Impact of climate-smart agricultural technology on multidimensional poverty in rural Ethiopia

A large body of empirical literature showed that the adoption of agricultural technologies reduces poverty. However, dominants of those studies so far used one-dimensional income or expenditure-based measures of poverty which may not reflect other types of deprivations. Therefore, the major objective of this study is to examine the impact of adopting climate-smart agricultural technology, which refers to a joint application of row planting methods and the use of chemical fertilizers, on the multidimensional poverty status of rural households in Ethiopia. To estimate the impact of the stated technologies, this study employs propensity score matching and endogenous switching regression methods. To measure the multidimensional poverty index, the study also uses the Alkire and Foster counting approach. Using the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey(ESS), collected in 2015-Wave 3, the results of the study show that the adoption of these technologies reduces deprivation score and one of its component, the standard of living part. Regionally, a high reduction in deprivation is observed in Amhara and Oromiya regions. The results also show that the impact is significantly higher in severely deprived households. It is also observed that the reduction in multidimensional poverty due to the technology is through an increase in income/consumption via improvement in production gain. The impact channels more through the non-food expenditure pathway. Finally, this study also sheds light on the effects that technology adoption has on multidimensional poverty reduction.

Investigating poverty in rural Iran: The multidimensional poverty approach

In this study, rural poverty in Iran is investigated applying a multidimensional approach, association rules mining technique, and Levine, F and Tukey tests to household data of 2008. The results indicate that poverty in its multi-dimensions is an epidemic problem in rural Iran. The results also exhibit that there are 11 patterns of poverty in the rural areas including four main patterns with 99.62% coverage and seven sub-patterns with nearly 0.38% coverage. In these patterns, housing and household education are the most important dimensions of poverty and income poverty is the least important dimension. Government income support policy to households, in enforcement the law of targeting subsidies, cannot be regarded as pro poor policy but it follows other political aspects.

Targeted Poverty Alleviation Lies in Precisely Identifying the Poverty–Stricken Population: An Analysis of the Targeting Effect of the Rural Subsistence Allowance Policy

Poverty–stricken populations must be identified precisely in the fight against poverty to implement the strategy of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020. The analysis based on the household survey in 2013 shows that the targeting accuracy is not high based on the standard of income and the accuracy is higher based on the standard of multidimensional poverty index. But the latter still has a low coverage rate. To gradually achieve integration of the rural poverty line and the rural subsistence allowance line, standards applied to identifying households entitled to subsistence allowances should be changed from the standard of income to multidimensional poverty indexes. A unified standard of subsistence allowances and a unified method for identifying related households should be developed. At the same time, coverage and funding of subsistence allowances should be extended and increased to better meet people's basic needs.

Measuring Multidimensional Poverty Reduction for the Chinese Elderly——Based on 2010 and 2016 Data from the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)

Based on data gathered from the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2010 and 2016,this paper examines income poverty and multidimensional poverty among the Chinese elderly.Compared with the non-elderly population,poverty incidence was relatively lower among China’s elderly population in 2010,but the elderly poor were significantly more poor.By 2016,the level of poverty became more or less the same between elderly and non-elderly people.Compared with 2010,the poverty incidence on various deprived dimensions and the average share of deprivation for the elderly fell sharply in 2016 by an average of 30 and 10 percentage points,respectively.Reduction in poverty incidence was 10 percentage points higher for the rural elderly than for the urban elderly.After estimating the multidimensional poverty index for the elderly by the“two no worries and three guarantees”criteria,we found that the intensity of multidimensional poverty was only about half that of the income poverty.The“two worries,”i.e.the lack of food and clothing,contributed more to multidimensional poverty than did what the“three guarantees”target i.e.education,healthcare and housing,especially on income and residential energy dimensions.Elderly healthcare contributed more than 20%to the“three guarantees.”

