Cooperative diversity based on rotation code

In order to obtain coding gain along with diversity gain,rotation code was applied to cooperative diversity employing decoded-and-forward cooperative protocol.Different from the same two symbols transmitted in conventional repetition-coded scheme,two different symbols were transmitted separately in two successive timeslots in the proposed rotation-coded cooperative diversity.In this way,constellation spread in the available two-dimensional signal space rather than on a single-dimensional line in repetition-coded scheme,which was supposed to be responsible for the additional coding gain.Under the proposed cooperative transmission model,upper bounds for the symbol-error-rate(SER)of cooperative diversity based on repetition code and rotation code were derived respectively.Both analytical and simulated results show that cooperative diversity based on rotation code can obtain an improved coding gain(by about 2 dB)than repetition-coded scheme without the expense of power or bandwidth.

System Outage Probability and Diversity Analysis of a SWIPT Based Two-Way DF Relay Network Under Transceiver Hardware Impairments

This paper investigates the system outage performance of a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)based two-way decodeand-forward(DF)relay network,where potential hardware impairments(HIs)in all transceivers are considered.After harvesting energy and decoding messages simultaneously via a power splitting scheme,the energy-limited relay node forwards the decoded information to both terminals.Each terminal combines the signals from the direct and relaying links via selection combining.We derive the system outage probability under independent but non-identically distributed Nakagami-m fading channels.It reveals an overall system ceiling(OSC)effect,i.e.,the system falls in outage if the target rate exceeds an OSC threshold that is determined by the levels of HIs.Furthermore,we derive the diversity gain of the considered network.The result reveals that when the transmission rate is below the OSC threshold,the achieved diversity gain equals the sum of the shape parameter of the direct link and the smaller shape parameter of the terminalto-relay links;otherwise,the diversity gain is zero.This is different from the amplify-and-forward(AF)strategy,under which the relaying links have no contribution to the diversity gain.Simulation results validate the analytical results and reveal that compared with the AF strategy,the SWIPT based two-way relaying links under the DF strategy are more robust to HIs and achieve a lower system outage probability.

Outage Performance and Diversity Analysis for Multi-antenna Multi-relay Networks

The performance of multi-antenna multi-relay cooperative system is investigated in this paper. Two relaying strategies, i.e., reactive and proactive strategies are analyzed with the Amplifyand-Forward (AF) and Decode-and-Forward (DF) protocols. We derive the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the received Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) at the destination, which is used to calculate the exact outage probability, for both AF and DF protocols. According to these results, we conclude that a cooperative network which composes K relays each equipped with nr antennas can achieve maximal order-(2nrK+1) diversity gain, by proper processing at relays and destination. Furthermore, the performance comparison is given, in terms of outage probability. These two strategies outperform each other in different scenarios in AF protocol, whilst proactive strategy is always better than its counterpart in DF protocol. According to these results, the optimal power allocation schemes among relay nodes are also presented, with reasonable power constraint.

Distributed Relay Diversity Systems for OFDM-Based Networks

In this paper, distributed relay diversity systems are analyzed, modeled and evaluated in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based networks. The investigated distributed relay diversity schemes extend the ideas of a single hop transmit antenna schemes such as Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD), Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD), transmit Coherent Combining (CC) and Selection Diversity (SD) to distributed diversity systems. In contrast to the classical single hop system, the antennas in the distributed systems belongs to distributed relays instead of being co-located at the transmitter. The distributed relay diversity methods considered in this paper: Relay CDD (RCDD), Relay Alamouti (i.e.STTD), Relay CC (RCC) and Relay SD (RSD) are compared to the traditional 1-hop system. Analytical expressions for the received Signal to Interference Noise Ratio (SINR) are derived and used in a dynamic multi-cell multi-user simulator. Results show considerable SINR gains for both Round Robin and Max-SINR schedulers. The SINR gains translate into substantial cell throughput gains, up to 200%, compared to 1-hop systems. Despite its low complexity, the RCDD scheme has similar performance to that of other more sophisticated 2-hop schemes such as Relay Alamouti and Relay Coherent Combining. Marginally better results are observed for the Relay Selection Diversity scheme.

