Hierarchical Optimal Power Flow Control for Loss Minimization in Hybrid Multi-terminal HVDC Transmission System

A hierarchical control scheme is proposed for optimal power flow control to minimize loss in a hybrid multiterminal HVDC(hybrid-MTDC)transmission system.In this scheme,the lower level is the droop control,which enables fast response to power fluctuation and ensures a stable DC voltage,and the upper level is power flow optimization control,which minimizes the losses during the operation of hybrid-MTDC and solves the contradiction between minimizing losses and preventing commutation failure.A 6-terminal hybrid-MTDC is also designed and simulated in PSCAD according to the potential demand of power transmission and wind farms integration in China to verify the proposed control strategy.First,the steady state analysis is conducted and then compared with simulation results.The analysis shows that the proposed control scheme achieves the desired minimum losses while at the same time satisfying system constraints.The proposed control scheme also guarantees that the hybrid-MTDC not only has a good dynamic response,but also remains stable during communication failure.

Analysis of Transmission Loss in Droop Control of a Multi-Terminal HVDC System

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) electric power transmission is a promising technology for integrating offshore wind farms and interconnecting power grids in different regions. In order to maintain the DC voltage, droop control has been widely used. Transmission line loss constitutes an import part of the total power loss in a multi-terminal HVDC scheme. In this paper, the relation between droop controller design and transmission loss has been investigated. Different MTDC layout configurations are compared to examine the effect of droop controller design on the transmission loss.

经LCC-HVDC输电送出系统单端混合等值计算

现有电网换相换流器型高压直流输电(line commutated converter based HVDC,LCC-HVDC)输电系统动态等值计算依赖于送受端电压同步实时量测,无法实现经LCC-HVDC输电送出系统的单端暂态等值计算。论文基于直流系统动态相量等值计算框架,提出仅基于逆变侧单端交流电压信息的经LCC-HVDC直流输电送出系统的等值计算方案,论证整流侧准稳态模型+逆变侧动态相量模型的混合等值计算框架的可行性,解决换相失败准确判别等关键问题,仿真对比分析了多场景故障,证明所提出的计算框架在送端交流系统信息缺失的情况下,能实现受端交流线路故障暂态大扰动下经LCC-HVDC输电送出系统响应的准确实时计算。

直驱风电场经MMC-HVDC并网送端系统稳定性分析及振荡抑制

基于模块化多电平换流器MMC(modular multilevel converter)的高压直流输电HVDC(high voltage direct current transmission)因具有无源网络支撑等优势而被广泛应用于大容量新能源外送消纳。受电力电子设备交互作用等因素影响,送端系统易发生振荡失稳现象。首先,建立了直驱风电场经MMC-HVDC并网送端系统的小扰动线性化模型,分析了风场有功输出对系统稳定性的影响。然后,建立了MMC及风机并网变流器交流侧dq阻抗模型,从阻抗角度揭示了送端系统振荡失稳机理。进一步,提出了基于MMC交流电压控制外环q轴附加阻尼的振荡抑制策略,可满足系统满功率范围内的运行稳定性要求。最后,基于全比例模型的仿真结果验证了所提振荡抑制策略的有效性。

Research on DC Protection Strategy in Multi-Terminal Hybrid HVDC System

Multi-terminal hybrid high-voltage direct current(HVDC)systems have been developed quickly in recent years in power transmission area.However,for voltage-source converter(VSC)stations in hybrid HVDC systems,no direct current(DC)filters are required.In addition,the DC reactor is also not installed at the line end because the DC fault can be limited by the converter itself.This means that the boundary element at the line end is absent,and the single-ended protections used in line commutated converter(LCC)based HVDC(LCC-HVDC)systems or VSC-HVDC systems cannot distinguish the fault line in multi-terminal hybrid HVDC systems.This paper proposes a novel singleended DC protection strategy suitable for the multi-terminal hybrid HVDC system,which mainly applies the transient information and active injection concept to detect and distinguish the fault line.Compared with the single-ended protections used in LCC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC systems,the proposed protection strategy is not dependent on the line boundary element and is thus suitable for the multiterminal hybrid HVDC system.The corresponding simulation cases based on power systems computer aided design(PSCAD)/electromagnetic transients including DC(EMTDC)are carried out to verify the superiority of the proposed protection.

