An electron beam irradiation-assisted coating method for the regulation of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity

Developing a stable,reliable,and industrially compatible method to control hydrophobicity is crucial for separation,transportation,and the generation of special surfaces.An e-HMS-PDMS silica gel nanoparticle coating was prepared using a two-step electron beam irradiation(EBI)process,consisting of(i)grafting of two organic groups onto thiol-functionalized hollow mesoporous silica(HMS-SH)with 10 MeV EBI and(ii)curing of polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)onto silicone rubber using the HMS hybrid materials prepared in step i as an additive with 200 keV EBI.The tuneable grafting of functional groups and the surface properties of the silica,which was embedded in the PDMS layer,allowed us to precisely control the hydrophilicity of the PDMS layer by means of altering the grafting gradient of the silica and the loading ratio of the monomers.A diverse range of vinyl-structured monomers can be used in this method,and the selection of suitable monomers is vital in determining the physical properties of the coating layer.The hydrophilicity of the coating can be linearly controlled within a specific range(50°to 155°)by using suitable monomers,allowing for the design of surfaces with specific hydrophilic and hydrophobic requirements.

Sol-gel preparation, corrosion resistance and hydrophilicity of Ta-containing TiO_2 films on Ti6Al4V alloy

Ta-containing TiO2 films with Ta contents of 5%, 20%, 33% （mole fraction） were sol-gel coated on the surface roughened Ti6AI4V alloy by dip coating method for biomedical applications. The Ta-TiO2 films on 1.5 mol/L NaOH-HCI pretreated substrate are adherent, but there are cracks for the sample with 33% Ta. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that Ti and Ta exist as TiP2 and Ta205 in the film, and A1 element is not detectable. X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering analyses reveal that the addition of Ta decreases crystallization of the films. Potentiodynamic polarization test in a Ca-free Hank＇s balanced solution demonstrates that the coating samples markedly improve the corrosion resistance compared with the polished sample. The addition of Ta impedes UV light-induced hydrophilic conversion of the coating samples. The sample with 20% Ta has enough film integrity and hydrophilic conversion rate, and is expected to possess good biological properties.

Improvement of hydrophilicity of porous PVDF membranes with LiCl additives

Porous polyvinylidene fluoride（PVDF）membranes blended with LiCl are prepared through the phase inversion method to obtain a good support layer for air dehumidification.The hydrophilicity of the resulting membrane is evaluated by water contact angle measurements and vapor adsorption tests.The moisture permeation performance of the membrane is measured by permeation tests in terms of total mass transfer coefficients and moisture permeability rates.It is found that water contact angles and water vapor adsorption capacities increase with the increasing LiCl content in the casting solution.As the LiCl content increases,the total mass transfer coefficient increases slightly at a low LiCl content（below 2.5%）and then improves greatly at a high LiCl content（above 2.5%）,whereas the moisture permeation rate increases.The results demonstrate that LiCl can remarkably improve the hydrophilicity of PVDF membranes,and then greatly enhance moisture permeation performance.

Preparation and Hydrophilicity of Copolymerization of Chitosan Selectively Grafted by Polyethylene Glycol

Copolymerization of chitosan selectively grafted by polyethylene glycol was prepared. Chitosan was selectively grafted by monomethoxy polyethylene glycol（mPEG-OH）, which contained a hydroxyl group combining with hexamethylene diisocyanate（HDI） to form a novel macromonomer namely monomethoxy polyethylene glycol isocyanate（mPEG-NCO） containing a isocyanate group with higher chemical activity in ethyl glyoxalate solution absolutely without water. The selective grafted copolymerization of Chitosan with mPEG-NCO was conducted under heterogeneous conditions as suspension in dimethylformamide. The hydrophilic copolymers of chitosan were prepared by condensation reaction of isocyanate group on mPEG- NCO with hydroxy groups on chitosan chains because amino groups on chitosan chains were protected by complexion formation with copper ions. The effect of reaction condition on the grafting extents was discussed. Swelling properties of mPEG-g-CS were researched. The graft copolymer mPEG-g-CS was characterized by the infrared spectra. The experimental result showed that the copper ions were very effective to protect amino groups from condensation reaction. The swelling degree in water increases with adding of grafting ratio. The maximum swelling degree was up to above 132% when the grafting ratio was about 270%. The graft copolymer can be soluble partially in pure water.