Emulation of Realistic Multi-Path Propagation Channels inside an Anechoic Chamber for Antenna Diversity Measurements

As antennas are inherently included recommended in Over-The-Air (OTA) testing, it is important to also consider realistic channel models for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) device performance evaluation. This paper aims to emulate realistic multi-Path propagation channels in terms of angles of arrivals (AoA) and cross-polarization ratio (XPR) with Rayleigh fading, inside an anechoic chamber, for antenna diversity measurements. In this purpose, a practical multi-probe anechoic chamber measurement system (MPAC) with 24 probe antennas (SATIMO SG24) has been used. However, the actual configuration of this system is not able to reproduce realistic channels. Therefore, a new method based on the control of the SG24 probes has been developed. At first time, this method has been validated numerically through the comparison of simulated and analytical AoA probability density distributions. At the second time, the performance of an antenna diversity system inside the SG24 has been performed in terms of the correlation coefficient and diversity gain (DG) using an antenna reference system. Simulated and measurements results have shown a good agreement.

A Compact Diversity Antenna for Handheld Terminals

The handheld terminals antenna should have a small size, sufficient gain and big bandwidth. In this paper, a compact planar inverted-L diversity antenna for handheld terminals is proposed. Three diversity antennas operating at 2.15 GHz are designed and the effect of important parameters of the proposed antenna is measured. The isolation is found to be better than 13 dB, the usable bandwidth is about 13%. Moreover, the measured radiation patterns are also obtained that the backward radiation is decreased.

What Is the Impact of Major Diversion Attitude on Undergraduates' Learning Gains?--The Mediating Role of Course Perception

Major diversion is an important part of the large-category student enrollment and training model.The degree to which undergraduates recognize the logic of the major diversion system,their satisfaction with the diverted major,and their major identity after diversion all influence their subsequent learning process and outcomes.The questionnaire survey of undergraduates in this study discovered that major diversion attitude has a significant positive effect on undergraduates'learning gains;the mediating effect test discovered that course perception plays a partially mediating role between major diversion attitude and learning gains.Therefore,under the large-category student enrollment and training model,it is necessary to improve the major diversion system in terms of formulation,major selection guidance,and major identity promotion.Furthermore,strengthening the logical connection and content coupling of different types of courses,dealing with the proportion,priority,and sequence of courses,optimizing the allocation of course resources,and reasonably planning and setting courses all play an important role in improving undergraduate learning gains.

基于信道互易的PA-MIMO雷达目标检测性能研究

针对如何高效运用雷达资源管理技术提高目标检测的准确性和可靠性,构建了一种混合分布式相控阵-多输入多输出(PA-MIMO)雷达系统模型,建立了基于奈曼一皮尔逊(NP)准则的目标检测模型,以及推导了同时考虑子阵收发共用导致的信道互易性和多脉冲相参积累条件的似然比(LRT)检测器,得到了给定虚警概率下的目标检测概率。通过与相控阵雷达、单输入多输出(SIMO)雷达、多输入单输出(MISO)雷达及最优阵元配置PA-MIMO雷达的性能对比,验证了混合分布式PA-MIMO雷达系统利用子阵内信号的相关性和子阵之间信号的独立性可以同时获取相干处理增益和波形分集增益,其最大检测概率达到0.9874,高于其他4种体制雷达,有效提高了雷达系统的目标检测性能。通过仿真分析验证了信道互易性与脉冲积累对于雷达检测性能的提升作用。

Hybrid DF and SIR Forwarding Strategy in Conventional and Distributed Alamouti Space-Time Coded Cooperative Networks

