Research on Scheduling Strategy of Flexible Interconnection Distribution Network Considering Distributed Photovoltaic and Hydrogen Energy Storage

Distributed photovoltaic(PV)is one of the important power sources for building a new power system with new energy as the main body.The rapid development of distributed PV has brought new challenges to the operation of distribution networks.In order to improve the absorption ability of large-scale distributed PV access to the distribution network,the AC/DC hybrid distribution network is constructed based on flexible interconnection technology,and a coordinated scheduling strategy model of hydrogen energy storage(HS)and distributed PV is established.Firstly,the mathematical model of distributed PV and HS system is established,and a comprehensive energy storage system combining seasonal hydrogen energy storage(SHS)and battery(BT)is proposed.Then,a flexible interconnected distribution network scheduling optimization model is established to minimize the total active power loss,voltage deviation and system operating cost.Finally,simulation analysis is carried out on the improved IEEE33 node,the NSGA-II algorithm is used to solve specific examples,and the optimal scheduling results of the comprehensive economy and power quality of the distribution network are obtained.Compared with the method that does not consider HS and flexible interconnection technology,the network loss and voltage deviation of this method are lower,and the total system cost can be reduced by 3.55%,which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Adaptive Reclosing Scheme Based on Traveling Wave Injection For Multi-Terminal dc Grids

The hybrid dc circuit breaker(HCB)has the advantages of fast action speed and low operating loss,which is an idealmethod for fault isolation ofmulti-terminal dc grids.Formulti-terminal dc grids that transmit power through overhead lines,HCBs are required to have reclosing capability due to the high fault probability and the fact that most of the faults are temporary faults.To avoid the secondary fault strike and equipment damage that may be caused by the reclosing of the HCB when the permanent fault occurs,an adaptive reclosing scheme based on traveling wave injection is proposed in this paper.The scheme injects traveling wave signal into the fault dc line through the additionally configured auxiliary discharge branch in the HCB,and then uses the reflection characteristic of the traveling wave signal on the dc line to identify temporary and permanent faults,to be able to realize fast reclosing when the temporary fault occurs and reliably avoid reclosing after the permanent fault occurs.The test results in the simulation model of the four-terminal dc grid show that the proposed adaptive reclosing scheme can quickly and reliably identify temporary and permanent faults,greatly shorten the power outage time of temporary faults.In addition,it has the advantages of easiness to implement,high reliability,robustness to high-resistance fault and no dead zone,etc.

Operation Control Method of Relay Protection in Flexible DC Distribution Network Compatible with Distributed Power Supply

A novel operation control method for relay protection in flexible DC distribution networks with distributed power supply is proposed to address the issue of inaccurate fault location during relay protection,leading to poor performance.The method combines a fault-tolerant fault location method based on long-term and short-term memory networks to accurately locate the fault section.Then,an operation control method for relay protection based on adaptive weight and whale optimization algorithm(WOA)is used to construct an objective function considering the shortest relay protection action time and the smallest impulse current.The adaptive weight and WOA are employed to obtain the optimal strategy for relay protection operation control,reducing the action time and impulse current.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately locating faults and improving relay protection performance.The longest operation time is reduced by 4.7023 s,and the maximum impulse current is limited to 0.3 A,effectively controlling the impact of large impulse currents and enhancing control efficiency.

基于限流电抗器两侧特定频段暂态能量比的MTDC电网单端量保护方案

柔性直流输电技术有利于未来大量分布式能源接入电网,而配置快速、可靠的保护方案是柔性直流技术发展的关键。基于直流电网等效模型,提出一种基于限流电抗器两侧电压特定频段暂态能量比差异性的单端量故障区域识别方法。该方法依据贝瑞隆等效模型计算出限流电抗器两侧电压比,通过广义S变换提取限流电抗器两侧特定频段电压,根据故障时正负极限流电抗器的电压幅值差的差异性实现故障选极。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC平台搭建仿真模型,分析出发生区内外故障时差异性明显,具备较强的耐过渡电阻与抗噪声干扰能力。

基于DCS-惯性权重组合的柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统研究

为了有效调控机械臂运动幅度,避免柔性机械臂实际运动轨迹与目标轨迹发生较大的偏差,设计一种基于分散控制系统(DCS)-惯性权重组合的柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统,它是一个集合了计算机、通信、显示和控制的计算机系统,该系统由过程控制和过程监控。通过DCS算法控制监测对象行为幅度并计算柔性机械臂惯性权重,利用DCS-惯性权重组合求解素数控制指标的具体数值,实现了对柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统的软件设计。实验结果表明,DCS-惯性权重组合算法作用下的机械臂末端坐标在横轴、纵轴、空间轴方向上的运动幅值均可以被控制在10个单位长度之内,并且在0.52 s内进入机械臂运动轨迹最佳控制状态,运动轨迹差值最大仅为0.01 rad,验证了该系统具备可行性和有效性。

