Equivalent continuum modeling of beam-like truss structures with flexible joints

The paper investigated the equivalent continuum modeling of beam-like repetitive truss structures considering the flexibility of joints,which models the contact between the truss member and joint by spring-damper with six directional stiffnesses and dampings.Firstly,a two-node hybrid joint-beam element was derived for modeling the truss member with flexible end joints,and a condensed model for the repeating element with flexible joints was obtained.Then,the energy equivalence method was adopted to equivalently model the truss structure with flexible joints and material damping as a spatial viscoelastic anisotropic beam model.Afterwards,the equations of motion for the equivalent beam model were derived and solved analytically in the frequency domain.In the numerical studies,the correctness of the presented method was verified by comparisons of the natural frequencies and frequency responses evaluated by the equivalent beam model with the results of the finite element method model.

Achievements of Truss Models for Reinforced Concrete Structures

Achievements are presented for truss models of RC structures developed in previous years: 1. Two constitutive models, biaxial and triaxial, are based on regular trusses, with bars obeying nonlinear uniaxial σ-ε laws of material under simulation;both models have been compared with test results and show a dependence of Poisson ratio on curvature of σ-ε law. 2. A truss finite element has been used in the nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of plane RC frames;it has been compared with test results and describes, in a simple way, the formation of plastic hinges. 3. Thanks to the very simple geometry of a truss, the equilibrium equations can be easily written and the stiffness matrix can be easily updated, both with respect to the deformed truss, within each step of a static incremental loading or within each time step of a dynamic analysis, so that to take into account geometric nonlinearities. So the confinement of a RC column is interpreted as a structural stability effect of concrete. And a significant role of the transverse reinforcement is revealed, that of preventing, by its close spacing and sufficient amount, the buckling of inner longitudinal concrete struts, which would lead to a global instability of the RC column. 4. The proposed truss model is statically indeterminate, so it exhibits some features, which are not met by the “strut-and-tie” model.

THE TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION FOR TRUSS STRUCTURES WITH STRESS CONSTRAINTS BASED ON THE EXIST-NULL COMBINED MODEL

A new exist-null combined model is proposed for the structural topology optimization. The model is applied to the topology optimization of the truss with stress constraints. Satisfactory computational result can be obtained with more rapid and more stable convergence as compared with the cross-sectional optimization. This work also shows that the presence of independent and continuous topological variable motivates the research of structural topology optimization.

Structural Analysis of a RC Shear Wall by Use of a Truss Model

Purpose of present work is to develop a reliable and simple method for structural analysis of RC Shear Walls. The shear wall is simulated by a truss model as the bar of a truss is the simplest finite element. An iterative method is used. Initially, there are only concrete bars. Repeated structural analyses are performed. After each structural analysis, every concrete bar exceeding tensile strength is replaced by a steel bar. For every concrete bar exceeding compressive strength, first its section area is increased. If this is not enough, a steel bar is placed at the side of it. For every steel bar exceeding tensile or compressive strength, its section area is increased. After the end of every structural analysis, if all concrete and steel bars fall within tensile and compressive strengths, the output data are written and the analysis is terminated. Otherwise, the structural analysis is repeated. As all the necessary conditions (static, elastic, linearized geometric) are satisfied and the stresses of ALL concrete and steel bars fall within the tensile and compressive strengths, the results are acceptable. Usually, the proposed method exhibits a fast convergence in 4 - 5 repeats of structural analysis of the RC Shear Wall.

Hysteretic model for bending-type frictional steel truss coupling beams

As a novel coupling beam for coupled shear wall structures,the bending-type frictional steel truss coupling beam(BFTCB)concentrates the deformation and energy dissipation in friction dampers at the bottom chord,allowing the main body to remain elastic during earthquakes.As the preparatory work for resilient structure design based on the BFTCB,this work concentrates on developing the hysteretic model for BFTCB.Firstly,the BFTCB stiffness-strength decoupling mechanism was introduced,i.e.,the shear strength is provided by friction dampers while webs control its initial stiffness.Secondly,a hysteretic model that reflects the BFTCB two-stage sliding characteristic was proposed.The model consists of a trilinear backbone curve and the unloading and reverse loading rules.The model has eight control parameters,of which two core parameters(initial stiffness and limiting shear strength)are derived from the BFTCB stiffness-strength decoupling mechanism,whereas the remaining parameters are obtained by theoretical analysis and empirical calibration.The hysteretic model was then compared with the test curves and demonstrated good accuracy.Finally,a series of FE prototypes of BFTCB with different design stiffnesses and strengths was adopted to verify the hysteretic model.The results showed that the proposed model fitted well with the FE prototypes,indicating its applicability to BFTCB with varying core design parameters.Therefore,the hysteretic model can be adopted for BFTCB to support the resilient shear wall structure design.

