EXPRESSION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE GENE AND MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATEDPROTEIN GENE IN ACUTE LEUKEMIA

Objective: To evaluate the expression and clinical significance of multidrug resistance gene (mdr1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) gene in acute leukemia. Methods: The expression of mdr1 and MRP assay in 55 patients with acute leukemia (AL) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The mdr1 and MRP gene expression levels in the relapsed AL and the blastic plastic phases of CML were significantly higher than those in the newly diagnostic AL and controls. The mdr1 and MRP gene expression levels in the clinical drug-resistant group were significantly higher than those in the non-drug-resistant group. The complete remission (CR) rate in patients with high mdr1 expression (14.3%) was significantly lower than that with low mdr1 expression (57.5%); similarly the CR rate in patients with high MRP level was also lower than that with low MRP level. Using both high expression of mdr1 and MRP gene as the indicator for evaluating multidrug resistance (MDR), the positive predictive value and accuracy increased in comparison with single gene high expression. Conclusion: Elevated level of mdr1 or MRP gene expression might be unfavorable prognostic factors for AL patient and may be used as an important index for predicting drug-resistance and relapse in AL patient. Measuring both mdr1 and MRP gene expression would increase accuracy and sensibility of evaluating MDR in acute leukemia.

EXPRESSION OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN (MRP) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) and clinicopathological factors and prognosis. Methods: The expression of MRP in 62 cases with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was detected using immunohistochemistry method. The expression of MRP in 30 cases of NSCLC and corresponding normal lung tissues were detected using immunohistochemistry and Western Blot. Results: this study of tumor tissues confirmed the plasma membrane and/or cytoplasm locations of MRP. There was apparent difference between normal lung tissues and NSCLC in MRP. The survival analysis of 62 NSCLC showed that the mean survival time of the patients with negative MRP expression was 69.8117.41 months and that of patients with positive MRP expression, 25.384.46 months. Log-rank test suggested that the difference between them was significant (P=0.0156). It was also found that in squamous cell lung cancer the statistically significant difference between the mean survival time of patients with positive MRP expression and those with negative MRP expression (P=0.0153). Multivariate Cox model analysis suggested that the survival time was significantly related to expression of MRP (P=0.035) and lymphatic metastasis (P=0.038). Conclusion: MRP expression in NSCLC is significantly higher compared with normal lung tissues. The mean survival time of patients with negative MRP was relative longer and expression of MRP was an independent factor for prognosis.

Expression and significance of multi-drug resistance-associated protein 3 in different tumor cell lines

Objective To investigate the expression and meaning of MRP3 in different tumor cells. MethodsThe monoclonal antibody against MRP3 was used to identify the expression of MRP3 by flow cytometer in seven tumor cells and human embryo kidney cell lines 293T.And RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA of MRP3 in eight cell lines. ResultsThe mRNA of MRP3 was expressed in three pancreatic carcinoma cell lines.MRP3 protein was observed in BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 cells. ConclusionMRP3 may express in different tumor in tissue-specific manner.BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 may serve as cellular models for in vitro studies on multidrug resistance of pancreatic carcinoma.

Molecular Modelling of Human Multidrug Resistance Protein 5 (ABCC5)

Multidrug resistance protein 5 (MRP5/ABCC5) is a 161 kDa member of the super family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transmembrane transporters that is clinically relevant for its ability to confer multidrug resistance by actively e?uxing anticancer drugs. ABCC5 has also been identified as an efflux transporter of cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate). Elevated intracellular levels of cGMP in cancer cells have been implicated in several clinical studies, that may induce apoptosis, and as a result many different cancer cells seem to overcome this deleterious effect by increased efflux of cGMP through ABCC5. Thus inhibition of ABCC5 may have cytotoxic effects mediated through cGMP and it will also increase the intracellular concentration of other drugs that are aimed for the treatment of cancer which are otherwise exported out of the cells. Considering the functional importance and lack of X-ray crystal structure of ABCC5, present work was undertaken to construct 3D structure of protein using homology modeling protocol of YASARA structure (V. 16.3.28). In this study, five different ABC templates (PDB ID’s: 4F4C, 4Q9H, 4M1M, 4M2T and 4KSD) were used for homology modeling. Five models were constructed on each template and a hybrid model was built using all five templates. All models were refined and ranked as per their overall Z-score. The top ranked ABBC5 model was based on template 4Q9H that had 91.2% of residues in allowed regions as revealed by PROCHECK-NMR and the QMEAN score was 0.54 which indicated a reliable model. The results of the study and the proposed model can be further used for elucidating the structural and functional aspects of ABCC5 and to gain more insights to the molecular basis of ABCC5 inhibition through docking studies.

