发装置的快速性和可靠性。

控制参数对柔性直流电网稳定性的影响分析

控制参数的合理选择是柔性直流电网稳定运行的前提条件,而其参数整定又依赖于柔性直流电网的稳定性模型。首先,提出了基于直流电压斜率控制的柔性直流电网小信号模型,同时考虑了模块化多电平换流器内部动态特性及环流抑制器的作用。然后,利用根轨迹法分析直流电压斜率控制器的PI参数、斜率参数和环流抑制器PI参数对系统稳定性影响。利用参与因子法识别二倍频环流所对应的模态,进而分析PI参数对二倍频环流抑制的影响效果。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC平台上搭建张北柔性直流电网试验示范工程仿真系统,验证所提建模方法以及结论的正确性,为实际工程中控制参数整定提供了理论依据。

直流断路器对直流电网过电压特性的影响分析

直流断路器安装于直流电网后会对直流系统的过电压特性产生影响,尤其是直流断路器相邻位置的绝缘特性需要仔细校核。在分析了混合式直流断路器工作原理的基础上,针对相邻位置安装避雷器和不安装避雷器2种方案分别进行了过电压机理研究和仿真分析。为进一步降低直流单极接地故障下直流断路器分断可能造成的较高过电压,基于电压判据提出了一种缓解直流断路器相邻节点过电压水平的保护策略。通过建立三端直流输电PSCAD/EMTDC仿真模型,验证了缓解过电压水平的保护策略的可行性和有效性。

特高压直流对交直流并联电网安全稳定影响

以南方电网为例,应用PSS/E仿真软件探讨含有特高压直流的电网中交流和直流系统相互影响机理,以便揭示交直流并联运行电网失稳的可能性。分析表明,多馈入直流系统中,受端交流故障对直流运行状态的破坏程度远较送端交流故障严重,其对系统稳定的影响与直流功率恢复速度有关,若直流恢复速度较慢,有可能使受端交流故障成为系统输电能力的约束故障。大容量直流对系统稳定影响表现为输电能力更高,双极故障后的安稳措施代价更大。

适用于直流电网的预限流型直流断路器拓扑

为提高多端直流电网在直流故障下的运行可靠性,同时降低对直流断路器分断能力的要求,提出了一种适用于直流电网的预限流型直流断路器拓扑,当电网出现过电流时预先将限流回路投入,并根据故障检测结果决定切除故障线路或恢复正常运行。该拓扑使用辅助电容和半控型器件晶闸管实现了限流电感的快速投切与故障电流快速切除,能有效抑制故障电流,并具备一定的经济性。为验证所提拓扑在预限流和快速分断方面的可行性,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了四端直流电网仿真模型,并通过仿真结果验证了所提拓扑在抑制故障电流、隔离故障线路方面的有效性。