Large-Scale Renewable Energy Transmission by HVDC: Challenges and Proposals

Renewable energy transmission by high-voltage direct current(HVDC)has attracted increasing attention for the development and utilization of large-scale renewable energy under the Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Strategy in China.High-penetration power electronic systems(HPPESs)have gradually formed at the sending end of HVDC transmission.The operation of such systems has undergone profound changes compared with traditional power systems dominated by synchronous generators.New stability issues,such as broadband oscillation and transient over-voltage,have emerged,causing tripping accidents in large-scale renewable energy plants.The analysis methods and design principles of traditional power systems are no longer suitable for HPPESs.In this paper,the mechanisms of broadband oscillation and transient over-voltage are revealed,and analytical methods are proposed for HPPESs,including small-signal impedance analysis and electromagnetic transient simulation.Validation of the theoretical research has been accomplished through its application in several practical projects in north,northwest,and northeast region of China.Finally,suggestions for the construction and operation of the future renewable-energy-dominated power system are put forward.

Operational concepts of HVDC in the context of security assessment in the German transmission grid

Because of the realization of HVDC connections parallel to the synchronous grid in Germany, operational concepts become more important in the context of system security aspects. In this article commonly known concepts are analyzed regarding their suitability for the German transmission system. Therefore, an approach for the analysis was developed and exemplary results are given using this approach. Under consideration of the overall system, the concepts of reducing losses in combination with minimizing(n-1)-warnings or-indications^1 as well as the sole minimization of(n-1)-warnings and-indications are the most reasonable approaches. However, under grid security aspects best results can be achieved by reducing operational limits and therefore, by the minimization of(n-1)-warnings.

Modern Travelling Wave Based Fault Location Techniques for HVDC Transmission Lines

The modern travelling wave based fault location principles for transmission lines are analyzed.In order to apply the travelling wave principles to HVDC transmission lines,the special technical problems are studied.Based on this,a fault locating system for HVDC transmission lines is developed.The system can support modern double ended and single ended travelling wave princi- ples simultaneously,and it is composed of three different parts:travelling wave data acquisition and processing system,communication network and PC based master station.In the system,the fault generated transients are induced from the ground leads of the over-voltage suppression capacitors of an HVDC line through specially developed travelling wave couplers.The system was applied to 500 kV Gezhouba-Nanqiao(Shanghai)HVDC transmission line in China.Some field operation experiences are summarized,showing that the system has very high reliability and accuracy,and the maximum location error is about 3 km(not more than 0.3%of the total line length). Obviously,the application of the system is successful,and the fault location problem has finally been solved completely since the line operation.

Operation of offshore wind farms connected with DRU-HVDC transmission systems with special consideration of faults

The diode rectifier unit(DRU)-based high-voltage DC(DRU-HVDC) system is a promising solution for offshore wind energy transmission thanks to its compact design, high efficiency, and strong reliability. Herein we investigate the feasibility of the DRU-HVDC system considering onshore and offshore AC grid faults, DC cable faults, and internal DRU faults. To ensure safe operation during the faults, the wind turbine(WT) converters are designed to operate in either current-limiting or voltage-limiting mode to limit potential excessive overcurrent or overvoltage. Strategies for providing fault currents using WT converters during offshore AC faults to enable offshore overcurrent and differential fault protection are investigated. The DRU-HVDC system is robust against various faults, and it can automatically restore power transmission after fault isolation. Simulation results confirm the system performance under various fault conditions.

