A Novel Pilot Protection for VSC-HVDC Transmission Lines Based on Correlation Analysis

The control system of voltage source converter HVDC (VSC-HVDC) is complex and its fault tolerance ability is not sufficient, and correct rate of line protection device is not high. A novel pilot protection for VSC-HVDC transmission lines based on correlation analysis is proposed in this paper. In the principle, external fault is equivalent to a positive capacitance model, so the correlation coefficient of the current and voltage derivative is 1;while the internal fault is equivalent to a negative capacitance model, so the correlation coefficient of the current and voltage derivative is -1. Internal faults and external faults can be distinguished by judging the correlation coefficient. Theoretical analysis and PSCAD simulation experiments show that the new principle, which is simple, not affected by transition resistance, control type and line distributed capacitance current, can identify internal faults and external faults reliably and rapidly, having certain practical value.

Stability Analysis of a Multi Area System with Renewable Energy and Multi-Terminal DC Tie Lines

Security constrained multi area multi objective dynamic economic dispatch (SCMAMODED) with renewable energy (RE) and all the possible MTDC stability constraints is formulated for the first time. The stability merits of multi terminal DC (MTDC) tie lines as compared to the traditional HVAC forms the main objective of this paper. Probabilistic load flow (PLF) is applied to determine the system parameters while the uncertainties are modelled using Scenario Based Method (SBM). The simulation results reveal that with the use of MTDC tie lines, the frequency and voltage stability in the MAMODED with renewable energy sources (RES) are enhanced while keeping the MTDC power exchange interface nodes at secure levels.

Hybrid ROCOV/Waveform Similarity Coefficient Based Protection for DC Lines in HVDC Grids

DC line protection with high speed and strong robustness against high fault resistance is essential in highvoltage direct current(HVDC)grids.The conventional voltagederivative-based protections for DC lines exhibit the problem of low reliability on the occurrence of high-impedance faults.In this paper,fault traveling waves at the fault point and at the line side of the DC reactor are first analyzed using phasemodal transformation.Based on the theoretical analysis of the modal fault-component voltages at the line side of the DC reactor,a novel hybrid protection scheme utilizing the single-ended rate of change of voltage(ROCOV)and waveform similarity coefficient is proposed.It utilizes the hybrid ROCOV criterion and waveform similarity coefficient to identify the faulted line and the amplitudes of the 0-and 1-mode fault-component voltages to identify fault type,and the polarities of the 0-and 1-mode fault-component voltages to identify faulted pole.Simulations under various fault conditions verify that the proposed protection scheme can achieve fast and reliable identification of faulted line,fault type,and faulted pole in 1 ms,and effectively improve the reliability against high-impedance faults up to 1200.

基于限流电抗器两侧特定频段暂态能量比的MTDC电网单端量保护方案

柔性直流输电技术有利于未来大量分布式能源接入电网,而配置快速、可靠的保护方案是柔性直流技术发展的关键。基于直流电网等效模型,提出一种基于限流电抗器两侧电压特定频段暂态能量比差异性的单端量故障区域识别方法。该方法依据贝瑞隆等效模型计算出限流电抗器两侧电压比,通过广义S变换提取限流电抗器两侧特定频段电压,根据故障时正负极限流电抗器的电压幅值差的差异性实现故障选极。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC平台搭建仿真模型,分析出发生区内外故障时差异性明显,具备较强的耐过渡电阻与抗噪声干扰能力。

Traveling Wave Characteristics Based Pilot Protection Scheme for Hybrid Cascaded HVDC Transmission Line

The hybrid cascaded high-voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission system has various operation modes,and some operation modes have sharply increasing requirements for protection rapidity,while the traditional pilot differential protection(PDP)has poor rapidity,and even refuses to operate when faults occur on the DC line.Therefore,a novel pilot protection scheme based on traveling wave characteristics is proposed.First,the adaptability of the traditional PDP applied in engineering is analyzed for different operation modes.Then,the expressions of the forward traveling wave(FTW)and backward traveling wave(BTW)on the rectifier side and the inverter side are derived for different fault locations.From the theoretical derivation,the difference between the BTW and FTW on the rectifier side is less than zero,and the same is true on the inverter side.However,in the event of an external fault of DC line,the difference between the BTW and FTW at nearfault terminal protection installation point is greater than zero.Therefore,by summing over the product of the difference between BTW and FTW of the rectifier side and that of the inverter side,the fault identification criterion is constructed.The simulation results show that the proposed pilot protection scheme can quickly and reliably identify the short-circuit faults of DC line in different operation modes.