JNK1,JNK2,and JNK3 are involved in P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells

BACKGROUND:Multidrug resistance(MDR)is extremely common in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)and is a major problem in cancer eradication by limiting the efficacy of chemotherapy.Modulation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase(JNK)activation could be a new method to reverse MDR.However,the relationship between JNK activity and MDR in HCC cells is unknown.This study aimed to explore the relationship between MDR and JNK in HCC cell lines with different degrees of MDR.METHODS:A MDR human HCC cell line,SMMC-7721/ ADM,was developed by exposing parental cells to gradually increasing concentrations of adriamycin.The MTT assay was used to determine drug sensitivity.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle distribution and to measure the expression levels of P-glycoprotein(P-gp)and MDR-related protein(MRP)-1 in these cells.JNK1,JNK2 and JNK3 mRNA expression levels were quantified by real-time PCR.Expression and phosphorylation of JNK1,JNK2,and JNK3 were analyzed by Western blotting.RESULTS:The MDR of SMMC-7721/ADM cells resistant to 0.05 mg/L adriamycin was mainly attributed to the overexpression of P-gp but not MRP1.In addition,these cells had a significant increase in percentage in the S phase,accompanied by a decrease in percentage in the G0/G1 phase,which is likely associated with a reduced ability for cell proliferation and MDR generation.We found that JNK1,JNK2,and JNK3 activities were negatively correlated with the degree of MDR in HCC cells.CONCLUSION:This study suggests that JNK1,JNK2,and JNK3 activities are negatively correlated with the degree of MDR in HCC cells.

Down-regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activity in P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells

AIM： To study the expression and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK） i and ERK2 in multidrug resistant （MDR） hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） cells.METHODS： MDR HCC cell lines, HepG2/adriamycin （ADM） and SMMC7721/ADM, were developed by exposing parental cells to stepwise increasing concentrations of ADM. MTT assay was used to determine drug sensitivity. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze cell cycle distribution and measure cell P-glycoprotein （P-gp） and multidrug resistant protein 1 （MRP1） expression levels. ERK1 and ERK2 mRNA expression lev-ls were measured by quantitative real-time PCR （QRTPCR）. Expression and phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 were analyzed by Western blot.RESULTS： MTT assay showed that HepG2/ADM andSMMC7721/ADM were resistant not only to ADM, but also to multiple anticancer drugs. The P-gp expression was over 10-fold higher in HepG2/ADM cells than in HepG2 cells （8.92% ±0.22% vs 0.88% ± 0.05%, P 〈 0.001） and over 4-fold higher in SMMC7721/ADM cells than in SMMC7721 cells （7.37% ± 0.26% vs 1.74% ± 0.25%, P 〈 0.001）. However, the MRP1 expression was not significantly higher in HepG2/ADM and SMMC7721/ADM cells than in parental cells. In addition, the percentage of MDR HepG2/ADM and SMMC7721/ADM cells was significantly decreased in the G0/G1 phase and increased in the the S phase or G2/M phase. QRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the ERK1 and ERK2 mRNA expression increased apparently in HepG2/ADM cells and decreased significantly in SMMC7721/ADM cells. Compared with the expression of parental cells, ERK1 and ERK2 protein expressions were markedly decreased in SMMC7721/ADM cells. However, ERK2 protein expression was markedly increased while ERK1 protein expression had no significant change in HepG2/ADM cells. Phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 was markedly decreased in both HepG2/ADM and SMMC7721/ADM MDR cells.CONCLUSION： ERK1 and ERK2 activities are downregulated in P-gp-mediated MDR HCC cells. ERK1 or ERK2 might be a potential drug target for circumventing MDR HCC cells,

Effects of Hypoxia on Expression of P-gp and Mutltidrug Resistance Protein in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cell Line

