An Environment‑Tolerant Ion‑Conducting Double‑Network Composite Hydrogel for High‑Performance Flexible Electronic Devices

High-performance ion-conducting hydrogels(ICHs)are vital for developing flexible electronic devices.However,the robustness and ion-conducting behavior of ICHs deteriorate at extreme tempera-tures,hampering their use in soft electronics.To resolve these issues,a method involving freeze–thawing and ionizing radiation technology is reported herein for synthesizing a novel double-network(DN)ICH based on a poly(ionic liquid)/MXene/poly(vinyl alcohol)(PMP DN ICH)system.The well-designed ICH exhibits outstanding ionic conductivity(63.89 mS cm^(-1) at 25℃),excellent temperature resistance(-60–80℃),prolonged stability(30 d at ambient temperature),high oxidation resist-ance,remarkable antibacterial activity,decent mechanical performance,and adhesion.Additionally,the ICH performs effectively in a flexible wireless strain sensor,thermal sensor,all-solid-state supercapacitor,and single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator,thereby highlighting its viability in constructing soft electronic devices.The highly integrated gel structure endows these flexible electronic devices with stable,reliable signal output performance.In particular,the all-solid-state supercapacitor containing the PMP DN ICH electrolyte exhibits a high areal specific capacitance of 253.38 mF cm^(-2)(current density,1 mA cm^(-2))and excellent environmental adaptability.This study paves the way for the design and fabrication of high-performance mul-tifunctional/flexible ICHs for wearable sensing,energy-storage,and energy-harvesting applications.

Characteristics of the microbial communities regulate soil multi-functionality under different cover crop amendments in Ultisol

The use of cover crops is a promising strategy for influencing the soil microbial consortium,which is essential for the delivery of multiple soil functions(i.e.,soil multifunctionality).Nonetheless,relatively little is known about the role of the soil microbial consortium in mediating soil multifunctionality under different cover crop amendments in dryland Ultisols.Here,we assessed the multifunctionality of soils subjected to four cover crop amendments(control,non-amended treatment;RD,radish monoculture;HV,hairy vetch monoculture;and RDHV,radish-hairy vetch mixture),and we investigated the contributions of soil microbial richness,network complexity,and ecological clusters to soil multifunctionality.Our results demonstrated that cover crops whose chemical composition differed from that of the main plant crop promoted higher multifunctionality,and the radish-hairy vetch mixture rendered the highest enhancement.We obtained evidence that changes in soil microbial richness and network complexity triggered by the cover crops were associated with higher soil multifunctionality.Specifically,specialized microbes in a key ecological cluster(ecological cluster 2)of the soil microbial network were particularly important for maintaining soil multifunctionality.Our results highlight the importance of cover crop-induced variations in functionally important taxa for promoting the soil multifunctionality of dryland Ultisols.

Multifunctional Integrated Organic-Inorganic-Metal Hybrid Aerogel for Excellent Thermal Insulation and Electromagnetic Shielding Performance

Vehicles operating in space need to withstand extreme thermal and electromagnetic environments in light of the burgeoning of space science and technology.It is imperatively desired to high insulation materials with lightweight and extensive mechanical properties.Herein,a boron-silica-tantalum ternary hybrid phenolic aerogel(BSiTa-PA)with exceptional thermal stability,extensive mechanical strength,low thermal conductivity(49.6 mW m^(-1)K^(-1)),and heightened ablative resistance is prepared by an expeditious method.After extremely thermal erosion,the obtained carbon aerogel demonstrates noteworthy electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding performance with an efficiency of 31.6 dB,accompanied by notable loading property with specific modulus of 272.8 kN·m kg^(-1).This novel design concept has laid the foundation for the development of insulation materials in more complex extreme environments.

Nitrogen‑Doped Magnetic‑Dielectric‑Carbon Aerogel for High‑Efficiency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Carbonbased aerogels derived from biomass chitosan are encountering a flourishing moment in electromagnetic protection on account of lightweight,controllable fabrication and versatility.Nevertheless,developing a facile construction method of component design with carbon-based aerogels for high-efficiency electromagnetic wave absorption(EWA)materials with a broad effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)and strong absorption yet hits some snags.Herein,the nitrogen-doped magnetic-dielectric-carbon aerogel was obtained via ice template method followed by carbonization treatment,homogeneous and abundant nickel(Ni)and manganese oxide(MnO)particles in situ grew on the carbon aerogels.Thanks to the optimization of impedance matching of dielectric/magnetic components to carbon aerogels,the nitrogen-doped magnetic-dielectric-carbon aerogel(Ni/MnO-CA)suggests a praiseworthy EWA performance,with an ultra-wide EAB of 7.36 GHz and a minimum reflection loss(RLmin)of−64.09 dB,while achieving a specific reflection loss of−253.32 dB mm−1.Furthermore,the aerogel reveals excellent radar stealth,infrared stealth,and thermal management capabilities.Hence,the high-performance,easy fabricated and multifunctional nickel/manganese oxide/carbon aerogels have broad application aspects for electromagnetic protection,electronic devices and aerospace.