考虑直流控制系统影响的HVDC输电线路后备保护研究

在考虑直流控制系统影响的情况下,详细分析了HVDC输电线路区内、区外的故障特征以及直流控制系统的动作特性和控制状态。引入并分析了基于开关函数的交直流系统二次谐波计算等值模型。通过分析故障期间换流器触发角和直流侧二次谐波量的变化特征,提出了一种新的以换流器触发角为保护动作量,利用二次谐波分量闭锁的直流线路后备保护方案,给出了保护整定的理论计算方法。与直流线路纵联差动保护相比,该保护不因直流电流波动影响而被闭锁,保护动作时间较快;与微分欠压保护相比,具有更高的抗过渡电阻能力。通过PSCAD/EMTDC大量仿真计算,验证了该保护能可靠区分直流线路区内、区外故障,与直流线路纵联差动保护和微分欠压保护相比具有明显的优越性。

适用于架空线路输电的新型双极MMC-HVDC拓扑

在充分借鉴传统直流输电工程结线方式的基础上,提出了一种适用于架空线路输电的新型双极模块化多电平换流器型高压直流输电(MMC-HVDC)系统拓扑。该拓扑中换流器采用基于箝位双子模块的改进型模块化多电平换流器(MMC),接地极线从上下2个换流器串联构成的双极结构中间引出。重点分析了换流器在故障条件下的等值电路和直流闭锁机理,并设计了直流侧故障后的详细控制策略,并用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件验证了该系统拓扑的有效性和可行性。结果表明:双极拓扑具有运行方式灵活、系统可靠性高等优点;由于二极管反向阻断和箝位作用,换流器在封锁所有绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)触发脉冲后数ms内就能实现直流闭锁,因此无需交流断路器动作,仅依靠换流器自身动作就能抑制短路电流;所设计的控制时序可有效处理直流侧的故障,并在暂时性故障下帮助系统迅速重启动,减少系统停运时间。

利用模量模型识别的VSC-HVDC输电线路纵联保护新原理

电压源换流器型高压直流(VSC-HVDC)输电控制系统复杂,故障承受能力差,线路保护装置动作正确率不高。文中提出了一种利用模量模型识别的VSC-HVDC输电线路纵联保护新原理。该原理将区外故障等效为正的电容模型,差动电流和差动电压导数相关系数为1;将区内故障等效为负的电容模型,差动电流和差动电压导数相关系数为-1。通过判别相关系数的正负,即可区分区内、区外故障。在实际运行中,VSC-HVDC输电系统多为双极运行,为降低极间电磁耦合的影响,采用了1模和0模量构成判据。理论分析和PSCAD仿真实验表明,新原理无需补偿输电线路电容电流,原理简单、易于整定,不受过渡电阻和控制特性的影响,在各种工况下均能快速可靠地区分区内、区外故障。

天生桥直流线路低电压保护27DCL分析

介绍了直流线路低电压保护27DCL的原理,分析了其保护思想、动作行为,以及保护间相互配合的关系,得出了27DCL不合理的地方,并提出了改进措施。

基于真双极的MTDC电网直流线路快速保护

多端柔性直流电网(multi-terminal flexible direct current,MTDC)的网状结构和故障特性对直流线路保护的动作性能提出更高的要求,对此提出一种基于单端量的直流线路电压行波保护方案。首先,针对基于MMC的MTDC电网直流侧发生的不同故障或干扰情形,理论分析故障电压反行波在线路上的传播特征差异。其次,利用小波变换提取高频电压反行波构建区内外故障识别判据;对于单极接地故障,提出故障极的识别判据;另外,针对架空线路遭受雷击后对行波保护的影响,构建雷击干扰识别判据。最后建立张北四端MTDC电网仿真模型,仿真结果验证所提保护方案的有效性。

基于EMTDC的直流线路故障特征的仿真分析

以南方电网高肇直流输电工程的EMTDC模型为基础,对直流线路故障进行了仿真分析,分析故障后线路保护中各种判据所依赖的电气量的变化规律以及相关保护的动作特性。通过设置不同故障位置,包括整流侧,线路中点和逆变侧故障,以及不同过渡电阻对线路保护的动作情况,特别是行波保护和低压保护进行仿真研究。结果显示,故障位置对电气量的影响不大,而过渡电阻对保护影响则比较大,过渡电阻接近100Ω时均可能导致行波低压保护的拒动。

基于自定义差分电流的MMC-HVDC输电线路纵联保护

为可靠检测模块化多电平换流器型高压直流(MMC-HVDC)输电线路故障并实现故障选极,提出一种纵联保护新原理。基于MMC-HVDC系统自身特点,综合使用两端换流站不同极线路电压量和电流量构造保护特征量——自定义差分电流。分析研究表明,直流侧故障时的自定义差分电流绝对值明显大于系统正常运行和交流侧故障时的自定义差分电流绝对值;直流侧正极接地故障、负极接地故障和双极短路故障时自定义差分电流正负性不同。根据此特征,构造纵联保护判据来识别直流侧故障并完成故障选极。仿真结果表明,该原理在一定故障条件下可快速可靠地识别直流线路故障并实现故障选极。