In this paper,we propose a hybrid decode-and-forward and soft information relaying(HDFSIR)strategy to mitigate error propagation in coded cooperative communications.In the HDFSIR approach,the relay operates in decode-and-forward(DF)mode when it successfully decodes the received message;otherwise,it switches to soft information relaying(SIR)mode.The benefits of the DF and SIR forwarding strategies are combined to achieve better performance than deploying the DF or SIR strategy alone.Closed-form expressions for the outage probability and symbol error rate(SER)are derived for coded cooperative communication with HDFSIR and energy-harvesting relays.Additionally,we introduce a novel normalized log-likelihood-ratio based soft estimation symbol(NL-SES)mapping technique,which enhances soft symbol accuracy for higher-order modulation,and propose a model characterizing the relationship between the estimated complex soft symbol and the actual high-order modulated symbol.Further-more,the hybrid DF-SIR strategy is extended to a distributed Alamouti space-time-coded cooperative network.To evaluate the~performance of the proposed HDFSIR strategy,we implement extensive Monte Carlo simulations under varying channel conditions.Results demonstrate significant improvements with the hybrid technique outperforming individual DF and SIR strategies in both conventional and distributed Alamouti space-time coded cooperative networks.Moreover,at a SER of 10^(-3),the proposed NL-SES mapping demonstrated a 3.5 dB performance gain over the conventional averaging one,highlighting its superior accuracy in estimating soft symbols for quadrature phase-shift keying modulation.

Multi-user diversity analysis in MISO amplify-and-forward relaying network

This article analyzed multi-user diversity performance for multiple input single output （MISO） amplify-and-forward （AF） relaying network with selection combiner, and the closed-form outage probabilities for variable gain relaying and fixed gain relaying network are derived. Based on these results, diversity order is presented for variable gain relaying network. Simulation results validate the derived theoretical results, and the diversity order of variable gain relaying network with Nr available relays is K （Nt ＋ Nr） in K users＇ scenario, where Nt is the number of source transmitter antennas.

一种适用于空间相关信道的分集接收方法

针对空间相关信道下信号检测误码率性能下降的问题,提出一种多天线分集接收方法。该方法通过增加接收机天线个数,减小信道空间相关性对信号检测的影响,可根据实际工程需求灵活配置相应的接收天线数量,在避免引入高复杂度检测算法的同时具有较优的检测误码率性能。采用等增益合并方式对所提方法进行仿真分析,仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。

Index modulation aided generalized space-time block coding:A unified MIMO framework

In this paper,Index Modulation(IM)aided Generalized Space-Time Block Coding(GSTBC)is proposed,which intrinsically exploits the benefits of IM concept,diversity gain and spatial multiplexing gain.Specifically,the information bits are partitioned into U groups,with each being modulated by IM symbols(i.e.Spatial Modulation(SM),Quadrature SM(QSM),etc).Next,the structure of GSTBC is invoked for each K IM symbol,and a total ofμ=U/K GSTBC codes are transmitted via T time slots.A Block Expectation Propagation(B-EP)detector is designed for the proposed IM-GSTBC structure.Moreover,the theoretical Average Bit Error Probability(ABEP)is derived for our IM-GSTBC system,which is confirmed by the simulation results and helpful for performance evaluation.Simulation results show that our proposed IM-GSTBC system is capable of striking an efficient trade-off between spatial multiplexing gain,spatial diversity gain as well as implementation cost imposed for both small-scale and large-scale MIMO antenna configurations.

地空通信系统分集合并接收技术研究

地空通信系统在复杂传播环境中,受多径传播影响导致接收端信号存在严重衰落问题。研究了分集合并技术在对抗信道衰落中的应用,详细分析了分集合并技术的原理。并针对常用的分集合并技术进行了对比分析,仿真并验证了常用分集合并技术的有效性。为分集合并技术在通信设备中的应用提供技术支撑。

基于成对错误概率的空时编码性能分析

空时编码综合了空间分集和时间分集的优点 ,能够获得远大于单天线系统的频带利用率 .从成对错误概率的角度出发 ,详细分析比较了现有 3种空时编码的编码增益和分集增益 ,以及它们与频带利用率之间的关系 ,结果表明 ,分层空时码可以获得的频带利用率远大于其他两种空时码 ;但对分集增益而言 ,网格空时码和分组空时码均可达到系统所能提供的最大分集增益 ,而分层空时码由于受实现方式的制约 ,只能得到其中一部分分集增益 .