Eliminating poverty through development:The dynamic evolution of multidimensional poverty in rural China

This paper measures intertemporal multidimensional poverty in rural China from 1988 to 2018 based on the China Household Income Project(CHIP)data and for that time period has the following findings.First,multidimensional poverty in rural China declines steadily when measured through the income poverty approach.Second,multidimensional poverty in rural areas presents demographic and regional heterogeneity,among which elderly poverty,child poverty,and poverty in the western Chinese region are the most prominent ones.Third,income poverty and multidimensional poverty have a low overlap ratio and show intertemporal synchronisation over time.Although increases in income can alleviate multidimensional poverty,this effect is very limited.This paper suggests that a suitable multidimensional poverty identification framework should be developed in the era of poverty alleviation after 2020 and that in the new poverty alleviation governance system of China,targeted development strategies should be formulated with an increased focus on the poverty of special groups such as children and the elderly.

河池市农村基本公共服务与多维贫困的耦合关系探析

农村基本公共服务是乡村综合发展状况的重要表征,研究其与多维贫困的关系对指导稳定脱贫和缓解相对贫困具有重要参考意义。本文以河池市652个重点帮扶村为研究对象,分析其基本公共服务综合水平,构建了村域尺度上基本公共服务和多维贫困测度模型,并基于耦合模型结果深入探索二者之间的耦合协调关系及影响机制,为进一步推动乡村振兴和可持续发展提供参考依据。结果表明:研究区内基本公共服务水平呈现由中心向四周递减,而多维贫困水平由西北向东南递增,呈现出分散与集中并存的特点。空间上,基本公共服务和多维贫困的耦合态势并不均衡,虽整体分布均匀,但在特定区域存在规律性集中。在耦合协调发展地区,二者负相关明显,提升基本公共服务水平能够有效缓解多维贫困,促进服务集中和经济迅速发展,从而减轻贫困状况,为公共服务提供更好的发展条件;而在非协调区域,二者呈正相关,基本公共服务水平的提升并不能有效解决贫困问题,甚至加剧经济下滑和失衡。当地政府在实施乡村振兴战略时,应建立科学系统的基本公共服务和脱贫帮扶机制,改善农户的生存环境,提高生活质量,确保稳定脱贫和可持续发展。

共同富裕目标下农民政策信息贫困测量、分解及影响因素——基于多维相对贫困视角

相对贫困治理是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,实现共同富裕的重要任务,步入信息化时代,信息贫困已成为一种突出的相对贫困类型。从多维相对贫困的视角出发,以政策信息为切口,设计包含认知、能力、服务、硬件4个维度、12个指标的政策信息多维贫困指标体系,基于中西部地区1047位农村居民的问卷调查,采用A-F法完成测量并探索影响因素。研究发现,政策信息多维贫困现象在农村普遍存在;信息通信设备接入层面的数字鸿沟不再是掣肘信息脱贫的主要因素,提升基层信息服务水平是下阶段工作的重点;政策信息多维贫困的群体和地区差异突出,人群识别和指标突破要精准。鉴于不同因素的差异化作用机制,为打通政策下乡的“最后一公里”提供了若干建议。

从农村贫困监测到低收入人口动态监测预警——理论和技术视角的阐释

贫困监测的目标是识别和统计贫困,为减贫政策的制定提供依据。贫困预警则是通过对低收入人口的动态跟踪并发出预警,实现对贫困风险的提前干预。中国农村扶贫开发既采用扶贫线跟踪贫困人口数量和评估扶贫工作成就,也采用多维贫困指标来监测分析农村贫困状况。从方法来看,农村贫困监测主要采用实地调查方法收集数据并进行统计分析。2020年以后,为了巩固脱贫攻坚成果和防止返贫,民政部门通过归集政府相关部门的数据建立了低收入人口动态监测预警机制。监测机制采用多维致贫指标体系,但贫困风险预警目前主要使用单维“触发式”指标。除了要发挥大数据平台的线上功能之外,低收入人口动态监测预警在主动发现、预警排查和分类处置等环节仍然需要大量的线下工作。总体来看,从农村贫困监测转向低收入人口监测预警是中国反贫困战略调整的必然结果,也是贫困治理理论和方法的创新。