均匀流中深水系泊Truss Spar平台涡激运动试验研究

在工程中广泛应用的Truss Spar平台自诞生之初就为涡激运动问题所困扰,对其运动特性及抑制方法的机理性研究始终都在进行。采用截断系泊系统水池模型试验对设计中的Truss Spar平台在均匀流中的涡激运动响应进行了研究,分析了有无侧板平台的运动轨迹以及不同速度及流向角来流对平台运动的平衡位置的影响。在影响平台涡激运动特性的重要因素中,选取折合速度及流向角分别加以研究,分析了幅值在锁定区间中的变化规律,验证了减涡侧板对涡激运动良好的抑制作用,并对"热点"问题进行了探讨。为进一步研究Spar平台的涡激运动特性奠定了基础。

剪切流中Cell-Truss Spar平台涡激运动的CFD计算与模型试验研究

目前，Spar平台在离岸深水作业中得到越来越广泛的应用，作为影响Spar平台在某些来流条件下运动响应特性的一种重要现象，涡激运动已成为国际海洋工程界亟待研究的一个新课题。本文采用CFD计算与模型试验相结合的方法，对一座称为“Cell-Truss Spar”的新型Spar平台在剪切流作用下发生涡激运动的现象进行了研究。相对于目前已存在并应用的Spar平台，Cell-Truss Spar平台在结构形式上有其自身的特征，研究中充分考虑了这一特征，对其建立适当的CFD计算模型，得到其涡激运动的特征，模拟了锁定现象的发生过程，分析了锁定现象的发生机理和规律；同时制作了精细的物理模型，测试了一系列的剪切流表面流速，得到了Cell-Truss Spar平台涡激运动的一些关键性参数，并成功地观察到了锁定现象的发生。CFD计算与模型试验相互比较，相互验证，最后对该平台涡激运动响应的特征进行了分析和总结，为进一步的涡激运动抑制研究奠定了基础。

一种大规模双网络中k-连通Truss子图发现算法

双网络由具有相同顶点集合但不同边集合的物理图和概念图构成,能够反映顶点间不同层面的交互关系.双网络中稠密子图发现问题旨在发现物理图中连通而概念图中稠密的子图,在协作者网络分析、社区发现和疾病功能团检测等方面具有广泛应用.但现有稠密子图模型存在以下问题:(1)基于最密集子图模型的稠密子图发现问题本质上是NP-难的,导致精确的子图发现算法在效率上存在很大问题;(2)基于k-核的模型虽然解决了效率问题,但是发现的稠密子图并不真正“稠密”.针对以上问题,本文(1)提出了k-连通truss子图(k-CT)模型.该模型更加稠密,因此允许子图间存在重叠;(2)为了发现k-连通truss子图,提出了一种高效的精确亚线性算法用于发现双网络中所有的k-CT子图;(3)基于k-CT子图,提出了最大连通truss子图(MCT)概念,对当前k-CT子图不存在任何非空(k+1)-CT子图;(4)提出了自顶向下、自底向上和二分法三种不同策略的MCT子图发现算法.大量基于真实和合成双网络数据的实验结果证明了本文提出算法的高效性和有效性.

Truss Spar平台涡激运动拖曳模型试验方法研究

采用拖曳水池模型试验对设计中的Truss Spar平台进行了模型试验,详细对试验内容、试验方法和布置进行了介绍,对试验数据进行了初步处理,得到了研究涡激运动的关键参数,并判断了试验数据的合理性。

Meso-scale modeling of chloride diffusion in concrete with consideration of effects of time and temperature

A meso-scale truss network model was developed to predict chloride diffusion in concrete. The model regards concrete as a three-phase composite of mortar matrix, coarse aggregates, and the interfacial transition zone （ITZ） between the mortar matrix and the aggregates. The diffusion coefficient of chloride in the mortar and the ITZ can be analytically determined with only the water-to-cement ratio and volume fraction of fine aggregates. Fick＇s second law of diffusion was used as the governing equation for chloride diffusion in a homogenous medium （e.g., mortar）; it was discretized and applied to the truss network model. The solution procedure of the truss network model based on the diffusion law and the meso-scale composite structure of concrete is outlined. Additionally, the dependence of the diffusion coefficient of chloride in the mortar and the ITZ on exposure duration and temperature is taken into account to illustrate their effect on chloride diffusion coefficient. The numerical results show that the exposure duration and environmental temperature play important roles in the diffusion rate of chloride ions in concrete. It is also concluded that the meso-scale truss network model can be applied to chloride transport analysis of damaged （or cracked） concrete.