To study the effects of hypoxia on the expression of P-gp and mutltidrug resistance protein in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line, and to explore the probable mechanism of hypoxia in tumor cell of MDR. The expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α, P-gp and mutltidrug resistance protein was immunohistochemically detected by culturing human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell under hypoxia (2 % O_2) for 24 h. After interaction with adriamycin or cisplatin under hypoxia (2 % O_2) for 24 h, the cell survival rate was detected by MTT. Our results showed that the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α, P-gp and mutltidrug resistance protein under hypoxia were higher than the expression under normoxia, and correlations between the expression of HIF-1α and P-gp or multidrug resistance-associated protein was observed (P<0.05). The resistance of adriamycin of A549 cell was enhanced under hypoxia. It is concluded that the resistance of tumor chemotherapy is enhanced in hypoxia. The expression of HIF-1α is obviously correlated with the expression of P-gp and mutltidrug resistance protein.

汉防己甲素与5-溴汉防己甲素逆转耐药机制与降低MRP7表达水平有关(英文)

本研究的目的是探索汉防己甲素(Tet)与5-溴汉防己甲素(BrTet)逆转耐药的机制是否与调节多药耐药相关蛋白7(MRP7)表达水平有关。采用MTT法检测柔红霉素(DNR)对人白血病敏感细胞株K562与人白血病耐药细胞株K562/A02细胞增殖的抑制作用,计算半数抑制浓度(IC50)及耐药倍数。将细胞分组,加入BrTet、Tet,用实时PCR法检测细胞MRP7 mRNA表达,Western bolt法检测细胞MRP7蛋白和P-糖蛋白(P-gp)的表达,流式细胞术检测细胞内DNR蓄积。结果表明:K562/A02对DNR的耐药倍数为23.65倍。分别加入1μmol/L Tet与2.0μmol/L BrTet后,K562/A02细胞的MRP7 mRNA相对表达水平分别降低至2%和12%,MRP7蛋白表达降低了53.2%与83.7%,P-gp表达分别下调58.47%与52.20%;1.0μmol/L Tet与2.0μmol/L BrTet分别使K562/A02细胞内DNR提高了94.32%与271%。结论:BrTet与Tet均可逆转耐药,其逆转机制除了抑制P-gp的表达之外,还可能与抑制MRP7的表达,增加肿瘤细胞内抗肿瘤药物浓度有关。在相同摩尔浓度下,Tet与BrTet对MRP7表达的下调作用无显著性差异。

人肝癌多药耐药细胞中ERK5的表达

目的检测人肝癌多药耐药细胞(hepG2/ADM和BEL-7402/5-FU)及亲本细胞(hepG和BEL-7402)中ERK5的表达,探讨其对肝癌细胞多药耐药的影响。方法MTT法测定人肝癌多药耐药细胞株多种化疗药物的交叉耐药性,实时荧光定量PCR检测ERK5在人肝癌多药耐药细胞及亲本细胞中mRNA水平的表达,western-blotting检测ERK5蛋白水平的表达。结果hepG2/ADM对ADM、5-FU、CDDP的耐药指数分别为12.34、5.74、3.81;BEL-7402/5-FU对5-FU、VCR、OHP、MTX和ADM的耐药指数分别为15.32、10.08、5.85、6.74和3.26。与亲本细胞相比较,在hepG2/ADM细胞中ERK5mRNA和蛋白表达均升高,而在BEL-7402/5-FU细胞中ERK5mRNA表达降低,ERK5蛋白表达升高。结论ERK5的表达与人肝癌多药耐药的发生密切相关,为逆转治疗肝癌细胞多药耐药研究提供了新思路。