健康中国视域下我国农村儿童多维健康贫困测度研究

[目的]了解儿童多维健康贫困的现状、特征,为治理农村儿童健康贫困提供参考。[方法]采取A-F法,基于CFPS 2020年数据,从收入、健康禀赋、健康环境、健康保障4个维度构建指标体系,对健康贫困进行测度及分解。[结果]当K=0.3时,全国多维健康贫困发生率(H)为18.77%;收入维度对健康贫困的贡献率为32.37%;西部地区的多维健康贫困指数(M)、健康贫困发生率(H)、多维健康贫困剥夺强度(A)分别为0.122、23.31%、52.32%;与女童相比,男童M、H、A分别高出0.016、2.04%、2.95%;健康保障及疾病风险冲击对幼儿期儿童的健康贫困贡献率最大,分别为26.77%、3.43%。[结论]我国农村儿童健康贫困较为严峻,收入不足是主要原因;西部地区、男童更容易陷入健康贫困;与其他年龄段相比,低龄儿童更可能因为缺乏医疗保险而发生健康贫困。

大病保险对克服农村中老年群体多维贫困的影响——基于CFPS数据的实证分析

目的:从多维贫困角度考察大病保险对农村中老年群体的减贫效果。方法:基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)三期面板数据,采用渐进双重差分法实证分析大病保险对农村中老年居民多维贫困的影响及其作用机制。结果:第一,大病保险使农村中老年群体的多维贫困指数显著降低了0.022,对样本多维贫困有明显抑制作用。第二,在中年、低收入群体和东部地区,大病保险产生的减贫效应更强。第三,削弱灾难性医疗支出的发生强度是大病保险减轻农村中老年人群多维贫困的主要路径。结论:大病保险有效减轻了农村中老年人群的多维贫困,但要进一步增强减贫效应,还需要从健全筹资机制、优化制度设计、加强政企合作、做好制度衔接等方面进行改进。

农村电商对多维相对贫困减贫效应研究

该文用中介变量法探求发展农村电商对缓解农村多维相对贫困的作用机制。研究表明,农村电商对农村多为贫困人员的减贫效应,由我国东部地区向西部地区逐步增强,从事农业生产的效应强于非农业生产,受教育背景更高的多为贫困人口脱贫效应更加明显。农村电商可以通过促进贫困人口进行创业,缓解贫困状况。

Differences and dynamics of multidimensional poverty in rural China from multiple perspectives analysis

Absolute poverty was completely eliminated in China in 2020.However,poverty measured by income does not fully reflect the actual situation.This paper analyses multidimensional poverty and its dynamics in rural China from perspectives of region,terrain,and geographical location during 2010–2018.We use the Chinese Family Panel Survey data,adopt the Alkire-Foster method and improve the multidimensional poverty index(MPI),calculating and comparing multidimensional poverty and its dynamics among 3009 rural households.In addition,the contribution of the indicator to multidimensional poverty is decomposed.The results indicate that multidimensional poverty has obvious regional differences,topographical differences,and geographical differences.Moreover,the targeted poverty alleviation policy has a significant impact on multidimensional poverty eradication,and the rate of decline of the MPI during 2016–2018 is significantly greater than that of 2010–2014.Education contributes more than 50%to the MPI.In general,the proportion of households with persistent multidimensional poverty is higher than temporary multidimensional poverty,and temporary multidimensional poverty is higher than no multidimensional poverty.These results obtained from a large scale,long time and multiple perspectives could offer new insights for the government to further consolidate the results of poverty alleviation while offering China’s experience to other developing countries.

农村低保制度能缓解老年人多维贫困吗——基于中国家庭追踪调查数据的实证分析

基于中国家庭追踪调查2012年至2018年的四次调查数据,考察我国农村老年多维贫困状况的变迁,并探究扮演兜底减贫角色的最低生活保障制度对农村老年多维贫困的影响,发现农村老年多维贫困发生率从2012年的34.1%下降到2018年21.3%,总体上有所改善。通过将微观数据与民政部公布的区县层面低保数据相匹配构造工具变量,发现低保救助并没有改善农村老年人的多维贫困状态,反而对健康状况和主观感受有负面影响。但是,低保与新农保形成的制度互补显著降低了老年多维贫困的发生率。机制分析表明,低保救助会减少老人的家人陪伴,进而降低老人的身心健康水平,增加了多维贫困发生率。基于此,建议进一步提高低保金水平,关注老年人的身心健康,以生命周期不同阶段的特殊需求为依据构建多维贫困减贫防贫机制。

