Research on DC Protection Strategy in Multi-Terminal Hybrid HVDC System

Multi-terminal hybrid high-voltage direct current(HVDC)systems have been developed quickly in recent years in power transmission area.However,for voltage-source converter(VSC)stations in hybrid HVDC systems,no direct current(DC)filters are required.In addition,the DC reactor is also not installed at the line end because the DC fault can be limited by the converter itself.This means that the boundary element at the line end is absent,and the single-ended protections used in line commutated converter(LCC)based HVDC(LCC-HVDC)systems or VSC-HVDC systems cannot distinguish the fault line in multi-terminal hybrid HVDC systems.This paper proposes a novel singleended DC protection strategy suitable for the multi-terminal hybrid HVDC system,which mainly applies the transient information and active injection concept to detect and distinguish the fault line.Compared with the single-ended protections used in LCC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC systems,the proposed protection strategy is not dependent on the line boundary element and is thus suitable for the multiterminal hybrid HVDC system.The corresponding simulation cases based on power systems computer aided design(PSCAD)/electromagnetic transients including DC(EMTDC)are carried out to verify the superiority of the proposed protection.

MMC-MTDC Transmission System with Partially Hybrid Branches

This paper proposes a hybrid submodule modular multilevel converter(MMC)topology which is suitable for multi terminal direct current(MTDC)transmission systems.Each arm of the proposed MMC topology consists of a half-bridge submodule(HBSM)branch and two parallel full-bridge submodule(FBSM)branches.Comparing with the conventional MTDC transmission system,the proposed topology can selectively block the DC fault current and isolate the corresponding fault line without expensive DC circuit breakers(DCCBs).Thus,the influence range of the DC fault can be reduced and the reliability of the power supply can be improved as well.The corresponding modulation and voltage balancing strategies are developed for the proposed hybrid MMC topology.The feasibility of the proposed topology and control strategy is verified in the MATLAB/Simulink simulation.

Traveling Wave Characteristics Based Pilot Protection Scheme for Hybrid Cascaded HVDC Transmission Line

The hybrid cascaded high-voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission system has various operation modes,and some operation modes have sharply increasing requirements for protection rapidity,while the traditional pilot differential protection(PDP)has poor rapidity,and even refuses to operate when faults occur on the DC line.Therefore,a novel pilot protection scheme based on traveling wave characteristics is proposed.First,the adaptability of the traditional PDP applied in engineering is analyzed for different operation modes.Then,the expressions of the forward traveling wave(FTW)and backward traveling wave(BTW)on the rectifier side and the inverter side are derived for different fault locations.From the theoretical derivation,the difference between the BTW and FTW on the rectifier side is less than zero,and the same is true on the inverter side.However,in the event of an external fault of DC line,the difference between the BTW and FTW at nearfault terminal protection installation point is greater than zero.Therefore,by summing over the product of the difference between BTW and FTW of the rectifier side and that of the inverter side,the fault identification criterion is constructed.The simulation results show that the proposed pilot protection scheme can quickly and reliably identify the short-circuit faults of DC line in different operation modes.

Hierarchical Optimal Power Flow Control for Loss Minimization in Hybrid Multi-terminal HVDC Transmission System

A hierarchical control scheme is proposed for optimal power flow control to minimize loss in a hybrid multiterminal HVDC(hybrid-MTDC)transmission system.In this scheme,the lower level is the droop control,which enables fast response to power fluctuation and ensures a stable DC voltage,and the upper level is power flow optimization control,which minimizes the losses during the operation of hybrid-MTDC and solves the contradiction between minimizing losses and preventing commutation failure.A 6-terminal hybrid-MTDC is also designed and simulated in PSCAD according to the potential demand of power transmission and wind farms integration in China to verify the proposed control strategy.First,the steady state analysis is conducted and then compared with simulation results.The analysis shows that the proposed control scheme achieves the desired minimum losses while at the same time satisfying system constraints.The proposed control scheme also guarantees that the hybrid-MTDC not only has a good dynamic response,but also remains stable during communication failure.

Studies of commutation failures in hybrid LCC/MMC HVDC systems

A hybrid of line commutated converters(LCCs)and modular multi-level converters(MMCs)can provide the advantages of both the technologies.However,the commutation failure still exists if the LCC operates as an inverter in a hybrid LCC/MMC system.In this paper,the system behavior during a commutation failure is investigated.Both halfbridge and full-bridge MMCs are considered.Control strategies are examined through simulations conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC.Additionally,commutation failure protection strategies for multi-terminal hybrid LCC/MMC systems with AC and DC circuit breakers are studied.This paper can contribute to the protection design of future hybrid LCC/MMC systems against commutation failures.