烷基化修复蛋白B同源物5调控果蝇Zeste基因增强子人类同源物2对K562/阿霉素细胞耐药的影响

目的探讨烷基化修复蛋白B同源物5(ALKBH5)对K562/阿霉素(ADM)细胞耐药的影响及其作用机制。方法以人白血病细胞系K562和ADM抗性细胞K562/ADM细胞为研究对象,利用Lipofectamine;2000将K562/ADM细胞分为对照组、si-NC组、si-ALKBH5-1组、si-ALKBH5-2组、空载体组(转染pcDNA3.1)、ALKBH5-WT组(转染pcDNA3.1-ALKBH5-WT)、ALKBH5-MUT组(转染pcDNA3.1-ALKBH5-MUT)、si-ALKBH5-2+空载体组、si-ALKBH5-2+pcDNA3.1-EZH2组。采用比色法检测细胞中N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)含量;采用CCK-8法检测细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC_(50));采用荧光光度计法检测ADM外排;采用Western blot检测细胞中ALKBH5、果蝇Zeste基因增强子人类同源物2(EZH2)、P糖蛋白(P-gp)、多药耐药基因1(MDR1)的蛋白表达;采用RNA免疫共沉淀(RIP)实验验证ALKBH5与EZH2 mRNA的相互作用;采用甲基化RNA免疫共沉淀(MeRIP)检测EZH2 m6A水平。结果与K562细胞比较,K562/ADM细胞对ADM的耐药性及细胞中ALKBH5蛋白表达水平升高,m6A含量降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);沉默ALKBH5可增加K562/ADM细胞中m6A含量,过表达野生型ALKBH5可减少m6A含量,而过表达突变型ALKBH5(H204A)对m6A含量无明显影响。与对照组、si-NC组比较,si-ALKBH5-1组、si-ALKBH5-2组细胞在450 nm处的光密度值(OD_(450nm)值)、P-gp、MDR1蛋白表达水平降低,细胞内荧光强度升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在K562/ADM细胞中,ALKBH5蛋白能与EZH2 mRNA相互作用;沉默ALKBH5可上调K562/ADM细胞中EZH2 m6A水平,下调EZH2蛋白表达水平,过表达野生型ALKBH5则呈相反趋势;EZH2过表达逆转了沉默ALKBH5对K562/ADM细胞活力及耐药性的影响。结论沉默ALKBH5通过促进EZH2的甲基化来下调EZH2的表达,进而降低K562/ADM的耐药性。

SFRP5逆转白血病多药耐药性的研究

目的:研究分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5(secreted frizzled related protein 5,SFRP5)对P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)介导的白血病多药耐药性的作用。方法:采用转基因方法构建过表达SFRP5的KG1a/SFRP5细胞,real-time PCR检测MDR1 mRNA表达,Western blot检测细胞P-gp表达。免疫荧光显微镜观察细胞膜表面P-gp表达。流式细胞仪检测细胞内药物浓度。MTT方法检测细胞耐药性。结果:与KG1a细胞及表达绿色荧光蛋白的KG1a/eGFP细胞相比,KG1a/SFRP5细胞中MDR1 mRNA水平显著下降(P<0.01),总P-gp表达水平亦被下调,细胞膜表面P-gp荧光强度减弱,细胞内的罗丹明浓度显著升高(P<0.01),对ADR的IC50显著降低(P<0.01),细胞耐药性下降。结论:SFRP5蛋白表达可以下调MDR1转录及P-gp表达,增加细胞内药物浓度,逆转白血病多药耐药。

多药耐药蛋白1和多药耐药相关蛋白5、7在糖尿病小鼠视网膜中表达的变化

目的观察多药耐药蛋白1(multidrug resistance 1,MDR1)、多药耐药相关蛋白(multidrug resistance-associated protein,MRP)5和MRP7在不同时期糖尿病小鼠视网膜中的表达变化。方法通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素诱导C57BL/6小鼠建立糖尿病模型,伊文思蓝灌注检测血-视网膜内屏障变化。分别于糖尿病造模成功后的4周、12周和24周取小鼠视网膜,进行实时定量-PCR、免疫荧光、Western blotting等实验,检测各组小鼠视网膜中MDR1、MRP5和MRP7的表达变化。结果伊文思蓝灌注结果显示在糖尿病12周就出现视网膜渗漏;实时定量-PCR结果发现与对照组相比,随糖尿病进展,MDR1、MRP5和MRP7在4周、12周和24周的表达均呈下降趋势(MDR1:P_(4周)=0.028,P_(12周)=0.003,P_(24周)<0.001;MRP5:P_(4周)=0.045,P_(12周)=0.009,P_(24周)<0.001;MRP7:P_(4周)=0.019,P12周<0.001,P24周=0.001),在糖尿病不同时期其变化也呈下降趋势(均为P<0.05);免疫荧光观察到MDR1、MRP5和MRP7的荧光强度随糖尿病发展逐渐减弱;Western blotting检测可见在4周、12周、24周糖尿病小鼠视网膜中MDR1、MRP5和MRP7的表达均呈下降趋势。结论在DR早期血-视网膜内屏障会受到破坏,视网膜中外排转运蛋白的表达也会受糖尿病的影响导致不同程度的下降。