Three different low-temperature plasma-based methods for hydrophilicity improvement of polyethylene films at atmospheric pressure

Three different low-temperature plasma-based methods were used to improve the surface hydrophilicity of polyethy- lene （PE） films, and all the modification processes were carried out by employing an atmospheric pressure plasma jet （APPJ） system. （a） PE films were directly modified by APPJ using a gas mixture of He and 02. （b） Acrylic acid （AA） was introduced into the system and a polymer acrylic acid （PAA） coating was deposited onto the PE films. （c） AA was grafted onto the PE surface activated by plasma pre-treatment. It was found that the hydrophilicity of the PE films was significantly improved for all the three methods. However, the samples modified by Process （a） showed hydrophobicity recovery after a storage time of 20 days while no significant change was found in samples modified by Process （b） and Process （c）. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） results indicated that the most intensive C=O peak was detected on the PE surface modified by Process （c）. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis, the ratios of oxygen-containing polar groups for samples modified by Process （b） and Process （c） were higher than that modified by Process （a）.

HYDROPHOBICITY－HYDROPHILICITY BALANCE RELATIONSHIPSFORCOLLECTORLESSFLOTATIONOFSULPHIDEMINERALS

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Enhancing Hydrophilicity of Thick Electrodes for High Energy Density Aqueous Batteries

Thick electrodes can substantially enhance the overall energy density of batteries.However,insufficient wettability of aqueous electrolytes toward electrodes with conventional hydrophobic binders severely limits utilization of active materials with increasing the thickness of electrodes for aqueous batteries,resulting in battery performance deterioration with a reduced capacity.Here,we demonstrate that controlling the hydrophilicity of the thicker electrodes is critical to enhancing the overall energy density of batteries.Hydrophilic binders are synthesized via a simple sulfonation process of conventional polyvinylidene fluoride binders,considering physicochemical properties such as mechanical properties and adhesion.The introduction of abundant sulfonate groups of binders(i)allows fast and sufficient electrolyte wetting,and(ii)improves ionic conduction in thick electrodes,enabling a significant increase in reversible capacities under various current densities.Further,the sulfonated binder effectively inhibits the dissolution of cathode materials in reactive aqueous electrolytes.Overall,our findings significantly enhance the energy density and contribute to the development of practical zinc-ion batteries.

An unusual network of α-MnO_(2) nanowires with structure-induced hydrophilicity and conductivity for improved electrocatalysis

Nanowires with anisotropic morphologies have been applied in various scientific and technological areas.It is also widely employed to fabricate nanowires into high-dimensional superstructures(arrays,networks etc.)to overcome the shortcomings of low-dimensional nanowires.However,typical strategies for constructing these superstructures are restricted to complicated and harsh synthetic conditions,not to mention unique 3D structures with advanced properties beyond common superstructures.Herein,we report an unusual network ofα-MnO_(2)nanowires with structure-induced hydrophilicity and conductivity.In the network,the nanowires are interconnected from all directions by nodes,and the 3D network structure is formed from the endless connection of nodes in a node-by-node way.The unique network structure brings about high hydrophilicity and conductivity,both of which are positive factors for an efficient electrocatalyst.Accordingly,the α-MnO_(2) network was tested for electrocatalytic water oxidation and showed significantly enhanced activity compared with isolatedα-MnO_(2)nanowires and 3Dα-MnO_(2)microspheres.This study not only provides a synthetic route toward an advanced network structure but also a new idea for the design of materials for electrochemistry with both efficient mass diffusion and charge transfer.

Surface Modification of Biodegradable Poly(D,L-lactic acid) by Nitrogen and Nitrogen/Hydrogen Plasma for Improving Surface Hydrophilicity

Enhancement of the surface hydrophilicity of biodegradable poly （D,L-lactic acid） （PLA） films is studied. The PLA films were treated by nitrogen plasma （PLA-N2） and nitro- gen/hydrogen plasma （PLA-N2/H2）, respectively. The surface properties and microstructure of PLA-N2 and PLA-N2/H2 were studied by static contact angle measurement, surface free energy calculation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and atomic force microscopy （AFM）. It is confirmed that the surface hydrophilicity of PLA-N2 and PLA-N2/H2 was higher than that of pristine PLA, and the surface hydrophilicity of PLA-N2 films was better than that of PLA-N2/H2.

