Research on Scheduling Strategy of Flexible Interconnection Distribution Network Considering Distributed Photovoltaic and Hydrogen Energy Storage

Distributed photovoltaic(PV)is one of the important power sources for building a new power system with new energy as the main body.The rapid development of distributed PV has brought new challenges to the operation of distribution networks.In order to improve the absorption ability of large-scale distributed PV access to the distribution network,the AC/DC hybrid distribution network is constructed based on flexible interconnection technology,and a coordinated scheduling strategy model of hydrogen energy storage(HS)and distributed PV is established.Firstly,the mathematical model of distributed PV and HS system is established,and a comprehensive energy storage system combining seasonal hydrogen energy storage(SHS)and battery(BT)is proposed.Then,a flexible interconnected distribution network scheduling optimization model is established to minimize the total active power loss,voltage deviation and system operating cost.Finally,simulation analysis is carried out on the improved IEEE33 node,the NSGA-II algorithm is used to solve specific examples,and the optimal scheduling results of the comprehensive economy and power quality of the distribution network are obtained.Compared with the method that does not consider HS and flexible interconnection technology,the network loss and voltage deviation of this method are lower,and the total system cost can be reduced by 3.55%,which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Operation Control Method of Relay Protection in Flexible DC Distribution Network Compatible with Distributed Power Supply

A novel operation control method for relay protection in flexible DC distribution networks with distributed power supply is proposed to address the issue of inaccurate fault location during relay protection,leading to poor performance.The method combines a fault-tolerant fault location method based on long-term and short-term memory networks to accurately locate the fault section.Then,an operation control method for relay protection based on adaptive weight and whale optimization algorithm(WOA)is used to construct an objective function considering the shortest relay protection action time and the smallest impulse current.The adaptive weight and WOA are employed to obtain the optimal strategy for relay protection operation control,reducing the action time and impulse current.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately locating faults and improving relay protection performance.The longest operation time is reduced by 4.7023 s,and the maximum impulse current is limited to 0.3 A,effectively controlling the impact of large impulse currents and enhancing control efficiency.

超导磁储能装置提高柔性直流配电系统稳定性的研究

柔性直流配电系统中定功率控制的换流器具有恒功率负载特性,会降低系统阻尼,对系统的稳定性产生不利影响。针对该问题,在直流配电系统中加入超导磁储能SMES(superconducting magnetic energy storage)装置来提高系统的稳定性。推导了柔性直流配电系统的反馈控制模型,采用频域分析法研究了换流器恒功率负载特性对系统稳定性的影响,并结合数学模型和频域分析,指出SMES装置能够为电网提供正阻尼,增大了系统开环传递函数在剪切频率处的相位裕度,从而改善了系统稳定性。为防止超导磁体两端电压过高,SMES装置与直流配电网连接的DC/DC换流器需具备一定的电压调节性能,因此研究了采用模块化多电平DC/DC换流器DC-MMC(modular multilevel DC/DC converter)的SMES装置,通过调节子模块个数灵活设置换流器电压变比,在实现换流器能量双向流动的同时控制超导磁体两端电压,以保护储能装置。最后通过时域仿真波形验证了采用DC-MMC的SMES装置在提高柔性直流配电系统稳定性方面的可行性和有效性。

基于限流电抗器电压的柔性直流配电线路单端量保护新方法

柔性直流配电技术的理论研究已经步入成熟阶段,其线路保护方法的不完备成为制约该技术发展的重要因素,尤其是以快速动作为优势的单端量保护,耐高阻能力弱、所需采样率高等问题仍待解决。为解决上述问题,文中通过分析单极对称接线系统发生金属性双极短路故障和经过渡电阻故障时限流电抗器电压特征,利用限流电抗器电压及其负变化率积聚和构造保护判据,据此提出了一种基于限流电抗器电压的柔性直流配电线路单端量保护新方法。仿真结果表明,该方法能在0.5 ms内可靠识别区内故障,且耐受过渡电阻(20Ω)和噪声影响,所需采样率要求低,具有工程实用意义。

Non-permanent Pole-to-pole Fault Restoration Strategy for Flexible DC Distribution Network

As the structures of multiple branch lines(MBLs)will be widely applied in the future flexible DC distribution network,there is a urgent need for improving system reliability by tackling the frequent non-permanent pole-to-pole(P-P)fault on distribution lines.A novel fault restoration strategy based on local information is proposed to solve this issue.The strategy firstly splits a double-ended power supply network into two single-ended power supply networks through the timing difference characteristics of a hybrid direct current circuit breaker(HDCCB)entering the recloser.Then,a method based on the characteristic of the transient energy of fault current is proposed to screen the faulty branch line in each single-ended power supply network.Also,a four-terminal flexible DC distribution network with MBLs is constructed on PSCAD to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed strategy.Various factors such as noise,fault location,and DC arc equivalent resistance are considered in the simulation model for testing.Test results prove that the proposed strategy for fault restoration is effective,and features high performance and scalability.