In silico pharmacophore models to predict endogenous substrates for human multidrug resistance-associated proteins

Multidrug resistance-associated proteins （MRPs） can effiux structurally diverse drugs, drug conjugates, drug metabolites, as well as other small molecules out of the cells, and this is the main cause of producing multidrug resistance （MDR） of some anticaneer drugs. Therefore, it is crucial to uncover the molecular features of MRPs substrates in developing anti-MDR cancer therapy. In the present study, common feature pharmacophore models were developed by employing CATALYST Pharmacophore Modeling and Analysis tools using substrates of MRPs, including MRP1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -8 and MRPs family, respectively. The models were validated using independent decoy sets generated in DUD-E, and the ones with best A UC （area under the curve） scores were chosen to predict endogenous substrates by screening the Human Metabolome Database （HMDB）. A number of molecules obtained by pharmacophore screening have been validated in the literatures. By comparing physical properties （ALOGP, Molecular_PolarSurfaceArea, Molecular_Volume, Molecular_Weight, Num H Acceptors, Num H Donors） and scaffold features of the screened candidates with the known substrates, we found that： 1） The two sets have consistent ALOGP, Molecule_Volume and Molecule_Weight distribution trend; 2） Substrates of MRP1 have a better lipophilicity than the other subtypes, which is consistent with the two hydrophobic centers on the MRP1 pharmacophore; 3） In the aspect of the scaffold structures, they have the identical or similar backbone fragments.

Effect of Histone Deacetylase Inhibition on the Expression of Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 2 in a Human Placental Trophoblast Cell Line

Background： Placental multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 （MRP2）, encoded by ABCC2 gene in human, plays a significant role in regulating drugs＇ transplacental transfer rates. Studies o11 placental MRP2 regulation could provide more therapeutic targets for individualized and safe pharmacotherapy during pregnancy. Currently, the roles of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating placental drug transporters are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of histone deacetylases （HDACs） inhibition on MRP2 expression in the placental trophoblast cell line and to explore whether HDAC 1/2/3 are preliminarily involved in this process. Methods： The human choriocarcinoma-derived trophoblast cell line （Bewo cells） was treated with the HDAC inhibitors-trichostatin A （TSA） at different concentration gradients of 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 μmol/L. Cells were harvested after 24 and 48 h treatment. Small interfering RNA （siRNA） specific for HDACI/HDAC2/HDAC3 or control siRNA was transfected into cells. Total HDAC activity was detected by colorimetric assay kits. HDAC 1/2/3/ABCC2 messenger RNA （mRNA） and protein expressions were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western-blot analysis, respectively. Immunofluorescence for MRP2 protein expression was visualized and assessed using an immunofluorescence microscopy and ImageJ software, respectively. Results： TSA could inhibit total HDAC activity and HDAC 1/2/3 expression in company with increase ofM RP2 expression in Bewo cells. Reduction of HDAC 1 protein level was noted after 24 h of TSA incubation at 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 μmol/L （vs. vehicle group, all P 〈 0.001 ）, accompanied with dose-dependent induction of MRP2 expression （P = 0.045 for 1.0 μmol/L, P = 0.001 for 3.0 μmol/L, and P 〈 0.001 for 5.0 μmol/L）, whereas no significant diferences in MRP2 expression were noted after HDAC2/3 silencing. Fluorescent micrograph images of MRP2 protein were expressed on the cell membrane. The fluorescent intensities of MRP2 in the control, HDAC2, and HDAC3 siRNA-transfected cells weir week, and no significant differences were noticed among these three groups （all P 〉 0.05）. However, MRP2 expression was remarkably elevated in H DAC1 siRNA-transfected cells, which displayed an almost 3.19-fold changes in comparison with the control siRNA-transfected cells （P 〈 0.001 ）. Conclusions： HDACs inhibition could up-regulate placental MRP2 expression in ritzy, and HDAC 1 was probably to be involved in this process.