Composite active control system of roof and side truss cable for large section coal roadway in fold coal pillar area

In order to solve the surrounding rock control problem of large section gangue replacement roadway under complicated conditions, this paper analyzed the impact to the roadway controlling produced by the geological conditions such as high ground stress, folded structure tilted roof asymmetry and soft wall rock, and built the tilt layered roof structural mechanics model to clarify the increase span mechanism of the weak coal instability. Then, we proposed the combined control system including roof inclined truss cable, coal-side cable-channel steel and intensive bolt support. And then by building the structural mechanics model of roof inclined truss cable system, the support principle was described. Besides, according to this model, we deduced the calculation formula of cable anchoring force and its tensile stress. Finally surrounding rock control technology of large section roadway in fold coal pillar area was formed. Field practice shows that the greatest roof convergence of gangue replacement roadway is 158 mm and coal-side deformation is 243 mm. Roadway deformation is controlled effectively and technical support is provided for replacement mining.

Dynamics and control of variable geometry truss manipulator

Variable geometry truss manipulator （VGTM） has potential to work in the future space applications, of which a dynamic model is important to dynamic analysis and control of the system. In this paper, an approach is presented to model the dynamic equations of a VGTM by independent variables, which consists of two double-octahedral truss units and a 3-revolute-prismatic-spherical （3-RPS） parallel manipulator. In this ap- proach, the kinematic recursive relations of two adjacent bodies and geometric constrains are used to deduce the kinematic equations of the VGTM, and Jourdain＇s velocity varia- tion principle is adopted to establish the dynamic equations of the system. The validity of the proposed dynamic model is verified by comparison of numerical simulations with the software ADAMS. Besides, an active controller for trajectory tracking of the system is designed by the computed torque method. The effectiveness of the controller is numer- ically proved.

Mechanical Behavior of Light Trusses Made of Poplar Laminated Veneer Lumber and Connected with Bolts and Tooth Plates

Poplar Laminated Veneer Lumber(Poplar LVL)is a new type of engineering materials with high strength,good reliability and small variability.Poplar LVL is manufactured from the fast-growing poplar,which is widely used in packaging,furniture and others,however,is rarely adopted in construction.In order to explore the feasibility of poplar LVL trusses in construction of roof,four 4.5-m-span Fink-and-Howe trusses were designed and assembled,which were made of poplar LVL with bolted-and tooth-plated connections.Vertical static loading on the upper chord joints of a truss was imposed by self-balancing test device.The mechanical properties of trusses were examined.The ultimate load,deformation character and failure mode of each truss were measured,observed and analyzed.Furthermore,four types of analytical models with different joint connection assumptions were used to estimate the ultimate load and deflection.The results showed that the poplar LVL trusses were basically in elastic stage before the design load was reached,showing good working performance under the action of design load.The bearing capacity of the trusses of bolted connections was greater than that of the tooth-plated connections.As for the same joint connection type,the bearing capacity of Fink trusses exceeded that of Howe trusses.The poplar LVL light trusses of both types of connections showed good structural performance,which could be reasonably used for building roof systems.

Structural behaviors of steel roof truss exposed to pool fire

Experimental research was conducted to study the structural behaviors of a steel roof truss model without fire-proof coating under pool fire conditions. The data of temperature distribution and displacements of typical members were obtained. It is found that the temperature distribution of environment inside the structure, which is found to be in accordance with the multi-zone model with height, has a decisive effect on the tempera^tre evolution of steel members. Besides, it can also be observed that due to the restriction and coordination among the truss members in the localized fire, the maximum relative deflection, which occurs at the mid-span of the top chord, is relatively slight and has not exceeded 1 mm under experimental conditions. On the other hand, the column experiences a notable thermal expansion during the test. Then, a finite element model is presented and validated by the test results.