The Averaged-value Model of a Flexible Power Electronics Based Substation in Hybrid AC/DC Distribution Systems

The concept of a flexible power electronics substation(FPES)was first applied in the Zhangbei DC distribution network demonstration project.As a multi-port power electronics transformer(PET)with different AC and DC voltage levels,the FPES has adopted a novel topology integrating modular multilevel converter(MMC)and four-winding medium frequency transformer(FWMFT)based multiport DC-DC converter,which can significantly reduce capacitance in each sub-module(SM)of a MMC and also save space and cost.In this paper,in order to accelerate speed of electromagnetic transient(EMT)simulations of FPES based hybrid AC/DC distribution systems,an averaged-value model(AVM)is proposed for efficient and accurate representation of FPES.Assume that all SM capacitor voltages are perfectly balanced in the MMC,then the MMC behavior can be modeled using controlled voltage sources based on modulation voltages from control systems.In terms of the averaged current transfer characteristics among the windings of the FWMFT,we consider that all multiport DC-DC converters are controlled with the same dynamics,a lumped averaged model using controlled current and voltage sources has been developed for these four-port DC-DC converters connected to the upper or lower arms of the MMC.The presented FPES AVM model has been tested and validated by comparison with a detailed IGBT-based EMT model.Results show that the AVM is significantly more efficient while maintaining its accuracy in an EMT simulation.

基于PCA和EEMD的柔性直流配电网故障选线算法

柔性直流故障选线技术的发展对直流配电网有着至关重要的作用。本文针对现有柔性直流故障存在的可利用的故障信息较少等问题,提出了一种新算法,该算法有效利用了集合经验模态分解EEMD(ensemble empirical mode decomposition)算法、主成分分析PCA(principal component analysis)和相关系数各自的优势。首先,提取暂态电流样本信号,采用EEMD得到以正交基函数表示的数据矩阵;接着,基于PCA进行该矩阵元素特征向量到主成分的转换,将样本信号投影到主元空间实现坐标变换,从而得到对样本数据的聚类和识别结果;最后,基于相关系数进行故障线路判别。本文算法的EEMD揭露了原始历史数据的内在变化规律,PCA能够有效选择故障有效特征。大量实验表明,该新算法准确有效,与现有其他方法相比,在故障信息不明显、不同过渡电阻方面具有优势。

考虑柔性资源多维价值标签的交直流配电网灵活调度

可再生能源高渗透率使得交直流配电网面临严重的随机性和波动性,充分挖掘柔性资源调控潜力可以有效地降低可再生能源带来的网络运行风险。针对当前交直流配电网优化调度主要考虑电压源型换流器(VSC)的调控能力,对VSC与柔性资源协同研究不足的问题,提出一种考虑柔性资源多维价值标签的交直流配电网灵活调度方法。首先,考虑柔性资源调控特性差异,构建了包含响应时段、调节能力、调节成本及响应意愿的多维价值标签评估体系,准确全面地评估柔性资源聚合调控潜力范围;其次,以运行成本最小为目标函数,柔性资源多维价值标签为约束,建立交直流配电网两阶段鲁棒日前优化调度模型,并采用嵌套列和约束生成算法(C&CG)及强对偶理论进行求解;最后,通过改进的IEEE 33节点交直流配电网仿真结果表明,所提方法能够充分发挥柔性资源的调控潜力和协同能力,同时可有效提高模型求解效率和求解精度。

考虑灵活性的交直流混联配电网分布鲁棒优化运行

为适应未来配电网交直流混联的配电方式、应对新能源不确定性带来的运行灵活性调节量不足问题,提出一种考虑灵活性的交直流混联配电网两阶段分布鲁棒优化运行模型。首先,在交直流混联配电网架构下,分析其灵活性资源供需关系,定义上调/下调灵活性裕度指标;其次,综合考虑系统中各类约束,构建描述配电网经济性、新能源消纳性与灵活性的优化运行模型,结合数据驱动生成的风光典型场景,采用基于综合范数距离的分布鲁棒优化方法处理风、光出力不确定性,并根据优化变量的出力特性构建两阶段分布鲁棒优化运行模型;最后,对模型进行凸性转化与求解,通过修改的33节点交直流混联配电网算例验证模型的有效性。

Two-stage Optimal Dispatching of AC/DC Hybrid Active Distribution Systems Considering Network Flexibility