PBMC中PD-L1、HLA-B、MRP5在晚期乳腺癌放疗过程中的动态表达及意义

目的探究外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中程序性细胞死亡配体1(PD-L1)、人类白细胞抗原-B(HLA-B)、多药耐药相关蛋白5(MRP5)在晚期乳腺癌放疗过程中的动态表达及意义。方法选取保山市人民医院122例晚期乳腺癌患者,根据放疗结束后4周评估疗效,分为有效组(74例)与无效组(48例),放疗过程中动态监测PBMC中PD-L1、HLA-B、MRP5 mRNA水平,分析其临床意义。结果放疗1个疗程、放疗结束后PBMC中PD-L1、MRP5 mRNA水平低于放疗前,HLA-B mRNA水平高于放疗前(P<0.05);有效组放疗1个疗程、放疗结束后PBMC中PD-L1、MRP5 mRNA水平低于无效组,HLA-B mRNA水平高于无效组,放疗前与放疗结束后PBMC中PD-L1、MRP5、HLA-B mRNA水平差值绝对值高于无效组(P<0.05);PBMC中PD-L1、HLA-B、MRP5 mRNA水平放疗前与放疗结束后差值绝对值呈正相关(P<0.05);放疗前与放疗结束后PBMC中PD-L1、MRP5、HLA-B mRNA水平差值绝对值与疗效呈正相关(P<0.05);PBMC中PD-L1、HLA-B、MRP5 m RNA差值绝对值联合预测疗效的AUC为0.951,95%CI为0.906~0.996,敏感度为91.67%,特异度为91.89%,优于各指标单独预测(P<0.05)。结论晚期乳腺癌放疗过程中动态监测PBMC中PD-L1、MRP5、HLA-B mRNA水平变化情况能作为临床预测疗效的潜在途径,有助于及时调整放疗方案、提高疗效。

口腔鳞癌新辅助化疗前后多药耐药相关蛋白的表达及临床疗效分析

目的:观察口腔鳞癌患者新辅助化疗疗效与5年生存率的关系,并探讨P-gp、MRP1、GST-π与新辅助化疗疗效的关系。方法:1)收集南昌大学第一附属医院诊治的口腔鳞癌石蜡标本77例(有效组50例,无效组27例),随访5年生存时间,Envision法检测P-gp、MRP1、GST-π表达水平;2)收集本单位口腔鳞癌新鲜标本33例(有效组18例,无效组15例),qPCR、WesternBlot法检测P-gp、MRP1、GST-π表达水平。结果:1)KaplanMeier显示:有效组5年生存率高于无效组(P<0.05)。2)Envision、qPCR、WesternBlot显示:无效组化疗后Pgp、MRP1表达上升量较有效组有显著差异(P<0.05),而GST-π表达上升量无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:口腔鳞癌新辅助化疗有效组5年生存率明显高于无效组;化疗疗效与P-gp、MRP1表达相关,表达上升量越高,疗效越差。

Reversal effect of bufalin on multidrug resistance in K562/VCR vincristine-resistant leukemia cell line

OBJECTIVE: To probe insights into the reversal effect of bufalin on vincristine-acquired multidrug resistance(MDR) in human leukemia cell line K562/VCR.METHODS: Proliferative inhibition rate and the reversal index(RI) of bufalin were determined by Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. The uptake of Adriamycin(ADM) in K562/VCR cells, cell cycle and apoptosis rate were determined by flow cytometry(FCM). Cell morphologic changes were observed with Wright-Giemsa staining. The expression of P-glycoprotein(P-gp), multidrug-associated protein-1(MRP1), Bcl-x L and Bax protein were measured by immunocytochemistry.RESULTS: The human leukemia multidrug resistant K562/VCR cells showed no cross-resistance to bufalin. The RIs of bufalin at concentrations of 0.0002,0.001 and 0.005 μmol/L were 4.85, 6.94 and 14.77,respectively. Preincubation of 0.001 μmol/L bufalin for 2 h could increase intracellular ADM fluorescence intensity to 28.07%(P<0.05) and down-regulate MRP1 expression simultaneously, but no remarkable effect was found on P-gp protein. Cell cycle analysis indicated increased apoptosis rate and apparent decreased G2/M phase proportion after treatment with bufalin. When exposed to 0.01μmol/L bufalin, typical morphological changes of apoptosis could be observed. Down-regulation of Bcl-x L and up-regulation of Bax expression in K562/VCR cells could be detected by immunocytochemistry.CONCLUSION: Bufalin could partly reverse the MDR of K562/VCR cells, with a possible mechanism of down-regulating MRP1 expression and activating apoptosis pathway by altering Bcl-x L/Bax ratio.

