A Novel and Fast Model of Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers

A novel and fast model of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) is presented. By calculating a typical EDFA, numerical results are compared with the results obtained by spectral-solved method. The results of comparison show that such a model can improve the computational speed and preserve the precision. Some characteristics of the EDFA are then analyzed using this model. The results are consistent with those of the experiments.

Analytical Studies on 980 nm Pumped Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers

Modeled with a three-level-atom appropriate to 980 nm pumped amplifiers,analytical solutions have been deduced for the rate equations of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers.Various key parameters of the amplifiers have been specified.

Modeling of cascaded high isolation bidirectional amplification in long-distance fiber-optic time and frequency synchronization system

We propose a physical model of estimating noise and asymmetry brought by high isolation Bi-directional erbiumdoped fiber amplifiers(Bi-EDFAs),no spontaneous lasing even with high gain,in longdistance fiber-optic time and frequency(T/F)synchronization system.It is found that the Rayleigh scattering noise can be suppressed due to the high isolation design,but the amplified spontaneous emission(ASE)noise generated by the high isolation Bi-EDFA and the bidirectional asymmetry of the transmission link caused by the high isolation Bi-EDFA will deteriorate the stability of the system.The calculated results show that under the influence of ASE noise,the frequency instability of a 1200 km system composed of 15 high isolation Bi-EDFAs is 1.773×10^(-13)/1 s.And the instability caused by asymmetry is 2.6064×10^(-16)/30000–35000 s if the total asymmetric length of the bidirectional link length is 30 m.The intensity noises originating from the laser and detector,the transfer delay fluctuations caused by the variation in ambient temperature and the jitter in laser output wavelength are also studied.The experiment composed of three high isolation Bi-EDFAs is done to confirm the theoretical analysis.In summary,the paper shows that the short-term instability of the T/F synchronization system composed of high isolation Bi-EDFAs is limited by the accumulation of ASE noise of amplifiers and the laser frequency drift,while the long-term instability is limited by the periodic variation in ambient temperature and the asymmetry of the amplifiers.The research results are useful for pointing out the direction to improve the stability of the fiber-optic T/F synchronization system.

Channel Pre-emphasis Equalization for a 270km 40×40 Gbit/s WDM System with Cascaded EDFAs/Raman Amplifiers

Optical channel pre-emphasis equalization is experimentally researched for a 270 km 40 × 40 Gbit/s wavelength division multiplexing （WDM） transmission system with three Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers （ED- FAs） and Raman amplifiers concatenated as booster amplifier. The channel imbalance of the overall system changes with different sets of power launched into EDFAs. By appropriately choosing the power input to concatenated EDFAs, the output spectrum of 40 channel signal can be equalized to the most extent. The merit of benefit can be around 5.5 dB by this pre-emphasis equalization. The requirement for the gain equalizer is therefore greatly released. Then the gain imbalance of the overall system and the power imbalance of 40 channels are compared and the two almost matches, but the significant difference lies on some channels. Finally, the pump power into Raman amplifier is also optimized, and another 1.3 dB improvement of channel equaliza- tion can be further achieved.

All-fiber linear polarization and orbital angular momentum modes amplifier based on few-mode erbium-doped fiber and long period fiber grating

A few-mode erbium-doped fiber（FM-EDF） is fabricated using modified chemical vapor deposition in combination with liquid solution. The core and cladding diameters of the fiber are approximately 19.44 and 124.12 μm,respectively. The refractive index difference is 0.98%, numerical aperture（NA） is 0.17, and normalized cut-off frequency at 1550 nm is 6.81. Therefore, it is a five-mode fiber, and can be used as a higher-order mode gain medium. Furthermore, a long period fiber grating（LPFG） is fabricated, which can convert LP〈01 mode to LP11 mode, and its conversion efficiency is up to 99%. The first-order orbital angular momentum（OAM） is also generated by combining the LPFG and polarization controller（PC）. Then, an all-fiber amplification system based on the FM-EDF and LPFG, for LP11 mode and first-order OAM beams, is built up. Its on-off gain of the LP11 mode beam is 37.2 d B at 1521.2 nm. The variation, whose transverse mode field intensity of first-order OAM is increased with the increase of pumping power, is obvious. These show that both the LP11 mode and first-order OAM beams are amplified in the all-fiber amplification system. This is a novel all-fiber amplification scheme,which can be used in the optical communication fields.