Fault identification scheme for protection and adaptive reclosing in a hybrid multi-terminal HVDC system

A fault identification scheme for protection and adaptive reclosing is proposed for a hybrid multi-terminal HVDC system to increase the reliability of fault isolation and reclosing.By analyzing the"zero passing"characteristic of current at the local end during the converter capacitor discharge stage,the fault identification scheme is proposed.The distributed parameter-based fault location equation,which incorporates fault distance and fault impedance,is developed with the injection signal and the distributed parameter model during the adaptive reclosing stage.The fault distance is determined using a trust region reflection algorithm to identify the permanent fault,and a fault iden-tification scheme for adaptive reclosing is developed.Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is suitable for long-distance transmission lines with strong anti-fault impedance and anti-interference performance.Also,it is less affected by communication delay and DC boundary strength than existing methods.

Preventing DC Over-voltage in Multi-terminal HVDC Transmission

This paper is concerned with power reduction control which is used to avoid DC over-voltage for multiterminal HVDC transmission of offshore wind power.Voltages and frequencies of offshore AC wind farm networks are used for transmitting control signals for the power reduction control.These methods do not require fast communication.Power reduction sharing among the offshore wind farms using the different control signals is analysed.The control systems are also compared against the DC chopper method to prevent a DC overvoltage.Simulation and experiments are carried out to evaluate the control systems.

风电场交直流混合输电并网中VSC-HVDC的控制

为提高风电场交直流混合输电并网的系统性能,提出一种更加灵活的电压源换流器高压直流(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)控制策略。对于风电场侧电压源换流器,设计了一种新的交流电压–功角控制方法。对于交直流混合输电模式,该方法通过调节风电场交流母线电压与电压源换流器输出电压间的功角来实现定有功功率控制。对于纯柔性直流输电模式,风电场交流母线电压自动被调节为具有恒幅恒频的交流电压,实现了对波动风电的同步输送。该方法中输电模式的变化无需切换控制;另外,通过附加电流高通滤波器增强了对系统谐振的阻尼作用。对电网侧电压源换流器,采用一种新的直接电流矢量控制,使直流电压稳定在参考值上。运用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件对分别接入笼型感应发电机(squirrel cage induction generator,SCIG)风电场和双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)风电场的交直流混合输电系统建模仿真。一系列运行条件下的仿真结果验证了控制方法的有效性与可行性。

含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合系统状态估计

针对以电压源换流器(VSC)为基础的新一代高压直流输电(HVDC),对含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合系统进行静态状态估计。介绍了VSC-HVDC的稳态模型,通过确定交直流混合系统的量测函数、状态变量和雅可比矩阵,建立了含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合系统的状态估计模型;在基本加权最小二乘状态估计算法的基础上,提出了含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合状态估计同时迭代求解法;对经过修改的IEEE 14、IEEE30、IEEE 57节点系统算例进行仿真,从算法的估计误差、迭代次数和计算速度等方面验证了算法的有效性和实用性。

连接无源网络的LCC-FHMMC混合直流输电系统送端交流故障穿越控制策略

LCC-FHMMC型混合直流输电系统可以完全解决逆变侧换相失败问题,在向无源网络供电领域具有广阔的应用前景。建立了双端混合直流输电系统的数学模型,在分析送端交流故障机理和无源网络工作特性的基础上提出一种基于桥臂电压控制的故障穿越控制策略。通过让负荷主动参与调节换流站不平衡功率,快速恢复直流功率传输的同时有效避免切负荷,同时实现受端换流站和负荷的故障穿越。依靠全桥子模块拓扑能够输出负电平的特点扩大逆变侧直流电压的调节范围,避免子模块电容过度放电导致的换流站闭锁,有效减小了故障清除后直流冲击电流。设计了不同严重程度交流故障下相关参数的选取原则,后基于电磁暂态仿真软件搭建双端混合直流输电系统的仿真模型验证了所提控制策略的有效性。