共同富裕视角下农村数字化与农户多维相对贫困:影响分析与作用机制

基于2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据,构建Logistic回归模型和中介效应模型,实证分析共同富裕视角下农村数字化对农户多维相对贫困的影响。结果表明:农户多维相对贫困存在区域差异和维度差异;农村数字化能缓解多维相对贫困,减缓农户之间的收入不平等,且存在区域差异,通过更换检验方法、被解释变量后,结论依然稳健;机制检验发现,收入不平等在农村数字化缓解农户多维相对贫困中具有中介作用,农村数字化可通过影响收入不平等进而缓解农户多维相对贫困;住房市价、政府补助和集体土地种类等显著负向影响多维相对贫困,邮电通讯费、住房市价、现金及存款总额和家庭人口规模等均能有效减缓农户之间的收入不平等。基于此,建议完善农户多维相对贫困的评价体系,加快提升农村数字化水平,积极发挥农村数字化的减贫作用,并结合不同地区的现实情况对农村数字化制定差异性发展战略,完善农村数字化发展的监管机制,正确引导农村数字化的发展方向,推进数字乡村建设,助力共同富裕目标的实现。

乡村数字经济缓解多维相对贫困的理论分析与机制检验

文章选取2013—2020年我国30个省份的面板数据,分别构建多维相对贫困和乡村数字经济评价指标体系,分析乡村数字经济对多维相对贫困的直接和间接影响以及作用机制。研究发现:乡村数字经济的直接减贫作用显著,且乡村数字经济能够通过提升公平性、振兴乡村产业和优化资源配置三条路径发挥减贫作用,具有明显的间接效应。区域异质性检验结果显示,中西部地区乡村数字经济对多维相对贫困的直接减缓程度明显大于东部地区;资源配置在东部地区起到了完全中介效应,公平性和乡村产业振兴分别只在西部和中部地区发挥了部分中介效应。

乡村数字化何以缓解农村家庭多维相对贫困?

中国已基本消除绝对贫困,缓解相对贫困成为乡村振兴战略亟待解决的难题。文章以乡村数字化发展为嵌入点,分析对多维相对贫困治理的内在机理,结合实证方法剖析乡村数字化减贫的影响效果、作用机制、差异表征与空间效应。结果发现:(1)乡村数字化可显著缓解农村家庭多维相对贫困,影响效应为-0.13。(2)乡村数字化可通过提升家庭非农就业水平和社会融入度减轻自身贫困程度,两者的中介效应分别为16%和24%。(3)在未接受政府补助、贫困程度较高以及从事非林业生产的家庭中,数字减贫能发挥较大功效。(4)我国各地区农村贫困程度存在显著的省际空间自相关,乡村数字化发展会缓解本省份和临近省份的农村家庭多维相对贫困,具有空间溢出效应。基于可行能力理论,文章从促进就业和融入度两方面揭示数字减贫的内在机理,运用空间杜宾模型探讨乡村数字化减贫的地区空间溢出效应,并从家庭是否进行林业生产活动等角度分析数字减贫的差异表征,丰富现有减贫研究方法与视角,为巩固脱贫攻坚成果提供新思路。文章得出政策启示:培育农户新型职业,完善农村公共服务体系;广泛设立农村就业岗位,建设数字化社交平台,强调物质经济援助与激发自主能力并重;积极培育林区第三产业,加强林区设施建设与金融投入,促进贫困问题跨区域协作解决。