DC 600V供电客车干线在线绝缘监测装置

介绍了DC 600V供电客车干线在线绝缘监测装置的研制、功能和应用情况,并对其他供电系统的绝缘监测改造提出了建议。

基于虚拟能量调节偏差的MMC-HVDC输电线路保护方案

柔性直流输电对继电保护的速动性及可靠性提出了更高的要求。为实现直流故障的快速可靠识别,文中分析了模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的控制参数在系统发生故障时的响应特性,并提出了一种MMC型高压直流输电线路保护新方案。根据MMC控制参数定义了虚拟能量调节偏差,利用虚拟能量调节偏差对系统故障时的响应特性识别直流线路故障,并结合虚拟能量调节偏差的比值进行故障类型的判别。该保护方案融合了交直流侧的故障信息,提高了保护的可靠性,保护判据利用了换流器控制参数信息,无须测量线路的电气量。仿真结果表明,所提保护方案可以快速准确动作且具有较强的耐过渡电阻能力。

MMC-HVDC换流站交流侧联络线高灵敏度电流差动保护

随着MMC-HVDC输电工程数量不断增多及单个换流站功率和电压水平不断攀升,其对交流线路继电保护性能的影响逐渐成为不可忽视的问题。首先,理论分析了传统电流差动保护临界动作的幅值和相角条件。然后,着重分析了过渡电阻较大时,换流站不同运行模式下线路两侧电流及短路点故障电流的相角关系,进而指出整流和逆变模式下换流站分别呈现“汲出”和“馈入”特性。进一步,揭示了不同运行模式下换流站对传统电流差动保护的影响机理,指出整流模式下保护拒动风险较大。基于换流站的故障特征,在显著提高保护对区内故障的灵敏性而不影响区外故障时保护安全性的原则下,提出一种高灵敏度电流差动保护。最后,分别采用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件和基于实际控制保护装置及实时数字仿真系统的实验平台对所提保护方案进行了验证。验证结果表明了文中理论分析的正确性和所提保护的优越性。

Studies of commutation failures in hybrid LCC/MMC HVDC systems

A hybrid of line commutated converters(LCCs)and modular multi-level converters(MMCs)can provide the advantages of both the technologies.However,the commutation failure still exists if the LCC operates as an inverter in a hybrid LCC/MMC system.In this paper,the system behavior during a commutation failure is investigated.Both halfbridge and full-bridge MMCs are considered.Control strategies are examined through simulations conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC.Additionally,commutation failure protection strategies for multi-terminal hybrid LCC/MMC systems with AC and DC circuit breakers are studied.This paper can contribute to the protection design of future hybrid LCC/MMC systems against commutation failures.

直流断路器结合暂态行波的HVDC输电线路故障保护算法

针对传统交流系统保护难以适用于目前的多端高压直流输电线路问题,提出直流断路器结合暂态行波的多端高压直流输电线路直流故障保护算法。首先,通过小波变化提取故障时刻高频暂态电压分量,并基于区内、区外故障小波能量值的故障识别方法,提出设计含混合式直流断路器多次重合闸判定方法的直流故障保护算法。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件上搭建四端高压直流输电线路模型。仿真试验验证了保护算法的可行性,以及在故障识别成功率和过渡电阻耐受能力方面的优势,对于直流输电线路故障快速判定具有重要的理论指导和实际意义。

Research on Common Grounding Electrode Technique in HVDC

This paper discusses the characteristics of DC transmission common system ground electrode type and shared ground electrode, established the mathematical model of two circuit DC systems share ground electrode, analyze effects of the shared loop ground DC transmission system electrode on the operation of HVDC system size under different operation modes, and compare with the independent ground electrode, ground electrode impact on environment under different operation mode, and the paper finally puts forward some solving measures for the influence of the shared ground electrode on the environment and public ground electrode effects on DC system operation problems.

基于电流模分量特性的多端柔性直流配电网线路纵联保护

多端柔性直流配电网因在供电可靠性方面极具优势而受到广泛的关注,然而对于直流线路保护中故障的快速、可靠识别成为其急速发展所需解决的关键问题之一。因此,设计了一种利用电流模分量特性的直流线路纵联保护方法。该方法利用故障时正极电流线模分量方向来判别区内外故障,以不同故障条件下故障点正极电流零模分量平均值的差异来构造保护判据,从而判别故障类型,形成保护策略。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC4.5上搭建了多端柔性直流配电网模型,对保护判据及关键影响要素进行了仿真分析。结果表明,该保护方法能够有选择性地快速、可靠识别区内外故障及故障类型,且具有较好的耐过渡电阻与抗噪声能力。

基于初始电流行波相位的多端混合直流线路单端保护方案

为了解决LCC-MMC型多端混合直流系统线路保护存在的问题,提出一种基于初始电流行波相位的多端混合直流线路单端保护方案。首先基于多端混合直流输电线路发生不同位置和类型的故障工况,推导直流线路入射电压行波的解析式并计算其高频段相位。其次结合线路边界行波折反射原理和测量波阻抗特性,提出利用初始电压行波相位的区内外识别判据,并根据雷击和短路故障的入射行波低频相位特性构建雷击干扰判据。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建昆柳龙多端混合直流系统模型进行验证,证明所提方案仅利用单端量信息即可满足故障判断和选线要求,满足速度性的同时具备一定的抗过渡电阻能力(500Ω)。