含VSC-HVDC交直流混合系统机电暂态仿真研究

对含基于电压源型变流器的高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)交直流混合系统进行机电暂态仿真研究。VSC-HVDC系统的外环功率、电压控制器采用PI控制,以产生内环电流参考值。针对dq同步旋转坐标系下VSC-HVDC交流侧数学模型不能精确解耦的问题,建立基于αβ静止坐标系的VSC-HVDC数学模型,引入比例谐振(PR)控制改进了内环电流控制器,可以无静差跟踪内环电流信号。采用以上控制策略实现VSCHVDC系统的精确解耦控制,并采用双时步仿真方法对VSC-HVDC系统的动态响应进行准确模拟。通过在新英格兰系统上进行仿真实验,验证了所提VSC-HVDC机电暂态控制模型的正确性和双时步混合仿真方法的有效性。

基于VSC-HVDC技术的风力发电系统并网研究

分析了基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电系统(VSC-HVDC)和双馈异步风电机组的数学模型及控制策略。针对并网风电场暂态过程稳定裕度偏低的问题,提出了采用VSC-HVDC技术提高并网系统的稳定性。在电力系统仿真软件DIgSILENT/PowerFactory中建立了包含风电场的交直流混合输电系统模型,研究了VSC-HVDC输电系统改善双馈异步发电机风电场暂态稳定裕度的贡献。仿真表明VSC-HVDC采用改进的无功功率控制器的并网系统能够在系统遭受大扰动后快速恢复稳定,并且可以避免由风电机组转矩不平衡引起的风力发电机超速问题,交直流混合输电系统的动态稳定性得到较大的提高。

交直流输电线路混合电场的人体感受试验及设计控制值研究

交直流输电线路同走廊和同塔架设是随着我国电网技术发展而出现的新输电方式,国内外尚无相应的交直流混合电场设计控制值标准。因此,设计同走廊和同塔架设的交直流输电线路时,导线对地高度和走廊宽度的选取面临无据可依的难题。该文提出确定交直流混合电场设计控制值的原则;开展不同交流(工频)电场和直流电场组合下的人体直接感受和暂态电击感受试验;通过对试验结果的统计分析,获得不同概率下人体不出现明显感受时的交流(工频)电场和直流电场关系曲线;在此基础上,得出确定交直流输电线路混合电场设计控制值的公式。该研究可为同走廊和同塔架设交直流输电线路设计中交直流混合电场的控制提供一定技术支撑。

含混合型MMC的多端柔性直流输电系统短路电流计算方法

多端柔性直流输电系统中存在多个换流站,换流站之间复杂的耦合关系使得直流短路电流的计算成为一个难题。针对含混合型模块化多电平换流器(modular multi-level converter,MMC)的多端柔性直流系统应用场景,首先搭建了故障穿越前后混合型MMC的故障等效模型,并从混合型MMC直流故障穿越期间电路结构变化的角度出发,分析了直流故障穿越对多端柔性直流系统各支路短路电流的影响,在此基础上基于叠加定理提出直流故障穿越附加网络的概念。然后结合多端系统的近似解耦解析计算方法和直流故障穿越附加网络的概念,提出含混合型MMC的多端系统直流故障穿越期间的短路电流计算方法。最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC平台的电磁暂态仿真结果表明,所提出的计算方法在故障发生6 ms内计算的短路电流值最大误差均在±6%以内,且具有良好的适用性,为含有混合型MMC的多端柔直系统的规划设计与保护整定提供了参考。

送端交流不对称故障下LCC-MMC-HVDC穿越控制策略研究

混合直流输电系统将LCC-HVDC和VSC-HVDC进行优势互补,其发展面临的一个问题是:当送端交流系统发生不对称故障时,LCC-MMC混合直流输电系统将面临输送功率跌落甚至中断和直流侧二倍频波动的问题。首先阐述了LCC-MMC-HVDC的拓扑结构、数学模型和基本控制策略,在分析系统在送端交流不对称故障情况下暂态特性的基础上,提出集功率续传和二倍频波动抑制为一体的穿越控制策略:基于主动降压控制的功率续传策略通过改变逆变侧MMC运行点减小输送功率跌落幅度;三次谐波注入法增大了逆变侧直流电压的可调节范围;直流电压波动抑制策略中,逆变侧直流电压作为唯一控制变量,有效降低送端交流系统负序分量对系统逆变器及受端系统造成的影响。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中建立仿真模型,算例仿真结果验证了所提出穿越控制策略的有效性。