Gain performances of 980 nm-pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers

Through the introduction of the overlapping factors between the light (pump and signal) intensities and the erbium doping distributions inside the fiber core, analytical solutions of homogeneously broadened two-level systems for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers pumped in the 980 nm absorption band have been derived from EDFA rate equations and light propagation equations in steady-state case. By using these deduced expressions and numerical simulated methods, important features characterizing the amplifiers such as gain, pump threshold power, optimum fiber length have been analyzed and discussed.

Doping radius effects on an erbium-doped fiber amplifier

In an erbium-doped fiber amplifier(EDFA), erbium ions act as a three-level system. Therefore, much higher pump energy is required to achieve the population inversion in an erbium-doped fiber(EDF). This higher pump energy requirement complicates the efficient design of an EDFA. However, efficient use of the pump power can improve the EDFA performance. The improved performance of an EDFA can be obtained by reducing the doping radius of the EDF. A smaller doping radius increases pump–dopant interactions and subsequently increases the pump–photon conversion efficiency. Decreasing the doping radius allows a larger proportion of dopant ions,which are concentrated near the core, to interact with the highest pump intensity. However, decreasing the doping radius beyond a certain limit will bring the dopant ions much closer and introduce detrimental ion–ion interaction effects. In this Letter, we show that an optimal doping radius in an EDF can provide the best gain performance. Moreover, we have simulated the well-known numerical aperture effects on EDFA gain performance to support our claim.

In-band intermodulation induced by transient response of erbium-doped fiber amplifier

Transient response of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier(EDFA) is studied in an externally-modulated analog link.Double tones represented as transmitted radio frequency and dither signals are introduced.Extra modulation is generated owing to the EDFA’s transient response caused by a low-frequency dither signal.Therefore,the parasitic modulation is superposed to the output signals and may significantly affect in-band electrical spectra.Analytical and numerical solutions are both given,which agree well with experimental results.This work indicates that a suitable dither signal should be selected to maximize the carrier to intermodulation ratio.In-band spurious free dynamic range is optimized in the meantime.

Amplification and Compression of Ultrashort Fundamental Solitons in An Erbium-Doped Nonlinear Amplifying Fiber Loop Mirror

A nonlinear amplifying loop mirror constructed from erbium-doped fiber is proposed for simultaneous amplification and compression of ultrashort fundamental solitons. Numerical simulations show that, the proposed device performs efficient high-quality amplification and compression of solitons.

Mode-dependent dynamic gain of all-fiber FM-EDFA under various pump manipulation

The dynamic gain of a few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier(FM-EDFA)is vital for the long-haul mode division multiplexing(MDM)transmission.Here,we investigate the mode-dependent dynamic gain of an FM-EDFA under various manipulations of the pump mode.First,we numerically calculate the gain variation with respect to the input signal power,where a modedependent saturation input power occurs under different pump modes.Even under the fixed intensity profile of the pump laser,the saturation input power of each spatial mode is different.Moreover,high-order mode pumping leads to a compression of the linear amplification region,even though it is beneficial for the mitigation of the differential modal gain(DMG)arising in all guided modes.Then,we develop an all-fiber 3-mode EDFA,where the fundamental mode of the pump laser can be efficiently converted to the LP_(11)mode using the all-fiber mode-selective coupler(MSC).In comparison with the traditional LP_(01)pumping scheme,the DMG at 1550 nm can be mitigated from 1.61 dB to 0.97 dB under the LP_(11)mode pumping,while both an average gain of 19.93 dB and a DMG of less than 1 dB can be achieved from 1530 nm to 1560 nm.However,the corresponding signal input saturation powers are reduced by 0.3 dB for the LP_(01)mode and 1.6 dB for the LP_(11)mode,respectively.Both theoretical and experimental results indicate that a trade-off occurs between the DMG mitigation and the extension of the linear amplification range when the intensity profile of pump laser is manipulated.