基于CRS-LMD和SVD的MMC-HVDC线路故障测距方法

直流输电线路故障行波波速不确定、波头提取困难以及噪声干扰等因素制约了直流电网中故障测距技术的应用。为了降低上述因素对定位准确性的影响,提出一种基于局部特征有理样条插值均值分解(LMD based on characteristic rational spline,CRS-LMD)和奇异值分解(singular value decomposition,SVD)的故障测距方法。首先,利用特征尺度选取最优极点系数,结合有理样条插值调节拟合曲线的松紧程度,实现对故障电压行波的局部均值分解。其次,采用奇异值分解对故障行波波头进行准确提取。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了张北±500 kV柔性直流电网的仿真模型,模拟各种故障情况并输出故障数据,利用Matlab对故障数据进行处理并验证定位算法。最后,仿真结果表明,所提故障测距算法在不同故障距离和故障类型下均能实现故障测距,且在叠加噪声和过渡电阻的情况下也能保障较高的精确性。

基于MMC主动限流的VSC-HVDC双极短路故障控保协同策略

直流故障保护是柔性直流输电系统发展面临的主要挑战之一,利用模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的灵活控制实现限流已成为当前研究的热点。MMC的主动限流降低了故障电流变化率和故障电流幅值,易引起故障判断以及保护选择困难。文中以对称单极接线的柔性直流系统为研究对象,采用控保协同思想,将主动限流控制与故障识别相结合,提出了基于主动限流因子的故障区域识别与区分方法实现双极短路故障的区域识别与切除。首先,通过在MMC电流内环控制器中附加故障电流目标预设控制器,在故障发生后可快速跟踪故障电流的变化,自适应地调整MMC输出的直流电压将故障电流控制在预设目标参考值附近;其次,根据不同故障位置时故障电流目标预设控制器输出的限流因子快速确定故障区域。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中对四端柔性直流输电系统的不同故障场景进行了仿真分析,验证了所提控保协同策略的可行性和有效性。

Fabrication and Properties of DC Magnetron Sputtered Indium Tin Oxide on Flexible Plastic Substrate

Indium tin oxide （ITO） thin films deposited on flexible polyethylene terephthalate （PET） substrates at low temperature by DC magnetron sputtering from an In-Sn （90-10 wt pct） alloy target were studied. The correla- tion between deposition conditions and ITO property was systematically investigated and characterized. These as-deposited ITO films were used as the anode contact for flexible organic light-emitting diodes （FOLEDs）. The fabricated FOLEDs with a structure of PET/ITO/NPB （50 nm）/Alq （20 nm）/Mg：Ag （100 nm） showed a maximum luminance of 2125 cd/m^2 at 13 V.

Stability Analysis of a Multi Area System with Renewable Energy and Multi-Terminal DC Tie Lines

Security constrained multi area multi objective dynamic economic dispatch (SCMAMODED) with renewable energy (RE) and all the possible MTDC stability constraints is formulated for the first time. The stability merits of multi terminal DC (MTDC) tie lines as compared to the traditional HVAC forms the main objective of this paper. Probabilistic load flow (PLF) is applied to determine the system parameters while the uncertainties are modelled using Scenario Based Method (SBM). The simulation results reveal that with the use of MTDC tie lines, the frequency and voltage stability in the MAMODED with renewable energy sources (RES) are enhanced while keeping the MTDC power exchange interface nodes at secure levels.

Simulation Study of the Control Strategy of a DC Inverter Heat Pump Using a DC Distribution Network

Photovoltaics,energy storage,direct current and flexibility(PEDF)are important pillars of achievement on the path to manufacturing nearly zero energy buildings(NZEBs).HVAC systems,which are an important part of public buildings,play a key role in adapting to PDEF systems.This research studied the basic principles and operational control strategies of a DC inverter heat pump using a DC distribution network with the aim of contributing to the development and application of small DC distribution systems.Along with the characteristics of a DC distribution network and different operating conditions,a DC inverter heat pump has the ability to adapt to changes in the DC bus voltage and adds flexibility to the system.Theoretical models of the DC inverter heat pump integrated with an ice storage unit were developed.The control strategies of the DC inverter heat pump system considered the influence of both room temperature and varied bus voltage.A simulation study was conducted using MATLAB&Simulink software with simulation results validated by experimental data.The results showed that:(1)The bus fluctuation under the rated working voltage had little effect on the operation of the unit;(2)When the bus voltage was fluctuating from 80%-90%or 105%-107%,the heat pump could still operate normally by reducing the frequency;(3)When the bus voltage was less than 80%or more than 107%,the unit needed to be shut down for the sake of equipment safety,so that the energy storage device could adjust to the sharp decrease or rise of voltage.

