Multilevel carbon architecture of subnanoscopic silicon for fast‐charging high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries

Silicon(Si)is widely used as a lithium‐ion‐battery anode owing to its high capacity and abundant crustal reserves.However,large volume change upon cycling and poor conductivity of Si cause rapid capacity decay and poor fast‐charging capability limiting its commercial applications.Here,we propose a multilevel carbon architecture with vertical graphene sheets(VGSs)grown on surfaces of subnanoscopically and homogeneously dispersed Si–C composite nanospheres,which are subsequently embedded into a carbon matrix(C/VGSs@Si–C).Subnanoscopic C in the Si–C nanospheres,VGSs,and carbon matrix form a three‐dimensional conductive and robust network,which significantly improves the conductivity and suppresses the volume expansion of Si,thereby boosting charge transport and improving electrode stability.The VGSs with vast exposed edges considerably increase the contact area with the carbon matrix and supply directional transport channels through the entire material,which boosts charge transport.The carbon matrix encapsulates VGSs@Si–C to decrease the specific surface area and increase tap density,thus yielding high first Coulombic efficiency and electrode compaction density.Consequently,C/VGSs@Si–C delivers excellent Li‐ion storage performances under industrial electrode conditions.In particular,the full cells show high energy densities of 603.5 Wh kg^(−1)and 1685.5 Wh L^(−1)at 0.1 C and maintain 80.7%of the energy density at 3 C.

Evolutionary Algorithms for Solving Unconstrained Multilevel Lot-Sizing Problem with Series Structure

This paper presents a comparative study of evolutionary algorithms which are considered to be effective in solving the multilevel lot-sizing problem in material requirement planning(MRP)systems.Three evolutionary algorithms(simulated annealing(SA),particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithm(GA))are provided.For evaluating the performances of algorithms,the distribution of total cost(objective function)and the average computational time are compared.As a result,both GA and PSO have better cost performances with lower average total costs and smaller standard deviations.When the scale of the multilevel lot-sizing problem becomes larger,PSO is of a shorter computational time.

On the Use of Monotonicity-Preserving Interpolatory Techniques in Multilevel Schemes for Balance Laws

Cost-effective multilevel techniques for homogeneous hyperbolic conservation laws are very successful in reducing the computational cost associated to high resolution shock capturing numerical schemes.Because they do not involve any special data structure,and do not induce savings in memory requirements,they are easily implemented on existing codes and are recommended for 1D and 2D simulations when intensive testing is required.The multilevel technique can also be applied to balance laws,but in this case,numerical errors may be induced by the technique.We present a series of numerical tests that point out that the use of monotonicity-preserving interpolatory techniques eliminates the numerical errors observed when using the usual 4-point centered Lagrange interpolation,and leads to a more robust multilevel code for balance laws,while maintaining the efficiency rates observed forhyperbolic conservation laws.

A Note on an Economic Lot-sizing Problem with Perishable Inventory and Economies of Scale Costs:Approximation Solutions and Worst Case Analysis

This paper presents an economic lot-sizing problem with perishable inventory and general economies of scale cost functions. For the case with backlogging allowed, a mathematical model is formulated, and several properties of the optimal solutions are explored. With the help of these optimality properties, a polynomial time approximation algorithm is developed by a new method. The new method adopts a shift technique to obtain a feasible solution of subproblem and takes the optimal solution of the subproblem as an approximation solution of our problem. The worst case performance for the approximation algorithm is proven to be （4√2 ＋ 5）/7. Finally, an instance illustrates that the bound is tight.