Probabilistic modeling of multifunction radars with autoregressive kernel mixture network

The task of modeling and analyzing intercepted multifunction radars(MFRs)pulse trains is vital for cognitive electronic reconnaissance.Existing methodologies predominantly rely on prior information or heavily constrained models,posing challenges for non-cooperative applications.This paper introduces a novel approach to model MFRs using a Bayesian network,where the conditional probability density function is approximated by an autoregressive kernel mixture network(ARKMN).Utilizing the estimated probability density function,a dynamic programming algorithm is proposed for denoising and detecting change points in the intercepted MFRs pulse trains.Simulation results affirm the proposed method's efficacy in modeling MFRs,outperforming the state-of-the-art in pulse train denoising and change point detection.

Evaluating soil acidification risk and its effects on biodiversity–ecosystem multifunctionality relationships in the drylands of China

Background:Soil acidifcationn caused by anthropogenic activities may aft soil biochemical cydling,bidiversity,productivity,and multiple eosystem-related functions in drylands.However,to date,such information is lacking to support this hypothesis.Methods Based on a transect survey of 78 naturally assembled shrub communities,we caloulated acid deposition flux in Northwest China and evaluated its likely ecological ffets by testing three altemnative hypotheses,namely:.nidche complementarity,mass ratio,and vegetation quantity hypotheses Rao's quadratic entopy and community-weighted mean traits were employed to represent the complementary aspect of niche complementarity and mass ratio effects,respectively.Resulbs:We observed that in the past four decades,the concentrations of exchangeable base cations in soil in Northwest China have decreased significantly to the extent of having faced the risk of depletion,whereas changes in the calium carbonate content and pH of soil were not significant.Adid deposition primani ly increased the aboweground biomass and shrub density in shrublands but had no sigmificant effect on shrub richness and ecasystem multifunctionality(EMF),indicating that acid deposition had positive but weak ecological effects on dryland ecosystems.Community wd ghted mean of functional traits(representing the mass ratio hypothesis)correlated negatively with EMF,whereas both Rao's quadratic entropy(representing the niche complementarity hypothesis)and aboveground biomass(representing the vegetation quantity hypothesis)correlated positively but insignifcantly with EMF.These biodiversity-EMF relationships highlight the fragility and instability of drylands relative to forest ecasystems.Concuions:The findings from this study serve as important reference points to understand the ris of soil acidification in arid regions and its impacts on biodiversity-EMF relationships.

Ultrathin Zincophilic Interphase Regulated Electric Double Layer Enabling Highly Stable Aqueous Zinc‑Ion Batteries

The practical application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries for large-grid scale systems is still hindered by uncontrolled zinc dendrite and side reactions.Regulating the elec-trical double layer via the electrode/electrolyte interface layer is an effective strategy to improve the stability of Zn anodes.Herein,we report an ultrathin zincophilic ZnS layer as a model regu-lator.At a given cycling current,the cell with Zn@ZnS electrode displays a lower potential drop over the Helmholtz layer(stern layer)and a suppressed diffuse layer,indicating the regulated charge distribution and decreased electric double layer repulsion force.Boosted zinc adsorption sites are also expected as proved by the enhanced electric double-layer capacitance.Consequently,the symmetric cell with the ZnS protection layer can stably cycle for around 3,000 h at 1 mA cm^(-2) with a lower overpotential of 25 mV.When coupled with an I2/AC cathode,the cell demonstrates a high rate performance of 160 mAh g^(-1) at 0.1 A g^(-1) and long cycling stability of over 10,000 cycles at 10 A g^(-1).The Zn||MnO_(2) also sustains both high capacity and long cycling stability of 130 mAh g^(-1) after 1,200 cycles at 0.5 A g^(-1).

Study of the Application of PPG-5-CETETH-20 in Personal Care Rinse-off Product

PPG-5-Ceteth-20 is a multifunction raw material.PPG-5-Ceteth-20 has a wide range of application in skin care and hair care products.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of PPG-5-Ceteth-20.The results shown that PPG-5-Ceteth-20 can improve hair combing,softness and smoothing in the hair care product.In additional,it can improve foam stability and compactness,and it doesn’t affect the transparency of the hair care product.