FRA/EDFA组合放大+DCF补偿的超长距离1550nm SCM光纤传输系统(上)

随着中国广电网络规模的扩大及向运营级网络的发展,出现了有线电视大范围(地市级)联网的需求。这种需求对副载波复用电视光纤传输系统提出了新的挑战和要求。本文对1550nm超干线进行了理论、仿真和实验研究,重点研究了长达570km的数字电视射频光纤传输所面对的调制误差比(MER)及组合二阶互调(CSO)劣化补偿技术。在跨距长达100～130km的情况下,探讨了采用组合受激喇曼/掺铒光纤放大器+色散补偿光纤(DCF)改善MER与CSO指标的技术原理和可行性,推导了DCF最佳色散量的计算公式。实验测试映证了理论结果的正确性。。

Recent Advances in Long-distance FBG Sensor Systems at UESTC

Recent progress in long-distance in-Fiber Bragg Grating （FBG） sensor systems at University of Electronic Science ＆ Technology of China （UESTC） is reviewed in this paper. Two novel approaches with a 50km transmission distance are proposed and demonstrated. The first one is based on the combination of bidirectional Raman amplification and a dual Erbium-Doped Fiber （EDF） configuration. A good Signal-to-Noise Ratio （SNR） of ～16dB is achieved with only a pump power of ～280 mW, which is ～10 dB higher than that without amplification. The second is based on a novel tunable fiber ring laser configuration with hybrid Raman/EDFA configuration. Experimental results show that an excellent optical SNR of-～60 dB has been achieved for a 50 km transmission distance with a low Raman pump power of ～170 mW and a low EDFA pump power of～40 mW at wavelength of 980 nm. It is anticipated that these long-distance FBG sensing systems could find important applications in health monitoring of large infra-structures, such as oil or gas pipelines, ultra-long bridges and tunnels, river banks, and so on.

Comparative Assessment on the Performance of Open-Loop and Closed-Loop IFOGs

In this paper, we evaluated comprehensively the structure and operation of open-loop interferometric optical fiber gyroscopes (IFOG). To complete the previous works, a digital approach to derive the rotation angle in optical fiber gyroscopes is investigated theoretically. Results are simulated by the MATLAB software;therefore we could compare the results in simulated area with the values derived from theory. Also, feedback Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EFDA) FOGs, called FE-FOG, is categorized in closed-loop IFOGs. The procedure of finding the Sagnac shift for open-loop and closed-loop IFOG have been studied and compared to one another. The signal processing in the open-loop IFOG was simulated using Matlab software and for the closed-loop IFOG by PSCAD. In the open-loop IFOG the analogue formulation of the IFOG in order to extract the phase shift is analyzed. A novel and promising method for derivation of Sagnac phase shift based on digital finite impulse response filtering is proposed. Based on our simulation results, the reliability and accuracy of the method is determined. In the closed-loop IFOG, the shift was derived through frequent use of Sagnac loop. The output signal is injected in the input again as feedback. The shift phase between clockwise and counterclockwise waves in each complete route, including primary and feedback route, is identified as Sagnac shift phase.

Tunable Multi Wavelength by Pulse Signal Modulation in Laser Pumping of EDFA

This report is aimed to present the result of experimental setup of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with modulated pulse signal by laser pumping at wavelength 980 nm. The amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from EDFA has multi wavelength and the spacing of wavelength can be controlled by controlling the pulse width of laser pumping. The result in this experiment shows that the feasibility of using EDFA system can generate the multi wavelength of all of C-Band spectrum. The pulse signal, for modulated laser pumping, is observed ranging from 10 to 100 Hz and the wavelength spacing can be tuned from 14.7 nm to 14.9 nm.