The increasing flexibility of active distribution systems(ADSs)coupled with the high penetration of renewable distributed generators(RDGs)leads to the increase of the complexity.It is of practical significance to achieve the largest amount of RDG penetration in ADSs and maintain the optimal operation.This study establishes an alternating current(AC)/direct current(DC)hybrid ADS model that considers the dynamic thermal rating,soft open point,and distribution network reconfiguration(DNR).Moreover,it transforms the optimal dispatching into a second-order cone programming problem.Considering the different control time scales of dispatchable resources,the following two-stage dispatching framework is proposed.d dispatch uses hourly input data with the goal(1)The day-ahea of minimizing the grid loss and RDG dropout.It obtains the optimal 24-hour schedule to determine the dispatching plans for DNR and the energy storage system.(2)The intraday dispatch uses 15-min input data for 1-hour rolling-plan dispatch but only executes the first 15 min of dispatching.To eliminate error between the actual operation and dispatching plan,the first 15 min is divided into three 5-min step-by-step executions.The goal of each step is to trace the tie-line power of the intraday rolling-plan dispatch to the greatest extent at the minimum cost.The measured data are used as feedback input for the rolling-plan dispatch after each step is executed.A case study shows that the comprehensive cooperative ADS model can release the line capacity,reduce losses,and improve the penetration rate of RDGs.Further,the two-stage dispatching framework can handle source-load fluctuations and enhance system stability.

Optimized Dispatching Method for Flexibility Improvement of AC-MTDC Distribution Systems Considering Aggregated Electric Vehicles

With the increasing use of renewable resources and electric vehicles(EVs), the variability and uncertainty in their nature put forward a high requirement for flexibility in AC distribution system incorporating voltage source converter(VSC) based multi-terminal direct current(MTDC) grids. In order to improve the capability of distribution systems to cope with uncertainty, the flexibility enhancement of AC-MTDC distribution systems considering aggregated EVs is studied. Firstly, the charging and discharging model of one EV is proposed considering the users' demand difference and traveling needs. Based on this, a vehicle-to-grid(V2G) control strategy for aggregated EVs to participate in the flexibility promotion of distribution systems is provided. After that, an optimal flexible dispatching method is proposed to improve the flexibility of power systems through cooperation of VSCs, controllable distributed generations(CDGs), aggregated EVs, and energy storage systems(ESSs). Finally, a case study of an AC-MTDC distribution system is carried out. Simulation results show that the proposed dispatching method is capable of effectively enhancing the system flexibility, reducing renewable power curtailment, decreasing load abandonment, and cutting down system cost.

基于过零特征的柔性直流配电网电压分层控制

柔性直流配网系统中含有较多的换流站,在不同的运行模式下电压等级各不相同,增加了对配电网的控制难度为此,研究基于过零特征的柔性直流配电网电压分层控制方法。以配电网典型拓扑结构为切入点,分析两端供电型结构的配电网,在对称原理下描述配电网的运行状态。设定配电网中换流站与有源网络的关系,并建立配电网双向传输数学模型。选择过零特征理论识别并处理电压向量,以加窗间隔密度计算电压向量函数值,实现柔性直流配电网电压分层控制。实验中,以多端柔性直流配电网为测试对象,在换流站退出运行时进行电压控制,发现:应用该方法后,无论是在主站退出还是从站退出时,均可以实现有效控制。

柔性互联装备中零序电压注入的相间功率均衡控制

级联全桥加双有源桥结构的多端柔性互联装备可连接交流电网与多个直流电网,直流电网瞬时功率差异、子模块故障等问题均会导致并网电流不均衡与直流电容电压不均分。针对三相星型互联结构,采用注入零序电压的控制策略均衡相间功率,推导出不同功率需求下零序电压分量具体表达式,并量化分析注入零序电压的限制范围。最后搭建仿真实验平台,验证了该方法的有效性,仿真结果表明:在现有控制架构的基础上加入零序电压注入环节能够调配相间的功率以保证并网电流均衡,将不平衡度从6%降为1%,同时维持直流电容电压均分。

基于5G MEC组网的柔性直流配电系统终端暂态稳定时序逻辑仿真分析

针对现有方法存在的判断准确性和实时性较差的问题,提出基于5G MEC组网的柔性直流配电系统终端暂态稳定时序逻辑任务调度方法,采用该方法在仿真分析时进行合理的任务调度与资源分配,在此基础上,采用马尔科夫链构建终端暂态稳定时序逻辑仿真分析模型,以获取终端全部时间段的暂态稳定时序逻辑。经测试,该方法对柔性直流配电系统终端暂态稳定时序逻辑仿真分析的误差极值均小于2,加速比均高于0.9,能够满足准确、实时的仿真分析应用需求。