Classification and Spatial Pattern of Rural Multifunction from the Diversify of Construction Land Use:Taking Tongshan District of Jiangsu Province as a Case Study

The development of rural area in suburban(RAS)is comprehensively influenced by the mixed processes of non-farming,local urbanization and rural industrialization and has distinctive multifunctional features on the socioeconomic and resource utilization.Multifunctional reconstruction in the RAS is mainly manifested by changes in the quantity and structure of the construction land use(CLU).We took Tongshan District of Jiangsu Province as the study case.Following the logic of identifying,clustering,and diagnosing,we assessed the functional features of CLU and analyzed the differentiation of the scale and structure of CLU in RAS,with the aim of identifying the types and characteristics of multifunctional development in these regions.This study found that:1)typical RAS were experiencing multifunctional space reconstruction,and their multifunctional value was emerging and highlighted.The CLU was rapidly expanding,and the types of CLU were evolving from single to multiple uses;2)based on the dominant function of diverse rural CLU,we classified RAS into five types,dominated by the following functions,respectively:commercial services,industrial production,residential living,basic support and public service;3)according to the dominant function and spatial pattern,the development types of RAS were classified into agricultural service,comprehensive services,and integrated industries service,showing a circular spatial pattern from the suburbs to distant suburbs.The results can provide policy implication by creating new development impetus from rural multifunction perspective to promote the RAS revitalization.

Ultrasensitive and Highly Stretchable Multiple‑Crosslinked Ionic Hydrogel Sensors with Long‑Term Stability

Flexible hydrogels are receiving significant attention for their application in wearable sensors.However,most hydrogel materials exhibit weak and one-time adhesion,low sensitivity,ice crystallization,water evaporation,and poor self-recovery,thereby limiting their application as sensors.These issues are only partly addressed in previous studies.Herein,a multiplecrosslinked poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide-co-acrylamide)(P(SBMA-co-AAm))multifunctional hydrogel is prepared via a one-pot synthesis method to overcome the aforementioned limitations.Specifically,ions,glycerol,and 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide are incorporated to reduce the freezing point and improve the moisture retention ability.The proposed hydrogel is superior to existing hydrogels because it exhibits good stretchability(a strain of 2900%),self-healing properties,and transparency through effective energy dissipation in its dynamic crosslinked network.Further,2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide as a zwitterion monomer results in an excellent gauge factor of 43.4 at strains of 1300-1600%by improving the ion transportability and achieving a strong adhesion of 20.9 kPa owing to the dipole-dipole moment.The proposed hydrogel is promising for next-generation biomedical applications,such as soft robots,and health monitoring.

Effect of multifunction cavitation using phosphoric acid on fatigue and surface properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy

Magnesium alloy is attractive for lightweight construction but often suffers from poor corrosion resistance and low strength.Cavitation processing with chemicals,i.e.,multifunction cavitation(MFC),was introduced to form a high-corrosion film and improve the fatigue properties of an AZ31 magnesium alloy.Surface analysis and plane bending fatigue tests were conducted for the MFC-treated magnesium alloy at a stress ratio,R,of-1.The mechanical action of cavitation bubbles improved the fatigue life of magnesium alloys due to increasing the surface hardness and generating compressive residual stress.However,the combined mechanical and electrochemical action during MFC formed pits on the surface.These pits were large enough to easily nucleate an initial fatigue crack.In addition,the magnesium alloys without pit formation,for which a coating process using phosphoric acid was conducted after MFC using water,showed superior fatigue properties.

Tree-based ecosystem services supply and multifunctionality of church forests and their agricultural matrix near Lake Tana,Ethiopia

Ecosystem services(ES)are the connection between nature and society,and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them.In Ethiopia,church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supply numerous ES.However,the ES delivered by both land use types have not yet been assessed simultaneously.Here we surveyed both church forests and their agricultural matrices,aiming to quantify,compare and unravel the drivers underlying tree-based ES supply,density and multifunctionality.We found that almost all church forests and half of the agricultural matrices provided high ES densities.ES multifunctionality was higher in the agricultural matrices,suggesting that people deliberately conserve or plant multifunctional tree species.Furthermore,the supply of all categories of ES was positively correlated with church forest age(p-value<0.001)in the agricultural matrix,while the extent of church forest was positively correlated with the density of all categories ecosystem services score in the church forests(p-value<0.001).Our results can be used to prioritize conservation efforts at sites that provide high levels of ES supply,ES density and ES multifunctionality,and to prioritize restoration efforts at sites with low levels thereof.

