The formulae for stresses and angular displacements of U-shaped bellows overall bending in a meridian plane under pure bending moments are presented based on the general solution for slender ring shells proposed by Zh...The formulae for stresses and angular displacements of U-shaped bellows overall bending in a meridian plane under pure bending moments are presented based on the general solution for slender ring shells proposed by Zhu Weiping, et al. and the solution for ring plates. The results evaluated in this paper are compared with those on EJMA (standards of the expansion joint manufacturers association) and of the experiment given by Li Tingxilz, et al.展开更多
This paper follows the work of [1,2]. There are some progress in dealing with moderately small rotations (the squares of rotation angles are the order of magnitude of strains) of middle surface normals of inside and o...This paper follows the work of [1,2]. There are some progress in dealing with moderately small rotations (the squares of rotation angles are the order of magnitude of strains) of middle surface normals of inside and outside ring shells and compressed angle of bellows. Calculation results agree with experiments well. To bellow design, the method given in this paper is of practical value and the discussion of the influence of compressed angle on characteristic relation is helpful.展开更多
On the basis of paper [1], assuming the logarithm of thickness at arbitrary point on a U-shaped bellows meridian is linear with the logarithm of distance between that point and axis of symmetry, perturbation solutions...On the basis of paper [1], assuming the logarithm of thickness at arbitrary point on a U-shaped bellows meridian is linear with the logarithm of distance between that point and axis of symmetry, perturbation solutions of the corresponding problems of large axisymmetrical deflection are given. The effects of thickness distribution variation, which result from technology factors, on stiffness of bellows are discussed.展开更多
Because of the complex constraint effects among layers in multi-layered metallic bellows hydroforming,the stress concentration and defects such as wrinkling and fracture may easily occur.It is a key to reveal the defo...Because of the complex constraint effects among layers in multi-layered metallic bellows hydroforming,the stress concentration and defects such as wrinkling and fracture may easily occur.It is a key to reveal the deformation behaviors in order to obtain a sound product.Based on the ABAQUS platform,a 3 D-FE model of the four-layered U-shaped metallic bellow hydroforming process is established and validated by experiment.The stress and strain distributions,wall thickness variations and bellow profiles of each layer in the whole process,including bulging,folding and springback stages,are studied.Then deformation behaviors of bellows under different forming conditions are discussed.It is found that the wall thinning degrees of different layer vary after hydroforming,and is the largest for the inner layer and smallest for the outer layer.At folding stage,the wall thinning degree of the crown point increases lineally,and the difference among layers increases as the process going.The displacements of the crown point decrease from the inner layer to the outer layer.After springback,the U-shaped cross section changes to a tongue shape,the change of convolution pitch is much larger than the change of convolution height,and the springback values of the inner layer are smaller than the outer layer.An increase in the internal pressure and die spacing cause the maximum wall thinning degree and springback increase.With changing of process parameters,bellows with deep convolution are easily encountered wall thinning during hydroforming and convolution distortion after springback.This research is helpful for precision forming of multi-layered bellows.展开更多
文摘The formulae for stresses and angular displacements of U-shaped bellows overall bending in a meridian plane under pure bending moments are presented based on the general solution for slender ring shells proposed by Zhu Weiping, et al. and the solution for ring plates. The results evaluated in this paper are compared with those on EJMA (standards of the expansion joint manufacturers association) and of the experiment given by Li Tingxilz, et al.
文摘This paper follows the work of [1,2]. There are some progress in dealing with moderately small rotations (the squares of rotation angles are the order of magnitude of strains) of middle surface normals of inside and outside ring shells and compressed angle of bellows. Calculation results agree with experiments well. To bellow design, the method given in this paper is of practical value and the discussion of the influence of compressed angle on characteristic relation is helpful.
文摘On the basis of paper [1], assuming the logarithm of thickness at arbitrary point on a U-shaped bellows meridian is linear with the logarithm of distance between that point and axis of symmetry, perturbation solutions of the corresponding problems of large axisymmetrical deflection are given. The effects of thickness distribution variation, which result from technology factors, on stiffness of bellows are discussed.
基金the funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51875456)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2019JM-450)+3 种基金the Young Talent fund of University Association for Science and Technology in Shaanxi,China(No.20170518)the Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacture Technology for Automobile Parts(Chongqing University of Technology),Ministry of Education(No.2018KLMT03)Materials Science and Engineering provincial-level superior discipline funding project of Xi'an Shiyou Universitythe Program for Young Innovative Research Team in Xi'an Shiyou University(No.2015QNKYCXTD02)。
文摘Because of the complex constraint effects among layers in multi-layered metallic bellows hydroforming,the stress concentration and defects such as wrinkling and fracture may easily occur.It is a key to reveal the deformation behaviors in order to obtain a sound product.Based on the ABAQUS platform,a 3 D-FE model of the four-layered U-shaped metallic bellow hydroforming process is established and validated by experiment.The stress and strain distributions,wall thickness variations and bellow profiles of each layer in the whole process,including bulging,folding and springback stages,are studied.Then deformation behaviors of bellows under different forming conditions are discussed.It is found that the wall thinning degrees of different layer vary after hydroforming,and is the largest for the inner layer and smallest for the outer layer.At folding stage,the wall thinning degree of the crown point increases lineally,and the difference among layers increases as the process going.The displacements of the crown point decrease from the inner layer to the outer layer.After springback,the U-shaped cross section changes to a tongue shape,the change of convolution pitch is much larger than the change of convolution height,and the springback values of the inner layer are smaller than the outer layer.An increase in the internal pressure and die spacing cause the maximum wall thinning degree and springback increase.With changing of process parameters,bellows with deep convolution are easily encountered wall thinning during hydroforming and convolution distortion after springback.This research is helpful for precision forming of multi-layered bellows.