分布式交直流混联系统及自适应动态下垂技术研究

分布式交直流混联系统采用配电多区柔性组网技术及消纳提升策略,为分布式新能并网接入与潮流优化调度提供了高效可行手段。针对源荷功率消纳需求,首先提出分布式交直流系统架构及其能量管控运行模式,然后通过分析分布式交直流系统的等效数学模型及工频与高频环流的产生机理,提出考虑功率均衡控制和高频环流抑制的自适应动态下垂控制技术。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了分布式交直流系统的仿真模型并进行算例验证,仿真结果表明所提技术可在保持系统稳定性基础上实现源荷消纳提升和潮流优化调控。

基于多目标粒子群算法的柔性交直流混合配网变电站检修工时预测

当多个变电站同时需要检修的情况下,受到多种因素限制,难以获取到准确的工时预测结果。为了合理安排工作班组,减少检修时间,设计一种基于多目标粒子群算法的柔性交直流混合配网变电站检修工时预测方法。以检修工时作为目标函数,检修过程中的时间段、检修互斥量、检修班组资源等作为约束条件建立柔性交直流混合配网变电站检修工时预测模型,设计多目标粒子群算法的系数寻优流程,完成变电站检修工时的预测。算例分析结果表明,该方法应用下的预测值与实际值之间标准曲线相关系数更接近1,平均绝对偏差和平均绝对百分比误差更小,预测偏差更低。

考虑瞬时功率的柔性直流配电线路保护方法

为了避免在柔性直流配电线路保护过程中出现误动作,需要准确识别故障位置。针对直流配电线路的故障特征较难把握,定位故障位置困难的现状,探讨了考虑瞬时功率的柔性直流配电线路保护方法。使用模块化多电平换流器(MMC)对端口进行换流,通过计算得到在三相静止坐标系下的配电线路动态模型。根据电压阶跃信号中的频域信息,将时域中的故障信息进行转换,并运用小波变换的方式对故障特征进行提取。考虑瞬时功率特性,在柔性直流电网线路端口处安装保护装置,根据端点的瞬时功率变化,判断直流输电线路中故障发生的位置。利用故障电压特征,设计故障选极判据,对电流突变量进行方向性判断,实现柔性直流配电线路保护。试验结果表明:所提方法的保护动作正确,该方法下区外故障直流电压变化率与区内故障直流电压变化率几乎一致,使得保护动作可靠,实现了考虑瞬时功率的柔性直流配电线路保护方法的良好应用。

柔性直流配电网暂态电压稳定性控制方法研究

由于引起柔性直流配电网暂态电压波动的因素较为复杂,导致对其进行控制时难以达到对电压波动的快速收敛,为此,提出了一种柔性直流配电网暂态电压稳定性控制方法。在考虑电压源换流器、直流母线、分布式电源以及负荷特点的基础上,构建了柔性直流配电网模型,并结合发电机—母线轨迹灵敏度反映发电机出力变化对母线电压波动的影响程度,引入了发电机—母线轨迹灵敏度参数。在具体的控制阶段,结合不同线路对应的发电机-母线轨迹灵敏度情况,对换流器的触发角和导通角进行调节,并利用并联电容器组对柔性直流配电网进行无功补偿,实现暂态电压稳定性控制。在测试结果中,不论是在稳定的电网工作状态还是在电压突变暂态事件状态下,所提出的控制方法均能够实现配电网整体输出电压波动的快速收敛,在短时间内保证电压维持在稳定状态,说明其能够有效保障配电网的稳定运行。

多端柔性直流配电网继电保护控制技术研究

为了确保柔性直流配电网的稳定安全运行,针对多端柔性直流配电网继电保护控制技术展开分析。通过建立多端柔性直流配电网数学模型,按照配电系统结构将其整个划分成若干个控制区域,每个区域包含相应的换流器、直流变压器、直流线路,再采用故障录波器对直流线路故障进行快速定位和隔离控制,以此完成继电保护控制。实验结果表明,设计方法可以实现对配电网运行故障的快速辨识和控制,保障了多端柔性直流配电网的正常运行和供电服务稳定性。

Coordinated control for medium voltage DC distribution centers with flexibly interlinked multiple microgrids

From flexible interconnection among feeders to hybrid alternating current(AC) and direct current(DC)distribution structures of future smart distribution systems medium-voltage DC distribution centers with flexibly interlinked multiple microgrids(MGs) will have wide applications on the demand side. A generic coordinated control framework based on a distributed cooperation scheme is proposed for such DC centers, as opposed to centralized control structures. A novel unified control only using local measurements is proposed for these interlinking converters. During normal power disturbances, automatic coordinated power control and mutual support among sub-systems can be realized, thereby improving DC voltage and AC frequency stability to enable multiple MGs to be treated as a real unified cluster. Moreover, with this method, interlinking converters can realize seamless transition in power dispatching mode, common DC bus voltage control mode, and MG support mode without communication and control system switching. A simplified dynamic model has been developed to verify the proposed control strategy. This work is expected to provide a new solution for flexible interconnection and operational control of large-scale MG clusters.