基于电压频率成分比值差异的MMC-HVDC保护方法

柔性直流输电系统的快速故障发展给直流保护的研究带来了巨大的挑战,严苛的速动性要求不得不使保护的研究聚焦在故障暂态量上.在高压大容量输电系统中,为更贴合实际工程,线路的频变特性以及行波传输过程是不容忽略的,因此文中以此展开了故障分析.针对单端量保护在耐过渡电阻能力上的不足,文中对保护区内外故障发生时的测量点电压频率特征进行了分析,以过渡电阻为变量观察不同故障情况下的频率比值差异变化趋势,并利用S变换设计了一种基于电压频率成分比值差异的保护方案;其次,根据噪声在S变换下的频谱特点,给出了噪声识别判据;最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台上搭建了四端柔性直流输电系统模型对所提方法进行了验证.结果表明,区内外故障下的电压频率成分比值存在明显差异,所提保护方案可以准确识别线路不同位置的短路故障,并可判断故障极.与基于电压变化量和高频段能量的保护方法相比,文中方法具备更高的耐过渡电阻能力.即便是远距离高阻故障,保护方法也具备明显的区分度,可见,所提方法可以更好地适用于大容量远距离输电系统.同时,在不同信噪比的噪声环境下,保护方法仍旧可以准确识别出噪声以及故障.保护方法可以在2 ms内完成故障识别,满足柔直系统的速动性要求,可作为系统运行的主保护.

基于无功功率注入的MMC-HVDC交流电网等值阻抗识别方法

交流电网等值阻抗反映了交流系统的强度,系统强度降低会给模块化多电平换流器型高压直流(MMC-HVDC)输电系统的稳定运行带来不利影响。为规避高阻抗/低强度给交直流系统带来的安全运行风险,实现复杂多变电网等值阻抗的迅速准确检测,文中以包含双端模块化多电平换流器的交直流系统为研究对象,提出了一种基于无功功率扰动注入的交流电网等值阻抗在线识别方法。首先,从理论角度介绍了无功扰动注入的阻抗识别原理,分析了交流电网电阻大小以及测量表计误差对阻抗识别精度的影响,构建了基于交流母线电压信息的阻抗识别精度评价指标。然后,基于此指标提出了无功功率扰动注入量的设计原则以及基于识别精度约束的交流电网等值阻抗在线识别方法。最后,通过仿真进行验证,证明了所提方法的可行性以及阻抗识别精度的可控性。

具备自适应重合闸能力的多端口混合式直流断路器

为解决柔性直流电网中混合式直流断路器成本高以及盲目重合闸的问题,提出了一种具备自适应重合闸能力的多端口混合式直流断路器。所提断路器能够在能量耗散期间旁路故障线路中的限流电抗器,配合电容充电回路的导通,将本应经避雷器耗散的限流电抗器能量转移到电容中,从而有效减少了故障隔离时间与避雷器能量耗散压力,并为故障性质的判别提供了能量支持。同时,该断路器通过共享主断路器的方式实现故障隔离,结合避雷器泄能需求的下降,大大降低了断路器的制造成本,在经济性方面优势明显。此外,该断路器利用故障识别电流与电容电压在永久性故障与瞬时性故障下的幅值差异来识别故障性质,实现了自适应重合闸,操作简单且易于控制。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC在三端MMC柔性直流系统环境下对所提方案的有效性进行了仿真验证,并通过与其他方案的对比分析,证明了所提方案的优越性。

基于二极管整流器的双极型复合式海上换流站及其控制策略

为提高海上换流站的紧凑型性并降低换流站一次性投入成本,西门子公司提出了基于二极管整流器(diode rectifier,DR)的高压直流输电技术,在此基础上,国内外学者对其控制策略及各种串并联拓扑进行了研究,但仍存在结构复杂、可行性差、运行灵活性低等问题。为此,提出了基于二极管整流器的双极型复合式海上换流站拓扑,正负极分别采用模块化多电平换流器(modularmultilevelconverter,MMC)和DR,以充分利用MMC灵活可控和DR体积小、成本低、可靠性高的优点。为降低直流电缆输电损耗,提出了复合式换流站正负极功率平衡控制,将接地极电流控制在零附近,提高了输电效率,可将高压直流电缆所产生的损耗降低67.7%。设计了限功率控制,在发生直流非对称故障期间通过低速通信,可主动对风电场发出功率进行限制,防止了换流站过电流风险,提高了系统可靠性。最后通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真分析对所提拓扑及其控制策略进行了可行性验证。