能力视角下我国城乡居民相对贫困比较研究

脱贫摘帽不是终点,而是新征程的起点,在实现共同富裕的进程中,相对贫困将成为我国贫困治理工作的重点。利用分组结构方程模型对我国居民的能力进行估计,使用AF方法从能力和功能两个层面对城乡居民相对贫困进行测度和比较。研究发现:(1)教育能力存在代际传递,父母的受教育水平是对个体教育能力产生最大正面影响的外生变量。城乡居民能力、功能的实现受到外生变量的不同影响。(2)城乡居民的能力估计结果显示,城市居民教育能力、生活水平能力高于农村居民,但是农村居民健康能力显著高于城市居民。(3)从能力层面进行多维相对贫困测度时,农村居民和城市居民的贫困发生率分别为15.5%和17.7%;从功能层面进行多维相对贫困测度时,农村居民和城市居民的贫困发生率分别为26.0%和11.1%。城乡居民多维相对贫困广度以及不同维度贡献率存在明显差异,差异产生的主要原因是农村居民难以将自身潜在能力转化为更高的功能成就。研究为利用能力方法对个体的可行能力进行测度或者从能力层面进行相对贫困识别提供了理论基础,为根据相对贫困个体的特征提出有针对性的反贫政策提供了依据。

乡村旅游多维益贫性的实现机理

旅游可以促进区域减贫已成为共识,在我国精准扶贫和乡村振兴战略的支持下,乡村旅游因其造血式扶贫而备受重视,乡村旅游产业乘势迅猛发展,其产业扶持效应日益凸显。通过对大别山片区三个依靠乡村旅游减贫的代表县进行深度访谈调研,提出了乡村旅游益贫性的四个维度:经济维度、教育维度、参与机会维度和生活环境维度,通过分析这四个维度之间的关系,构建了乡村旅游多维益贫性实现的理论模型,分别提出了不同参与主体在提升乡村旅游益贫性方面的路径:政府应当监督引导产业链发展,旅游企业应当吸纳边缘劳动力,社区居民应当主动参与,旅游者应当增加正向消费,社会组织应当加大组织协调力度。

数字金融双重属性与农民农村共同富裕:基于多维减贫视角

在乡村振兴和共同富裕双重背景下,充分发挥数字金融的减贫作用是实现农民农村共同富裕的工作重点。论文基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2014-2018年的面板数据,借鉴A-F方法构建多维贫困状态指标,分析了数字金融对农村家庭多维贫困的影响。结果显示,数字金融发展显著减少了农村家庭陷入多维贫困状态的概率,促进了农民农村共同富裕。机制分析发现,缓解信贷约束和信息约束是其重要渠道,数字金融兼具数字普惠和金融普惠的双重属性。进一步而言,从地区宏观禀赋看,数字金融在传统金融可及性较低和信息基础设施建设状况较好的地区多维减贫效应更明显;从家庭微观禀赋看,数字金融的多维减贫效应在户主较年轻和户主受教育程度较高的家庭中更明显。论文的政策启示是:在乡村振兴背景下应积极推进数字金融发展,更好发挥其对农村家庭的多维减贫效应,同时重点关注传统金融可及性和信息基础设施建设较薄弱地区,加强对农村地区的老年人和低学历群体的培训教育,增强数字金融普惠深度。

中国农村金融多维扶贫效率差异性及成效提升建议

2021年我国脱贫攻坚取得全面胜利,完成消除绝对贫困的艰巨任务,但各区域金融扶贫成效差异较大。因此,测度我国各区域农村金融多维扶贫效率,分析影响金融扶贫效率的因素,对巩固脱贫攻坚取得的成果具有重要意义。以中国29个省(区、市)农村地区金融扶贫为研究对象,构建中国农村金融多维扶贫指标体系,使用DEA-malqusit模型,对各区域农村金融扶贫的全要素生产率、技术进步、纯技术效率和规模效率进行测算与分析。结果表明:2016—2021年我国东北和东部地区农村金融扶贫平均全要素生产率呈上升趋势,西部和中部地区呈下降趋势,且东北、东部与西部、中部地区农村金融全要素生产率差异明显。从整体上看,我国各地区农村金融扶贫全要素生产率增长不明显,其主要原因是各区域农村金融扶贫规模效率较低。另外,有部分省(区、市)纯技术效率及技术进步呈下降趋势。应通过扩大金融扶贫资金投入规模及精准度,加强农村金融扶贫的科技支持,加大农村金融扶贫产品和服务的创新和构建农村金融扶贫风险防范机制等方面提高金融扶贫全要素生产率。