不同锁相环对LCC-HVDC控制回路稳定性的影响

该文研究了电网换相换流器高压直流输电(line commutated converter high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)系统逆变侧采用不同锁相环时,锁相环控制回路比例–积分(proportional integral,PI)参数变化对直流控制回路稳定性的影响。首先,分别建立了逆变侧锁相环采用滑动平均滤波(mo ving average filter,MAF)和级联延时消去滤波(cascaded delayed signal cancellation,CDSC)的LCC-HVDC小干扰动态模型,并通过电磁暂态仿真验证了该模型的正确性。其次,基于拉普拉斯变换获得系统定电压控制回路的传递函数,利用奈奎斯特稳定判据以及稳定裕度指标分析不同锁相环对定电压控制回路稳定性的影响,并进行了机理分析,同时在PSCAD/EMTDC的电磁暂态模型上进行了验证。最后,进一步在LCC-HVDC工程模型上对该文所得结论的普适性进行了仿真验证。

Statistics and Analysis on Reliability of HVDC Transmission Systems of SGCC

Reliability level of HVDC power transmission systems becomes an important factor impacting the entire power grid.The author analyzes the reliability of HVDC power transmission systems owned by SGCC since 2003 in respect of forced outage times,forced energy unavailability,scheduled energy unavailability and energy utilization eff iciency.The results show that the reliability level of HVDC power transmission systems owned by SGCC is improving.By analyzing different reliability indices of HVDC power transmission system,the maximum asset benef its of power grid can be achieved through building a scientif ic and reasonable reliability evaluation system.

Reliability Improvement Strategies for HVDC Transmission System

This paper analyses reliability data of HVDC systems of Southern China Power Grid. The weak links of HVDC systems’ operational reliability are DC control and protection, valve hall and valve cooling system and transmission lines. Some improvement measures and HVDC system reliability technology are proposed in this paper.

Novel Adaptive Neural Controller Design Based on HVDC Transmission System to Damp Low Frequency Oscillations and Sub Synchronous Resonance

This paper presents the effect of the high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system based on voltage source converter (VSC) on the sub synchronous resonance (SSR) and low frequency oscillations (LFO) in power system. Also, a novel adaptive neural controller based on neural identifier is proposed for the HVDC which is capable of damping out LFO and sub synchronous oscillations (SSO). For comparison purposes, results of system based damping neural controller are compared with a lead-lag controller based on quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO). It is shown that implementing adaptive damping controller not only improves the stability of power system but also can overcome drawbacks of conventional compensators with fixed parameters. In order to determine the most effective input of HVDC system to apply supplementary controller signal, analysis based on singular value decomposition is performed. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controller, transient simulations of detailed nonlinear system are considered.

A Novel Pilot Protection for VSC-HVDC Transmission Lines Based on Correlation Analysis

The control system of voltage source converter HVDC (VSC-HVDC) is complex and its fault tolerance ability is not sufficient, and correct rate of line protection device is not high. A novel pilot protection for VSC-HVDC transmission lines based on correlation analysis is proposed in this paper. In the principle, external fault is equivalent to a positive capacitance model, so the correlation coefficient of the current and voltage derivative is 1;while the internal fault is equivalent to a negative capacitance model, so the correlation coefficient of the current and voltage derivative is -1. Internal faults and external faults can be distinguished by judging the correlation coefficient. Theoretical analysis and PSCAD simulation experiments show that the new principle, which is simple, not affected by transition resistance, control type and line distributed capacitance current, can identify internal faults and external faults reliably and rapidly, having certain practical value.

Traveling Wave Characteristics Based Pilot Protection Scheme for Hybrid Cascaded HVDC Transmission Line

The hybrid cascaded high-voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission system has various operation modes,and some operation modes have sharply increasing requirements for protection rapidity,while the traditional pilot differential protection(PDP)has poor rapidity,and even refuses to operate when faults occur on the DC line.Therefore,a novel pilot protection scheme based on traveling wave characteristics is proposed.First,the adaptability of the traditional PDP applied in engineering is analyzed for different operation modes.Then,the expressions of the forward traveling wave(FTW)and backward traveling wave(BTW)on the rectifier side and the inverter side are derived for different fault locations.From the theoretical derivation,the difference between the BTW and FTW on the rectifier side is less than zero,and the same is true on the inverter side.However,in the event of an external fault of DC line,the difference between the BTW and FTW at nearfault terminal protection installation point is greater than zero.Therefore,by summing over the product of the difference between BTW and FTW of the rectifier side and that of the inverter side,the fault identification criterion is constructed.The simulation results show that the proposed pilot protection scheme can quickly and reliably identify the short-circuit faults of DC line in different operation modes.