Hydrophilicity Modification of Addition-cured Room Temperature Vulcanization Silicone Rubber

Allyl terminated polyether was used to improve the hydrophilicity of addition-cured room temperature vulcanization silicone rubber. With the increasing of the polyether, both the hydrophilicity and water absorbed of the vulcanizates were increased. The mechanical properties were also improved by adding the polyether. The result showed that 1.5wt% of the polyether provided the silicone rubber with proper hydrophilicity.

Increase in the Hydrophilicity and Lewis Acid-Base Properties of Solid Surfaces Achieved by Electric Gliding Discharge in Humid Air: Effects on Bacterial Adherence

This study addressed the effects of treatment with gliding discharge plasma on the surface properties of solid materials, as well as the consequences concerning adherence of a model bacterium. As evaluated by contact angles with selected liquids, plasma treatment caused an increase in surface hydrophilicity and in the Lewis acid-base components of the surface energy of all materials tested. These modifications were more marked for low density polyethylene and stainless steel than for polytetrafiuoroethylene. After treatment, the hydrophilicity of the materials remained relatively stable for at least 20 days. Moreover, analysis of the topography of the materials by atomic force microscopy revealed that the roughness of both polymers was reduced by glidarc plasma treatment. As a result of all these modifications, solid substrates were activated towards micro-organisms and the adherence of S. epidermidis, a negatively charged Lewis-base and mildly hydrophilic strain selected as the model, was increased in almost all the cases tested.

Surface Modification of Polyglycolic Acid Fibers by Hydrogen Peroxide for Enhancing Hydrophilicity and Cytocompatibility

Hydrogen peroxide( H_2O_2) is applied for surface modification of polyglycolic acid( PGA) fibers in order to enhance the hydrophilicity and cytocompatibility of PGA fibers effectively,and maintain the breaking strength as the same time. PGA fibers are dipped in H_2O_2 solution a certain time for modification. Scanning electron microscopy( SEM) was used to observe the surface morphology of PGA fibers before and after modification. The varying of PGA macromolecule was examined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy( FTIR) analyses. X-ray diffraction( XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry( DSC) analysis showed that crystallinity slightly decreases. Mechanical performance test showed tensile force of modified PGA fiber was increased. The water contact angle test indicated the improving of hydrophilic. A cell proliferation assay showed that fibroblast cells attach and proliferate well on the fibers, which meant the modified fibers possess good cytocompatibility. These results suggest that H_2O_2 surface modification is easy to operate and a advantageous modification method for PGA fibers.

Theoretical Study on Thermodynamic Properties and Hydrophilicity of Polychorinated Phenothiazines (PCPTZs)

The thermodynamic properties of 135 polychlorinated phenothiazines （PCPTZs） in the standard state are calculated using a combination of quantum mechanical computations performed with the Gaussian 03 program at the B3LYP/6-311G^＊＊ level, and their octanol-water partition coefficients （logKow） are calculated based on group contributions. The chlorine substitution pattern strongly influenced the thermodynamic properties and hydrophilicity of the compounds. The thermodynamic properties of congeners also depend on the chlorine substitution pattern. The effect of chlorine substitution pattern is quantitatively studied by considering the mmaber and position of Cl atom substitution （Npcs）. The results show that the Npcs model may be used to predict the thermodynamic properties and hydrophilicity for all 135 PCPTZ congeners.

Hollow Ni Mo-based nitride heterojunction with super-hydrophilic/aerophobic surface for efficient urea-assisted hydrogen production

Hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and urea oxidation reaction(UOR)are key reactions of the watercycling associated catalytic process/device.The design of catalysts with a super-hydrophilic/aerophobic structure and optimized electron distribution holds great promise.Here,we have designed a threedimensional(3D)hollow Ni/NiMoN hierarchical structure with arrayed-sheet surface based on a onepot hydrothermal route for efficient urea-assisted HER based on a simple hydrothermal process.The Ni/NiMoN catalyst exhibits super-hydrophilic/aerophobic properties with a small droplet contact angle of 6.07°and an underwater bubble contact angle of 155.7°,thus facilitating an escape of bubbles from the electrodes.Density functional theory calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate the optimized electronic structure at the interface of Ni and NiMoN,which can promote the adsorption/desorption of reactants and intermediates.The virtues combining with a large specific surface area endow Ni/NiMoN with efficient catalytic activity of low potentials of 25 mV for HER and 1.33 V for UOR at10 mA cm^(-2).The coupled HER and UOR system demonstrates a low cell voltage of 1.42 V at 10 mA cm^(-2),which is approximately 209 mV lower than water electrolysis.