Femtosecond laser direct writing of functional stimulus-responsive structures and applications

Diverse natural organisms possess stimulus-responsive structures to adapt to the surrounding environment.Inspired by nature,researchers have developed various smart stimulus-responsive structures with adjustable properties and functions to address the demands of ever-changing application environments that are becoming more intricate.Among many fabrication methods for stimulus-responsive structures,femtosecond laser direct writing(FsLDW)has received increasing attention because of its high precision,simplicity,true three-dimensional machining ability,and wide applicability to almost all materials.This paper systematically outlines state-of-the-art research on stimulus-responsive structures prepared by FsLDW.Based on the introduction of femtosecond laser-matter interaction and mainstream FsLDW-based manufacturing strategies,different stimulating factors that can trigger structural responses of prepared intelligent structures,such as magnetic field,light,temperature,pH,and humidity,are emphatically summarized.Various applications of functional structures with stimuli-responsive dynamic behaviors fabricated by FsLDW,as well as the present obstacles and forthcoming development opportunities,are discussed.

Multifunctional Lubricant Additive Improves Lubrication and Antioxidation Properties of Tung Oil

It is of considerable significance to develop efficient and environmentally friendly machinery lubricant additives because of the increasing depletion of petrochemical resources and severe environmental problems.Herein,we proposed a facile strategy to synthesize a multifunctional vegetable oil-based lubricant via the lignin derivative vanillin coupled to amine and diethyl phosphite to produce a lubricating additive with both extreme pressure and antioxidant properties.Compared with pure tung oil,the lubricating and antioxidant performance of tung oil is significantly improved after adding additives.Adding the 1.0 wt%additive to the tung oil reduced the friction wear coefficient and the volume,and the oxidation induction time was much longer than pure tung oil.

Ultrathin NiO/Ni_(3)S_(2)Heterostructure as Electrocatalyst for Accelerated Polysulfide Conversion in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

The practical application of Lithium-Sulfur batteries largely depends on highly efficient utilization and conversion of sulfur under the realistic condition of high-sulfur content and low electrolyte/sulfur ratio.Rational design of heterostructure electrocatalysts with abundant active sites and strong interfacial electronic interactions is a promising but still challenging strategy for preventing shuttling of polysulfides in lithium-sulfur batteries.Herein,ultrathin nonlayered NiO/Ni_(3)S_(2)heterostructure nanosheets are developed through topochemical transformation of layered Ni(OH)_(2)templates to improve the utilization of sulfur and facilitate stable cycling of batteries.As a multifunction catalyst,NiO/Ni_(3)S_(2)not only enhances the adsorption of polysulfides and shorten the transport path of Li ions and electrons but also promotes the Li_(2)S formation and transformation,which are verified by both in-situ Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical investigations.Thus,the cell with NiO/Ni_(3)S_(2)as electrocatalyst delivers an area capacity of 4.8 mAh cm^(-2)under the high sulfur loading(6 mg cm^(-2))and low electrolyte/sulfur ratio(4.3 pL mg^(-1)).The strategy can be extended to 2D Ni foil,demonstrating its prospects in the construction of electrodes with high gravimetric/volumetric energy densities.The designed electrocatalyst of ultrathin nonlayered heterostructure will shed light on achieving high energy density lithium-sulfur batteries.

多功能车辆总线周期扫描表优化设计

针对参与通信的各周期信息特点设计优化的多功能车辆总线周期扫描表对提高列车通信网络的实时性能具有重要作用;标准推荐的周期轮询算法存在周期信息分布不均匀,带宽利用率相差较大的问题,在对周期扫描表的优化设计方法进行深入研究后,提出基于模拟退火算法的优化方案。建立了周期信息通信模型,详细阐述了通信抖动的概念并对其进行了定义。给出了优化目标函数并采用模拟退火算法进行求解,对算法的几个关键步骤进行了设计,并采用改进策略提高了模拟退火算法效率。通过实例仿真证明该算法实现了周期信息在整个宏周期范围内的均匀分布,优化了周期扫描表的构造。

SURFACE MULTI-FUNCTIONALIZATION OF POLY(LACTIC ACID) NANOPARTICLES AND C6 GLIOMA CELL TARGETING in vivo

Polysaccharide coated PLA nanoparticles bearing aldehyde groups were prepared by dialysis of DMSO solution of cholesterol hydrophobic-modified dextran polyaldehyde and PLA against water.The average diameter of the nanoparticles was about 160 nm,and the size distribution was nearly homogenous.The nanoparticles were functionalized simultaneously with CD71 and EGFR antibody through the Schiff s base reaction,and then radiolabeled with ^(99m)Tc.After perfused the radiolabeled nanoparticles into tumor-bearing ra...