Mechanical response and microscopic damage mechanism of pre-flawed sandstone subjected to monotonic and multilevel cyclic loading:A laboratory-scale investigation

This study aims to investigate the mechanical response and acoustic emission(AE)characteristic of pre-flawed sandstone under both monotonic and multilevel constant-amplitude cyclic loads.Specifically,we explored how coplanar flaw angle and load type impact the strength and deformation behavior and microscopic damage mechanism.Results indicated that being fluctuated before rising with increasing fissure angle under monotonic loading,the peak strength of the specimen first increased slowly and then steeply under cyclic loading.The effect of multilevel cyclic loading on the mechanical parameters was more significant.For a single fatigue stage,the specimen underwent greater deformation in early cycles,which subsequently stabilized.Similar variation pattern was also reflected by AE count/energy/b-value.Crack behaviors were dominated by the fissure angle and load type and medium-scale crack accounted for 74.83%–86.44%of total crack.Compared with monotonic loading,crack distribution of specimen under cyclic loading was more complicated.Meanwhile,a simple model was proposed to describe the damage evolution of sandstone under cyclic loading.Finally,SEM images revealed that the microstructures at the fracture were mainly composed of intergranular fracture,and percentage of transgranular fracture jumped under cyclic loading due to the rapid release of elastic energy caused by high loading rate.

Enforcing a Source-end Cooperative Multilevel Defense Mechanism to Counter Flooding Attack

The exponential advancement in telecommunication embeds the Internet in every aspect of communication.Interconnections of networks all over the world impose monumental risks on the Internet.A Flooding Attack(FA)is one of the major intimidating risks on the Internet where legitimate users are prevented from accessing network services.Irrespective of the protective measures incorporated in the communication infrastructure,FA still persists due to the lack of global cooperation.Most of the existing mitigation is set up either at the traffic starting point or at the traffic ending point.Providing mitigation at one or the other end may not be a complete solution.To insist on better protection againstflooding attacks,this work proposes a cooperative multilevel defense mechanism.The proposed cooperative multilevel defense mechanism consists of two-level of mitigation.In thefirst level,it is proposed to design a Threshold-based rate-limiting with a Spoofing Resistant Tag(TSRT),as a source end countermeasure for High-Rate Flooding Attacks(HRFA)and spoofing attacks.In the second level,the accent is to discriminate normal traffic after Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)traffic and drop the DDoS traffic at the destination end.Flow Congruence-based Selective Pushback(FCSP),as a destination-initiated countermeasure for the Low Rate Flooding Attack(LRFA).The source and the destination cooperate to identify and block the attack.A key advantage of this cooperative mechanism is that it can distinguish and channel down the attack traffic nearer to the starting point of the attack.The presentation of the agreeable cooperative multilevel safeguard mechanism is approved through broad recreation in NS-2.The investigation and the exploratory outcomes show that the proposed plan can effectively identify and shield from the attack.

Salp Swarm Algorithm with Multilevel Thresholding Based Brain Tumor Segmentation Model

Biomedical image processing acts as an essential part of severalmedical applications in supporting computer aided disease diagnosis. MagneticResonance Image (MRI) is a commonly utilized imaging tool used tosave glioma for clinical examination. Biomedical image segmentation plays avital role in healthcare decision making process which also helps to identifythe affected regions in the MRI. Though numerous segmentation models areavailable in the literature, it is still needed to develop effective segmentationmodels for BT. This study develops a salp swarm algorithm with multi-levelthresholding based brain tumor segmentation (SSAMLT-BTS) model. Thepresented SSAMLT-BTS model initially employs bilateral filtering based onnoise removal and skull stripping as a pre-processing phase. In addition,Otsu thresholding approach is applied to segment the biomedical imagesand the optimum threshold values are chosen by the use of SSA. Finally,active contour (AC) technique is used to identify the suspicious regions in themedical image. A comprehensive experimental analysis of the SSAMLT-BTSmodel is performed using benchmark dataset and the outcomes are inspectedin many aspects. The simulation outcomes reported the improved outcomesof the SSAMLT-BTS model over recent approaches with maximum accuracyof 95.95%.