Self-Organizing Evolution of Anodized Oxide Films on Ti-25Nb-3Mo-2Sn-3Zr Alloy and Hydrophilicity

In the present work,hierarchical nanostructured titanium dioxide(TiO2) films were fabricated on Ti-25Nb-3Mo-2Sn-3Zr(TLM) alloy for biomedical applications via one-step anodization process in ethylene glycolbased electrolyte containing 0.5wt% NH4F.The nanostructured TiO2 films exhibited three distinct types depending on the anodization time:top irregular nanopores(INP)/beneath regular nanopores(RNP),top INP/middle regular nanotubes(RNT)/bottom RNP and top RNT with underlying RNP.The evolution of the nanostructured TiO2 films with anodization time demonstrated that self-organizing nanopores formed at the very beginning and individual nanotubes originated from underlying nanopore dissolution.Furthermore,a modified two-stage self-organizing mechanism was introduced to illustrate the growth of the nanostructured TiO2 films.Compared with TLM titanium alloy matrix,the TiO2 films with special nano-structure hold better hydrophilicity and higher specific surface area,which lays the foundation for their biomedical applications.

Differences and identification on multi-time hydrocarbon generation of carboniferous-permian coaly source rocks in the Huanghua Depression,Bohai Bay Basin

Coal is a solid combustible mineral,and coal-bearing strata have important hydrocarbon generation potential and contribute to more than 12%of the global hydrocarbon resources.However,the deposition and hydrocarbon evolution process of ancient coal-bearing strata is characterized by multiple geological times,leading to obvious distinctions in their hydrocarbon generation potential,geological processes,and production,which affect the evaluation and exploration of hydrocarbon resources derived from coaly source rocks worldwide.This study aimed to identify the differences on oil-generated parent macerals and the production of oil generated from different coaly source rocks and through different oil generation processes.Integrating with the analysis of previous tectonic burial history and hydrocarbon generation history,high-temperature and high-pressure thermal simulation experiments,organic geochemistry,and organic petrology were performed on the Carboniferous-Permian(C-P)coaly source rocks in the Huanghua Depression,Bohai Bay Basin.The oil-generated parent macerals of coal's secondary oil generation process(SOGP)were mainly hydrogen-rich collotelinite,collodetrinite,sporinite,and cutinite,while the oil-generated parent macerals of tertiary oil generation process(TOGP)were the remaining small amount of hydrogen-rich collotelinite,sporinite,and cutinite,as well as dispersed soluble organic matter and unexhausted residual hydrocarbons.Compared with coal,the oil-generated parent macerals of coaly shale SOGP were mostly sporinite and cutinite.And part of hydrogen-poor vitrinite,lacking hydrocarbon-rich macerals,and macerals of the TOGP,in addition to some remaining cutinite and a small amount of crude oil and bitumen from SOGP contributed to the oil yield.The results indicated that the changes in oil yield had a good junction between SOGP and TOGP,both coal and coaly shale had higher SOGP aborted oil yield than TOGP starting yield,and coaly shale TOGP peak oil yield was lower than SOGP peak oil yield.There were significant differences in saturated hydrocarbon and aromatic parameters in coal and coaly shale.Coal SOGP was characterized by a lower Ts/Tm and C31-homohopane22S/(22S+22R)and a higher Pr/n C17compared to coal TOGP,while the aromatic parameter methyl dibenzothiophene ratio(MDR)exhibited coaly shale TOGP was higher than coaly shale SOGP than coaly TOGP than coaly SOGP,and coal trimethylnaphthalene ratio(TNR)was lower than coaly shale TNR.Thus,we established oil generation processes and discriminative plates.In this way,we distinguished the differences between oil generation parent maceral,oil generation time,and oil production of coaly source rocks,and therefore,we provided important support for the evaluation,prediction,and exploration of oil resources from global ancient coaly source rocks.