Experiments and simulation on the overall DMG of long-haul cascade FM-EDFA systems

All-fiber few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifiers(FM-EDFAs) with isolation and wavelength division multiplexers(IWDMs)have been developed to enable flexible pumping in different directions. The FM-EDFA can achieve >30 d B modal gain with<0.3 d B differential modal gain(DMG). We experimentally simulate the DMG performance of a cascade FM-EDFA system using the equivalent spectrum method. The overall DMG reaches 1.84 d B after 10-stage amplification. We also build a recirculating loop to simulate the system, and the developed FM-EDFA can support transmission up to 3270 km within a 2 d B overall DMG by optimizing the few-mode fiber length in the loop.

Differential mode-gain equalization via femtosecond laser micromachining-induced refractive index tailoring

The mode-division multiplexing technique combined with a few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier(FM-EDFA)demonstrates significant potential for solving the capacity limitation of standard single-mode fiber(SSMF)transmission systems.However,the differential mode gain(DMG)arising in the FM-EDFA fundamentally limits its transmission capacity and length.Herein,an innovative DMG equalization strategy using femtosecond laser micromachining to adjust the refractive index(RI)is presented.Variable mode-dependent attenuations can be achieved according to the DMG profile of the FM-EDFA,enabling DMG equalization.To validate the proposed strategy,DMG equalization of the commonly used FM-EDFA configuration was investigated.Simulation results revealed that by optimizing both the length and RI modulation depth of the femtosecond laser-tailoring area,the maximum DMG(DMGmax)among the 3 linear-polarized(LP)mode-group was mitigated from 10 dB to 1.52 dB,whereas the average DMG(DMGave)over the C-band was reduced from 8.95 dB to 0.78 dB.Finally,a 2-LP mode-group DMG equalizer was experimentally demonstrated,resulting in a reduction of the DMGmax from 2.09 dB to 0.46 dB,and a reduction of DMGave over the C band from 1.64 dB to 0.26 dB,with only a 1.8 dB insertion loss.Moreover,a maximum range of variable DMG equalization was achieved with 5.4 dB,satisfying the requirements of the most commonly used 2-LP mode-group amplification scenarios.

Novelty Design in Gain Flattening Filter of ASE Source Based on Fat Ultra-Long Period Fiber Grating

A new type of gain flattening filter for amplified spontaneous emission （ASE） source based on erbium doped fiber （EDF） is proposed and demonstrated by fabricating and writing two series ultra-long period fiber grating （ULPFG） on single mode fiber （SMF-28）. The novelty method in this research is based on writing the two ULPFGs as fat gratings. The LPG is written by a simple and available arc-discharge method. The pump power based on single-pass backward pump configuration is around 100mW, and the average wavelength is near to 974nm. The gain flattening profile is obtained by 3.4 （±1.7）dB ripple in the wavelength range between 1524nm and 1565nm with 41-nm band width.

多芯光纤放大器研究现状及发展分析

空分复用、高阶调制、数字相干接收和数字信号处理等关键技术研究是确保光纤传输系统实现超大容量、超高速率、超长距离传输的必要条件。其中,空分复用技术是实现拍比特传输的关键技术,是近年来的研究热点。系统综述了空分复用多芯放大器,包括多芯掺铒光纤放大器、多芯少模掺铒光纤放大器、多芯铒镱共掺光纤放大器、多芯拉曼放大器、多芯遥泵放大器及多芯混合放大器的研究进展,并对未来多芯放大器的技术发展进行展望。

VCSEL wavelength reuse for intrinsically bidirectional data traffics in next generation GPONs

An all-optical wavelength reuse technique employing cost effective power efficient vertical surface emitting laser(VCSEL) is proposed to address uplink data streaming from end-users by exploiting the same wavelength assigned to them. A saturated optical erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier(EDFA) is adopted to erase a directly modulated 10 Gbit/s data from an incoming downstream wavelength. We show that with EDFA saturation, the extinction ration of the incoming wavelength is reduced to less than 1 d Bm, therefore allowing for wavelength re-modulation. A receiver sensitivity of -19.65 d Bm and -17.86 d Bm is attained for downstream and upstream data signals respectively. A total of 24.7 km single mode fibre transmission is attained experimentally. This technique opens new perspectives towards development of efficient spectrum utilization for application in wavelength flexible optical networks with non-static flex-spectrum grids.