A Multilevel Hierarchical Parallel Algorithm for Large-Scale Finite Element Modal Analysis

The strict and high-standard requirements for the safety and stability ofmajor engineering systems make it a tough challenge for large-scale finite element modal analysis.At the same time,realizing the systematic analysis of the entire large structure of these engineering systems is extremely meaningful in practice.This article proposes a multilevel hierarchical parallel algorithm for large-scale finite element modal analysis to reduce the parallel computational efficiency loss when using heterogeneous multicore distributed storage computers in solving large-scale finite element modal analysis.Based on two-level partitioning and four-transformation strategies,the proposed algorithm not only improves the memory access rate through the sparsely distributed storage of a large amount of data but also reduces the solution time by reducing the scale of the generalized characteristic equation(GCEs).Moreover,a multilevel hierarchical parallelization approach is introduced during the computational procedure to enable the separation of the communication of inter-nodes,intra-nodes,heterogeneous core groups(HCGs),and inside HCGs through mapping computing tasks to various hardware layers.This method can efficiently achieve load balancing at different layers and significantly improve the communication rate through hierarchical communication.Therefore,it can enhance the efficiency of parallel computing of large-scale finite element modal analysis by fully exploiting the architecture characteristics of heterogeneous multicore clusters.Finally,typical numerical experiments were used to validate the correctness and efficiency of the proposedmethod.Then a parallel modal analysis example of the cross-river tunnel with over ten million degrees of freedom(DOFs)was performed,and ten-thousand core processors were applied to verify the feasibility of the algorithm.

A Sensor-less Surface Mounted PMSM for Electronic Speed Control in Multilevel Inverter

Recent advancements in power electronics technology evolves inverter fed electric motors.Speed signals and rotor position are essential for controlling an electric motor accurately.In this paper,the sensorless speed control of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor(SPMSM)has been attempted.SPMSM wants a digital inverter for its precise working.Hence,this study incor-poratesfifteen level inverter to the SPMSM.A sliding mode observer(SMO)based sensorless speed control scheme is projected to determine rotor spot and speed of the multilevel inverter(MLI)fed SPMSM.MLI has been operated using a multi carrier pulse width modulation(MCPWM)strategy for generation offif-teen level voltages.The simulation works are executed with MATLAB/SIMU-LINK software.The steadiness and the heftiness of the projected model have been investigated under no loaded and loaded situations of SPMSM.Furthermore,the projected method can be adapted for electric vehicles.

Multilevel optoelectronic hybrid memory based on N-doped Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Te_(5)film with low resistance drift and ultrafast speed

Multilevel phase-change memory is an attractive technology to increase storage capacity and density owing to its high-speed,scalable and non-volatile characteristics.However,the contradiction between thermal stability and operation speed is one of key factors to restrain the development of phase-change memory.Here,N-doped Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Te_(5)-based optoelectronic hybrid memory is proposed to simultaneously implement high thermal stability and ultrafast operation speed.The picosecond laser is adopted to write/erase information based on reversible phase transition characteristics whereas the resistance is detected to perform information readout.Results show that when N content is 27.4 at.%,N-doped Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Te_(5)film possesses high ten-year data retention temperature of 175℃and low resistance drift coefficient of 0.00024 at 85℃,0.00170 at 120℃,and 0.00249 at 150℃,respectively,owing to the formation of Ge–N,Sb–N,and Te–N bonds.The SET/RESET operation speeds of the film reach 520 ps/13 ps.In parallel,the reversible switching cycle of the corresponding device is realized with the resistance ratio of three orders of magnitude.Four-level reversible resistance states induced by various crystallization degrees are also obtained together with low resistance drift coefficients.Therefore,the N-doped Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Te_(5)thin film is a promising phase-change material for ultrafast multilevel optoelectronic hybrid storage.

基于多层次模块化的金工实习教学改革与实践

金工实习是培养高校大学生工程能力与素养的重要实践环节之一,其课程内容的丰富性、课程体系的完善性、教学方法的先进性一直是当代高校极为重视的授课要素。该文围绕“以常规技能训练为主的基础训练平台,以学科技术训练为主的拓展训练平台,以学生能力发展为主的综合训练平台,以创新能力培养为主的创新训练平台”进行课程体系和实训项目的设计和执行。通过“基础-拓展-综合-创新”四个阶段,实施多层次模块化金工实习教学模式的改革与实践,为金工实习教学改革与实践研究提供借鉴和支持。