Evaluation of the Mrp2-mediated flavonoid-drug interaction potential of quercetin in rats and in vitro models

Quercetin is a biologically active flavonoid that has been used as a popular health supplement.It is reported that quercetin may cause flavonoid-drug interaction mediated by P-glycoprotein,the most predominant efflux transporter.In this study,we comprehensively evaluated the potential of the pharmacokinetic interaction of quercetin mediated by multidrug resistance-associated protein 2(MRP2),another major efflux transporter.MRP2-transfected MDCKII cells and LS174T cells were used to evaluate the potential inhibition and induction of MRP2 by quercetin in vitro.To evaluate the induction effect of quercetin on Mrp2 in vivo,Mrp2 mRNA expression in rat liver,kidney,and small intestinal tissues was determined after the oral administration of quercetin(50,100,or 250 mg/kg)for seven days.Mrp2-mediated interaction potential was also evaluated by the pharmacokinetic study of phenolsulfonphthalein in rats after single or multiple doses of quercetin.Additionally,the effect of quercetin on absorption of docetaxel,a P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 substrate,was also evaluated.Quercetin inhibited the function of MRP2 at 10μM and induced the mRNA expression of MRP2 at 50μM in vitro.Additionally,at 100 mg/kg,quercetin markedly increased Mrp2 expression in the small intestine of rats.However,there was no significant change in phenolsulfonphthalein pharmacokinetics due to single-(50,100,or 250 mg/kg)or multiple-dose(50,100,or 250 mg/kg for seven days)quercetin co-administration.By contrast,a significant interaction caused by quercetin(100 mg/kg)was observed in the absorption of docetaxel.The results suggested that although quercetin modulates the function and expression of MRP2 in vitro,it may have a low potential of Mrp2-mediated interaction and present negligible safety concerns related to the interaction.

EXPRESSION OF MDRII MRP AND LRP GENES IN GASTRIC CARCINOMA AND THEIR CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Objective: To explore the expression of mdrl,multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) and lungresistance protein (LRP) genes in human gastric cancerand their clinical significance. Methods: The mdrlmRNA was assayed by RT-PCR, the MRP and LRPwere detected by flow cytometry. Results: The positiverate of mdrl mRNA was 44.4% (12/27), and the meanMRP and LRP expression were independent uponpatient histologic type, nodal involvement, and TNMstage. The mdrl mRNA expression in patients withserosa invasion was 30.0% (6120), much lower than thatwithout serosa invasion (85.7%). Conclusion: Themultidrug resistance cells are present in primary gastriccarcinomas prior to chemotherapy, and analysis of mdrlgene, MRP, LRP may have guiding significance in thetreatment of gastric carcinoma.

PFC体内递增诱导建立S180肿瘤多药耐药模型及其稳定性观察

目的小鼠体内诱导建立获得性S180多药耐药（multi—drug resistance，MDR）模型及其稳定性观察。方法模拟临床顺铂＋氟尿嘧啶＋环磷酰胺（PFC）化疗方案给药，分三个阶段剂量递增法诱导S180腹水瘤小鼠，建立获得性S180MDR实验模型。采用噻唑蓝fMTTl法、流式细胞术动态检测各阶段所诱导细胞对化疗药物的耐药倍数、细胞内药物积累量及细胞膜P-糖蛋白（P-glycoprotein，P—gp）功能活性，并通过检测以上指标观察各阶段所诱导细胞停药后的耐药稳定性：采用实时荧光定量PCR（RT—qPCR）法检测各阶段所诱导细胞MDR-1 mRNA、多药耐药相关蛋白-1（multidrug resistance-associated proteinl，MRP-1）mRNA的表达量。结果与亲本细胞对照组比较，各阶段所诱导S180细胞对化疗药物的耐药倍数随着诱导时间延长和剂量增高而逐渐增大，细胞内阿霉素（adriamycin，ADR）积累量逐渐减少，细胞P—gp功能活性逐渐增强;各阶段所诱导S180细胞MDR-1mRNA、MRP-1 mRNA的表达量也与诱导时间和给药剂量呈正相关：第一、二和三阶段所诱导细胞的稳定耐药时间分别为1周、2周和3周左右。结论模拟临床PFC化疗方案给药，采用分阶段剂量递增小鼠体内诱导法可建立耐药强度高、稳定时间长的获得性S180MDR实验模型。