LEACH无线传感器网络中增加协作传输的能耗研究

针对LEACH分簇路由协议存在簇间能耗不均的不足,利用分集增益消除多径衰落的特点,将协同通信的思想应用于无线传感器网络,解决无线传感器网络中LEACH协议下的簇间能耗不均衡问题。仿真结果证明:当节点间距离大于阈值距离时,协作传输可以有效地降低节点的能耗,从而均衡了整个网络的能耗。

中国林木种子园建设与管理技术探讨

从建园时种子园园址选择、优良亲本的选择、优良无性系或家系选择和配置以及种子园经营管理等几个方面探讨中国种子园发展现状,深入分析种子园建设与管理存在的重要问题,提出今后研究中应关注以下几个方面:种子园亲本和园址选择的重要性;优良家系或无性系配置应同时兼顾遗传多样性与遗传增益;种子园经营管理中应树立良种价值观,注重种子产量和品质的保障;种子园发展中应重视分子育种与常规育种的有效结合。

MIMO多径衰落信道下的多载波混沌键控混沌通信

为提高差分混沌键控的传输效率及其在衰落信道下的传输性能,提出了多载波混沌键控及类差分混沌键控检测方法,发射端每隔M个OFDM符号间隔插入由混沌参考信号构成的"导频",在此间隔内其他M-1个OFDM符号即以此混沌参考信号生成的混沌键控信号,接收端提取"导频"并将之与其他OFDM符号进行相关积分,恢复出M-1比特信息。进一步给出了MIMO多径衰落信道下的多载波混沌键控分集发射与接收方法,发射端采用不同混沌信号以获得一定的发射分集增益,接收端不需要任何信道先验信息,对各天线的相关积分输出进行等增益合并,可获得空间分集增益和频域分集增益。性能分析和计算机仿真表明,在"导频"插入间隔大于2的情况下,多载波混沌键控的功率效率大于差分混沌键控,且传输性能优于差分混沌键控。

MIMO系统中分集增益和空间复用增益的折衷关系

论文导出了分集增益与空间复用增益间的最佳折衷关系式。该关系式为阶梯递减右连续函数,阶梯数等于接收天线数目。分集增益的取值与分组长度有关,只有当分组长度不小于发射天线数目时才能获得满分集增益。折衷关系表明,采用合适的空时编码可以同时获得分集增益和空间复用增益,但是两种增益不能同时达到最大。由最佳折衷关系可以推测一定空间复用增益时可得到的最大分集增益,以及一定分集增益时能获得的最大空间复用增益。

相关MIMO信道下空间分集系统中多用户分集性能

多用户MIMO(Multi-input multi-output)系统中,研究空间相关对联合空间分集和多用户分集的性能影响。推导了接收天线之间存在相关的多用户MIMO STBC(Space-time block coding)和MIMO MRT/MRC(Maximum-ratio-transmis-sion/maximal-ratio-combining)系统的中断容量、平均容量表达式,并由此进行性能分析。计算机仿真验证了理论分析的有效性。结果表明,相对于闭环的多用户MIMO MRT/MRC系统,空间相关下开环的多用户MIMO STBC系统具有较低的平均容量和较高的调度增益。

126份花生品种主要农艺性状遗传多样性分析

种质资源是花生遗传改良的重要基因来源。为了解花生栽培种资源的遗传多样性,利用来源于5个国家的126份花生栽培种为试验材料,对126个花生品种的22个分级性状和17个农艺性状的遗传参数进行分析。结果表明,22个分级性状和17个农艺性状遗传多样性指数的均值分别为0.813和1.947;17个农艺性状的变异系数均值为22.17%,其中11个农艺性状的变异系数大于20%,达到较高程度变异;遗传参数方面,主茎高等8个性状的广义遗传率大于75%,而结果枝数和单株果数等4个性状的广义遗传率较低,小于50%。进一步分析发现,公斤果数和出仁率的相对遗传进度分别为1010.15和475.26,可获得的遗传增量分别可达到101.74和722.88。以上说明这126份材料间存在着丰富的遗传多样性,农艺性状的改良潜力巨大。