基于改进CUSUM算法的混合级联直流输电系统低电压保护优化策略

为提高混合级联直流输电系统直流输电线路低电压保护的速动性和可靠性,提出了一种基于改进累积和(cumulative sum control chart, CUSUM)算法的新型高压直流线路低电压保护策略。当±800 kV混合级联直流输电系统的不同位置发生故障时,保护安装处所测得电气量呈现出一定的差异性。由于传统低电压保护缺乏整定依据,并有着误动风险,本文引入CUSUM算法提取不同故障时电气量差异特征,以此保证保护的可靠性。同时为了提高保护的速动性,借助分形理论,对CUSUM算法窗口进行改进,使得窗口具有自适应性,从而提高保护的速动性。利用PSCAD/EMTDC建立混合级联直流输电模型,并借助MATLAB验证所提新保护策略。仿真结果表明:所提方案能够快速可靠动作,有着良好的快速性和可靠性;可以耐受较高过渡电阻,有良好的耐受过渡电阻能力;判据依托于单端电气量,避免了通信中噪声和数据异常等干扰,可以快速识别区内、区外故障,并可靠动作。

计及控制响应的多端混合直流输电系统短路电流近似计算方法

多端混合直流输电系统故障发展迅速、短路电流水平超标问题严重,换流站高度非线性特征使现有短路电流求解忽略了控制系统的响应过程且多依赖建模仿真结果,无法得到短路电流的具体解析式,实现故障特性的定量分析计算。为此,该文提出三种兼顾准确性与计算复杂程度的系统模型简化措施,并在此基础上提出计及控制系统作用的短路电流复频域近似求解方法,利用Pade逼近以及分段线性化法对模型进行降阶处理,通过拉普拉斯逆变换求得短路电流的时域解析式。最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC对不同故障距离、过渡电阻以及故障类型进行了仿真分析。结果表明,该方法能在故障的暂态阶段(10 ms内)对短路电流有较为准确的刻画,能为直流保护定值整定、断路器额定容量选取、直流输电控制策略切换以及系统规划设计等提供重要依据。

混合直流系统中基于平波电抗器与限流电抗器参数优化的限流策略

直流线路正常运行过程中,平波电抗器可以减小电流纹波。当直流线路发生故障时,限流电抗器的快速投入可以抑制故障电流的上升速度。因此,考虑限流电抗器与平波电抗器的协同,不仅可以抑制故障电流的上升速度,而且能够降低直流断路器的切断容量。然而,受到投资成本和系统动态特性的制约,平波电抗器与限流电抗器的电感容量需要保持在合理的范围内。因此,对直流输电系统中平波电抗器和限流电抗器的容量进行优化配置,在保证限流能力的同时降低投资是十分有意义的。首先,建立了交直流混联系统的故障等效模型,并分析直流线路发生双极性短路时两端故障电流的特性。其次,建立了平波电抗器和限流电抗器的优化配置数学模型。最后,基于MATLAB仿真试验对所提限流策略进行了验证。

混合级联多端直流暂态过电压机理及抑制措施

混合级联多端直流采用常规直流与柔性直流混合级联的新型拓扑结构,为我国远距离、大容量、多落点的能源传输提供了新模式,但常规直流与柔性直流之间的交互作用也引发了新问题。该文首先揭示实际受端电网交流电压恢复特性导致混合级联多端直流暂态过电压机理以及低端模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)闭锁风险;然后分别从送受端两个方面,提出降功率运行、改进送端移相策略和提升MMC有功功率传输极限等暂态过电压抑制措施。最后,基于PSD-PSModel软件,搭建送受端电网机电暂态和混合级联多端直流电磁暂态的混合仿真模型,仿真验证理论分析的准确性和抑制措施的有效性。

混合直流系统中直流侧故障暂态电流的解析表达与故障特性的研究

由基于线性换流器高压直流输电系统(LCC-HVDC)和基于电压源换流器高压直流输电系统(VSC-HVDC)共同构成的混合直流输电系统,其故障特性与传统直流输电系统不同。针对此问题,对混合直流输电系统中直流侧故障暂态电流特性进行了研究。首先建立了送端电网采用LCC型换流站、受端电网采用VSC型换流站的两端混合直流输电系统,利用拉普拉斯变换定理推导了直流侧故障时的等效电路,解析了LCC侧和VSC侧直流故障电流简易表达式。其次,在简易表达式的基础上,充分考虑送端LCC侧换流站的触发角动态变化过程和受端VSC侧换流站交流电流的馈入,进一步解析了两侧精确的故障电流表达式。然后,从故障电流幅值、谐波等方面对比分析了三种高压直流系统中直流侧故障电流的变化特征。最后,通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真验证了所提故障电流解析表达式的正确性。