基于MMC闭锁与负直流电压无闭锁的综合直流故障限流策略

基于模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的柔性直流电网存在抗直流故障扰动能力弱的问题。为此,在无闭锁和闭锁限流的基础上,提出了一种适用于柔性直流电网的无闭锁与闭锁的综合直流故障限流策略。故障发生后,各换流站首先根据直流侧出口电流进行基于负直流电压控制的无闭锁限流,若某换流站由于无闭锁降压限流失效而发生过流,则主动将该换流站闭锁。故障消失或隔离后,无闭锁换流站第一时间恢复正常工作模式,而无须等待重启过程较长的闭锁换流站,以尽量减小系统功率损失。基于MATLAB/Simulink的仿真结果表明,所提综合直流故障限流策略可快速阻断故障电流,并兼顾限流过程的安全性和快速性,最大限度保证系统功率传输,提高了直流电网的抗故障扰动能力。

基于新能源-负荷相似性的源荷储协调调峰优化调度

合理利用可调节负荷的响应特性来实现源荷储的协调调度,可有效缓解新能源、负荷的不确定性所带来的调峰压力。基于新能源-负荷(NER-L)相似性,建立可调节负荷响应目标。基于相关系数,建立能准确刻画负荷对新能源出力跟踪匹配程度的NER-L相似性指标,并将指标引入所建源荷储协调调峰的双阶段优化调度模型。第一阶段模型以NER-L相关系数最大为目标,确定可调节负荷在各时段的响应功率并获得最优电网负荷;第二阶段模型以弃风弃光量最小、调峰运行成本最低为目标,优化火电机组及储能出力。以IEEE 30节点系统为例,对NER-L相似性、净负荷峰谷差、系统调峰运行经济性及新能源弃电功率进行计算分析,结果验证了所提模型的有效性。

超导磁储能装置提高柔性直流配电系统稳定性的研究

柔性直流配电系统中定功率控制的换流器具有恒功率负载特性,会降低系统阻尼,对系统的稳定性产生不利影响。针对该问题,在直流配电系统中加入超导磁储能SMES(superconducting magnetic energy storage)装置来提高系统的稳定性。推导了柔性直流配电系统的反馈控制模型,采用频域分析法研究了换流器恒功率负载特性对系统稳定性的影响,并结合数学模型和频域分析,指出SMES装置能够为电网提供正阻尼,增大了系统开环传递函数在剪切频率处的相位裕度,从而改善了系统稳定性。为防止超导磁体两端电压过高,SMES装置与直流配电网连接的DC/DC换流器需具备一定的电压调节性能,因此研究了采用模块化多电平DC/DC换流器DC-MMC(modular multilevel DC/DC converter)的SMES装置,通过调节子模块个数灵活设置换流器电压变比,在实现换流器能量双向流动的同时控制超导磁体两端电压,以保护储能装置。最后通过时域仿真波形验证了采用DC-MMC的SMES装置在提高柔性直流配电系统稳定性方面的可行性和有效性。

基于有源消弧暂态衰减信息的配电网接地故障跟踪检测方法

现有配电网单相接地故障检测技术缺乏消弧过程的故障程度跟踪与选线能力。该文充分利用消弧过程中的暂态信息,建立考虑线路参数不对称的集总参数等效模型,论证消弧过程零序电压衰减直流特征的物理意义,提出考虑快速消弧的配电网故障检测新方法,对于低、高阻接地故障均有较高的检测灵敏度。实际应用中,仅需观测消弧全补偿电流投切过程中零序电压及零序电流波形,即可实现过渡电阻测量、故障程度跟踪与故障选线,具有瞬时性故障实时跟踪、故障检测与故障消弧同步进行的优势,操作简单、易于实现。仿真实验证实了方法的有效性,为配电网故障检测提供了新的理论依据。

不对称电网电压下MMC-HVDC换流站环流抑制策略

应用模块化多电平换流器技术的柔性直流输电系统在运行时存在桥臂环流问题。文中通过分析不对称电网电压下桥臂相单元的瞬时能量,得出桥臂环流存在2倍频正、负和零序交流分量与直流分量,且直流分量分布不相等。针对交流分量的精确控制问题,文中提出了基于期望瞬态幅值响应的交流控制器,并通过系统的开环与闭环特性分析,在理论上证明了其具有控制精度高、稳定性好等优点。进一步提出了基于此控制器的新型环流抑制策略,此策略可直接在abc三相静止坐标下对每相桥臂独立控制,无需坐标变换和锁相环,控制结构简单且可以同时消除2倍频正、负和零序环流。在MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台中搭建51电平背靠背输电系统模型,验证了该环流抑制策略的正确性与有效性。