Truss Spar平台在波流联合作用下运动响应预报方法比较

基于细长体水动力模型比较了TrussSpar平台在波流联合作用下运动响应预报的三种方法。分别采用波流耦合、速度叠加及力叠加计算TrussSpar平台在波流联合作用下的水动力载荷,根据流场水质点运动规律和TrussSpar外部形状特点,分段高效计算水动力载荷。利用Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg方法求解刚体非线性运动方程得TrussSpar在波流场中的运动响应。研究结果表明力叠加法所预报的TrussSpar纵荡和纵摇运动明显大于其他两种方法的相应运动响应预报结果,而波流耦合法与速度叠加法所预报的纵荡与纵摇运动响应幅值相当,三种方法所预报的垂荡运动响应的大小取决于具体波流参数。

Numerical and Experimental Research on the Global Performances of Cell-Truss Spar Platform

Spar technology has been applied to the deep-sea oil and gas exploitation for several years. From the first generation of classic spar, the spar platform has developed into the second generation of truss spar and the latest cell spar. Owing to its favorable adaptability to wide range of water depth and benign motion performances, spar has aroused quite a lot of interests from oil companies, universities and research institutes. In the present paper, a new cell-truss spar concept, put forward by the State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering （SKLOE） at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, is studied both numerically and experimentally. The numerical simulation was conducted by means of nonlinear time-domain fully coupled analysis, and its results were compared to the experimental data. Whereafter, detailed analysis was carried out to obtain the global performances of＇ the new spar concept. Proposals for the improvement of numerical calculation and experimental technique were tabled meanwhile.

A NEW METHOD FOR STRUCTURAL TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF INDEPENDENT CONTINUOUS VARIABLES AND SMOOTH MODEL

A concept of the independent-continuous topological variable is proposed to establish its corresponding smooth model of structural topological optimization. The method can overcome difficulties that are encountered in conventional models and algorithms for the optimization of the structural topology. Its application to truss topological optimization with stress and displacement constraints is satisfactory, with convergence faster than that of sectional optimizations.

基于GAS模型的k-truss分解算法

在大规模网络中发现稠密子图具有极其广泛的应用,如社区发现、垃圾邮件检测等。针对大规模网络数据中快速、有效地发现稠密子图,提出了一种基于GAS(gather-apply-scatter)编程模型的分布式k-truss算法——GASTruss。算法采用GAS的模式完成数据同步和算法迭代,有效地克服了传统并行算法重复性计算及不能有效处理依赖关系大的数据等问题。实验选择在Graph Lab平台上进行,结果表明:与串行k-truss算法以及基于MapReduce的GPTruss算法性能相比,GASTruss算法对数据规模具有良好的拓展性,在保持算法效果的同时能有效降低时间复杂度。

影响最大化问题中基于K-truss的投票改进算法

在社交网络的影响最大化(IM)问题中,近似算法通过大量的Monte-Carlo模拟计算节点集的影响范围,导致时间复杂度提高,而多数启发式算法在具有不同拓扑结构的图上存在稳定性较差的问题。提出基于K-truss的改进投票算法TrussVote。在投票阶段,通过引入K-truss的相关理论及算法定义节点的有效投票能力,用于表示节点对其不同邻居的投票倾向,同时在计算得票分数时考虑边的传播概率,提高解决IM问题的效率。在每轮投票结束后,将得票分数最高的节点选为种子节点。在更新阶段,结合节点间的相似性指标定义衰减因子,以有效区分邻居节点投票能力的弱化程度。此外,基于IC模型下的原始传播结果,提出传播差异作为传播范围的等价分析指标。在不同规模真实网络数据集上的实验结果表明,相比RNR、VoteRank++等算法,该算法不仅能有效降低时间复杂度,而且可在最短的时间内感染更多的节点,具有广泛的影响范围。

Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of Tall Building with Steel Transfer Trusses Located at a Higher Level

Based on a shaking table experiment of 1 :25 scale frame-shearwall structure model with steel transfer trusses,the dynamic characteristics,seismic responses in elastic and elastic-plastic phases with de- structive forms of the structure were studied.It was observed that cracks were developed with earthquake wave acceleration increasing,but no severe crack was developed in the structure during the experiment.In the seismic responses caused by artificial wave,site wave and E1 Centro wave,that caused by the artificial wave is the most intense one.Displacement angle between steel transfer trusses is large,which means the transfer stories might be weak.However,the seismic performance of the steel transfer trusses is good and the overall structure can satisfy seismic fortification requirements in the region of intensity 6.