Measurement of surface crystallinity of PAA and PAANa coatings and its effect on hydrophilicity of coatings

The solutions of poly(acrylic acid)(PAA), poly(acrylic acid sodium)(PAANa) were coated on aluminium fins by roll coating method. The coatings with different crystallinity were obtained by varying baking time and temperature. Their surface crystallinity and surface tension were measured, and their spreading speed constant and equilibrium contact angle were tested also. The correlation of surface crystallinity, surface tension, spreading speed constant and surface hydrophilicity was discussed. It is demonstrated that surface tension and spreading speed constant increase, while equilibrium contact angle declines with increasing surface crystallinity of coatings, that is to say, the hydrophilicity of coatings is improved with surface crystallinity of coatings increasing.

Pervaporation performance and characterization of hydrophilic ZSM-5 zeolite membranes for high inorganic acid and inorganic salts

The hydrophilic ZSM-5 zeolite membranes are applied to separate the inorganic acid solutions and inorganic acid/inorganic salt mixtures by pervaporation,and the membrane presents good stability,dehydration,and desalination performance.Influences of inorganic acid type(H_(2)SO_(4),H_(3)PO_(4),HNO_(3),and HCl),H_(2)SO_(4)concentration(1-6 mol·L^(-1)),test temperature(60-90℃)and inorganic acid/inorganic salt type(2 mol·L^(-1)H_(2)SO_(4)and sulfate,2 mol·L^(-1)H3PO4 and phosphate)on the pervaporation performance are investigated in this work.Either for concentrating 3%(mass)H_(2)SO_(4)solution or consecutive dehydrating 20%(mass)H_(2)SO_(4)solution,the hydrophilic ZSM-5 zeolite membrane has a good dehydration performance and stability.Even though the H_(2)SO_(4)concentration and test temperature are increased to 6 M and 90℃,only H_(2)O molecules could pass through the membrane and pH value of the permeation is kept neutral.Besides,the membrane has good dehydration and desalination performance for H_(2)SO_(4)/sulfates and H_(3)PO_(4)/phosphate mixtures,and the rejection of natrium salt,molysite,and magnesium is almost 100%.

Multi-Time Scale Optimal Scheduling of a Photovoltaic Energy Storage Building System Based on Model Predictive Control

Building emission reduction is an important way to achieve China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.Aiming at the problem of low carbon economic operation of a photovoltaic energy storage building system,a multi-time scale optimal scheduling strategy based on model predictive control(MPC)is proposed under the consideration of load optimization.First,load optimization is achieved by controlling the charging time of electric vehicles as well as adjusting the air conditioning operation temperature,and the photovoltaic energy storage building system model is constructed to propose a day-ahead scheduling strategy with the lowest daily operation cost.Second,considering inter-day to intra-day source-load prediction error,an intraday rolling optimal scheduling strategy based on MPC is proposed that dynamically corrects the day-ahead dispatch results to stabilize system power fluctuations and promote photovoltaic consumption.Finally,taking an office building on a summer work day as an example,the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling strategy is verified.The results of the example show that the strategy reduces the total operating cost of the photovoltaic energy storage building system by 17.11%,improves the carbon emission reduction by 7.99%,and the photovoltaic consumption rate reaches 98.57%,improving the system’s low-carbon and economic performance.

Hydrophilic and photocatalytic activities of Nd-doped titanium dioxide thin films

The Nd-doped TiO2 thin films with higher hydrophilic and photocatalytic activities were prepared on glass slides by an acid-catalyzed sol？gel method. The effects of Nd doping on crystalline phase, surface composition and optical property were investigated by means of techniques such as X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, optical contact angle tester and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results show that Nd doping obviously influences the hydrophilic and photocatalytic activities of TiO2thin films. Nd doping could cause the TiO2 lattice distortion, inhibit phase transition from anatase to rutile, cause red shift of the absorption spectrum edge, produce hydroxyl radicals （·OH）, and accelerate surface hydroxylation, which result in a significant improvement in the hydrophilicity and photoreactivity of Nd-doped TiO2 thin films. When the content of Nd is 0.1% （mass fraction）, TiO2 thin films achieve the smallest grain size （about 15 nm）, and the hydrophilic and photocatalytic activities of TiO2 thin film reach the maximum, the contact angle is only 8.1°, and 92% of methylene blue is finally degraded. Moreover, the modification mechanism of Nd doping was also discussed.