MMC-MTDC Transmission System with Partially Hybrid Branches

This paper proposes a hybrid submodule modular multilevel converter(MMC)topology which is suitable for multi terminal direct current(MTDC)transmission systems.Each arm of the proposed MMC topology consists of a half-bridge submodule(HBSM)branch and two parallel full-bridge submodule(FBSM)branches.Comparing with the conventional MTDC transmission system,the proposed topology can selectively block the DC fault current and isolate the corresponding fault line without expensive DC circuit breakers(DCCBs).Thus,the influence range of the DC fault can be reduced and the reliability of the power supply can be improved as well.The corresponding modulation and voltage balancing strategies are developed for the proposed hybrid MMC topology.The feasibility of the proposed topology and control strategy is verified in the MATLAB/Simulink simulation.

异步互联系统准同步运行的HVDC附加控制建模及稳定性分析

异步互联系统调频资源和备用容量的分割使得频率稳定问题突出,利用高压直流输电系统的附加频率控制(AFC)可以实现异步互联系统调频备用共享,参与系统频率调控。文中以改善异步互联系统整体的调频性能和频率质量为目标,研究基于直流两侧电网频率差进行无差控制实现异步互联系统准同步运行的直流AFC对两侧电网频率稳定性的影响。利用换流站交直流系统的功率平衡关系建立较为精确的高压直流输电系统线性化模型,得到异步互联两区域系统的负荷频率控制模型,以此进行特征分析指导AFC参数设计。多场景仿真结果表明,准同步运行的直流AFC在使两侧电网趋于同频运行的同时,能够适应两侧电网的容量自动调节直流功率,有效改善全系统的频率稳定特性。

具备有载调压功能的LCC-HVDC拓扑及控制策略

随着近年来高压直流输电的快速发展,换流变压器有载分接开关频繁动作导致故障数量明显增加,直接影响了直流工程的可靠性与电网的安全运行。运用(modular multilevel converter,MMC)模块化多电平可控电压源技术和基本原理,提出了一种新型具备有载调压功能的(line commutated converter based high voltage direct current,LCCHVDC)直流输电的拓扑结构和控制策略,实现了对电网侧电压的补偿,当交流母线电压降低时,无需调节变压器分接开关而维持阀侧电压在额定值水平,大大降低了分接开关的动作次数,提高了工程运行的可靠性。以CIGRE直流输电标准模型为算例,分析了提电压补偿在传统LCC-HVDC直流输电系统中应用的机理,验证了该控制策略的正确性和有效性。

远海风电DRU-HVDC送出系统构网控制与启动方法综述

随着海上风电开发的不断规模化和远海化,海上风电直流送出技术成为研究热点。针对低成本的二极管整流单元(DRU)型高压直流(HVDC)输电,重点指出了分布式DRU在均压、部分退出运行等方面的主要技术特点,论述了该技术与柔性直流送出、传统直流输电的差异。由于DRU的不可控性,海上电网的构建须由风电机组通过自身控制实现。因此,对现有研究的风电机组集中式和分散式构网控制进行详细综述,并对全构网型控制采用P-V和Q-f功率控制机理进行风电场-DRU层面以及风电机组层面的梳理解释。针对DRU单向潮流引起的启动问题,综述了辅助中压交流脐带电缆、辅助模块化多电平换流器、海上风电机组配置储能以及辅助低压直流电缆等启动方法,指出利用辅助中压交流脐带电缆是相对成熟的方案,而利用海上风电机组储能和全构网型控制具有较高的灵活性,但现有技术下仍面临风电机组塔筒内部安装空间不足、储能安全隐患等问题。最后,对海上风电经DRU-HVDC送出系统未来值得深入探索的研究方向进行了展望。