Multifunctional Clay/PNIPAM Hydrogel Incorporating HxMoO3 Plasmonic Quantum Dot

Functional hydrogel is becoming a frequently used material in various fields,especially in biological and medical applications.In order to overcome the barriers of low uniformity of structure and lack of energy dissipation effect in common hydrogel,in this work a strategy of doping plasmonic HxMoO3 quantum dots into PNIPAM(poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)) hydrogel to proceed its multifunctionalization is developed.This quantum dots-induced tactic could effectuate the enhancement of photothermal conversion,mechanical property,adhesion,and self-healing performance simultaneously.In particular,for adhesion performance,the toughness value could be elevated to over 2500 J m-2 efficiently.Further,the enhancement mechanism behind the extraordinary adhesion performance is studied,and it can be contributed to the synergistic effect of pore structure regulation and abundant hydrogen bond,which are both beneficial to the interaction between composite hydrogel and solid surface.Subsequently,based on its extraordinary adhesion and self-healing performance,the applicability of HxMoO3/PNIPAM hydrogel as a M? growth substrate is investigated on wound dressing,and the experimental result demonstrates its excellent M? growth-promoting activity.

Vertically Aligned Silicon Carbide Nanowires/Boron Nitride Cellulose Aerogel Networks Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Electromagnetic Absorbing of Epoxy Composites

With the innovation of microelectronics technology, the heat dissipation problem inside the device will face a severe test. In this work, cellulose aerogel(CA) with highly enhanced thermal conductivity(TC) in vertical planes was successfully obtained by constructing a vertically aligned silicon carbide nanowires(SiC NWs)/boron nitride(BN) network via the ice template-assisted strategy. The unique network structure of SiC NWs connected to BN ensures that the TC of the composite in the vertical direction reaches 2.21 W m^(-1) K^(-1) at a low hybrid filler loading of 16.69 wt%, which was increased by 890% compared to pure epoxy(EP). In addition, relying on unique porous network structure of CA, EP-based composite also showed higher TC than other comparative samples in the horizontal direction. Meanwhile, the composite exhibits good electrically insulating with a volume electrical resistivity about 2.35 × 10^(11) Ω cm and displays excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance with a minimum reflection loss of-21.5 dB and a wide effective absorption bandwidth(<-10 dB) from 8.8 to 11.6 GHz. Therefore, this work provides a new strategy for manufacturing polymer-based composites with excellent multifunctional performances in microelectronic packaging applications.

One Stone Four Birds:A Novel Liposomal Delivery System Multi-functionalized with Ginsenoside Rh2 for Tumor Targeting Therapy

Liposomes hold great potential in anti-cancer drug delivery and the targeting treatment of tumors.However,the clinical therapeutic efficacy of liposomes is still limited by the complexity of tumor microenvironment(TME)and the insufficient accumulation in tumor sites.Meanwhile,the application of cholesterol and polyethylene glycol(PEG),which are usually used to prolong the blood circulation and stabilize the structure of liposomes respectively,has been questioned due to various disadvantages.Herein,we developed a ginsenoside Rh2-based multifunctional liposome system(Rh2-lipo)to effectively address these challenges once for all.Different with the conventional’wooden’liposomes,Rh2-lipo is a much more brilliant carrier with multiple functions.In Rh2-lipo,both cholesterol and PEG were substituted by Rh2,which works as membrane stabilizer,long-circulating stealther,active targeting ligand,and chemotherapy adjuvant at the same time.Firstly,Rh2 could keep the stability of liposomes and avoid the shortcomings caused by cholesterol.Secondly,Rh2-lipo showed a specifically prolonged circulation behavior in the blood.Thirdly,the accumulation of the liposomes in the tumor was significantly enhanced by the interaction of glucose transporter of tumor cells with Rh2.Fourth,Rh2-lipo could remodel the structure and reverse the immunosuppressive environment in TME.When tested in a 4T1 breast carcinoma xenograft model,the paclitaxel-loaded Rh2-lipo realized high efficient tumor growth suppression.Therefore,Rh2-lipo not only innovatively challenges the position of cholesterol as a liposome component,but also provides another innovative potential system with multiple functions for anti-cancer drug delivery.