多层次领导力发展模型的构建及其有效性检验——基于扎根理论的探索性研究

领导力发展对企业人力资源开发和领导者培养至关重要,而关于领导力发展的具体内容和如何验证发展结果的有效性,一直存有争议。采用扎根理论的研究方法,对正在进行领导力发展计划的A企业进行深度访谈和现场研究,构建了一个多层次视角的领导力发展模型。该模型基于发展自我、发展团队、发展组织的多层次视角,提出了领导力的发展内容包括做人、做事、发展下属、凝聚团队、组织管理、业绩管理六个核心要素。进一步将该模型与“方向-协作-承诺”模型(DAC模型)做对比分析,研究结果表明“发展自我”激发承诺,“发展团队”产生方向、协作和承诺,“发展组织”促进方向和协作,从而验证了该领导力发展模型的有效性。

部分接入电池储能系统的模块化多电平换流器控制方法

部分接入电池储能系统的模块化多电平换流器(MMC with partly integrated BESS,MMCPBESS)可以在接入储能的同时节约建造成本,但其控制更加复杂。针对下桥臂接入储能电池的MMC-PBESS拓扑,建立数学模型及等效电路。在此基础上给出电容电压均衡策略,提出了上/下桥臂分控的控制策略,并分析了其运行边界。在MATLAB/Simulink平台搭建仿真模型,仿真了不同交直流功率比例的运行工况,所提控制策略可以在维持电容电压平衡的同时实现对电池充电的功能。该策略无需额外的环流计算,上下桥臂控制解耦,简单灵活。

基于短时傅里叶变换和深度网络的模块化多电平换流器子模块IGBT开路故障诊断

针对现有模块化多电平换流器(MMC)子模块故障诊断过程中所需传感器较多、测量干扰较大等问题,提出一种基于深度学习的MMC子模块IGBT开路故障诊断方法。在对MMC子模块开路故障特征进行分析的基础上,利用短时傅里叶变换(STFT)提取桥臂电压信号的谐波分量信息作为故障诊断所需的特征参数。将所得到的特征参数进行处理后构建故障诊断样本,在通过深度置信网络实现故障类型快速检测的基础上,依据不同故障类型,构建多个基于卷积神经网络的故障定位网络,进而实现开路故障的检测与定位。通过129电平的MMC系统仿真模型和降功率的MMC实验系统搭建,对该文所提方法进行了验证。仿真和实验结果表明,所提故障诊断方法可以在减少传感器数量的基础上实现子模块开路故障的诊断,提高系统的可靠性。

基于直流电压动态修正的柔性多状态开关自适应下垂控制

为了满足配电网的多种互联需求,柔性多状态开关(flexible multi-state switch,FMSS)已衍生出多种互联应用的技术形态,多端FMSS与双端FMSS相比更具经济性和可靠性,已成为研究热点。传统下垂控制通过改变直流侧电压实现不平衡功率的消纳,但直流侧电压的偏离会影响系统安全可靠运行。针对模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的多端FMSS系统,提出了一种改进型下垂控制策略,根据换流器消纳的有功功率实时动态改变直流电压的参考值和下垂增益,实现了直流电压的无偏差运行,既能避免换流站过载,又能解决不平衡功率消纳引起的电压偏离问题,提高了系统的稳定性。另外,由于MMC自身结构特性和PI参数整定困难,将传统的电流内环改为模型预测控制,并采用典型的二阶Runge-Kutta法对状态方程进行离散化,提高了控制精度。最后基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件搭建了四端FMSS系统模型,验证了所提控制策略的可行性与有效性。

H桥级联多电平逆变器旁路方法研究与应用

单元级联H桥逆变器因具有良好的输出电压和电流性能,在中高压变频器中逐渐得到广泛的应用,然而可靠的H桥功率单元故障旁路方法是级联H桥逆变器长期稳定运行的保证。当前逆变器应用现场要求具有高平均无故障时间(MTBF)需求,首先对级联H桥功率单元箱多电平逆变器传统旁路方法的优缺点进行分析;接着根据传统旁路方法的缺陷提出一种有着高可靠性级联H桥多电平逆变器的双重旁路方法;最后详细设计了满足双重旁路方法功能的电路并对该方法进行试验验证。试验结果表明此处所提方法能够实现级联H桥多电平逆变器的双重旁路,具有非常巨大的工程实际应用价值和意义。

基于限流电抗器电压的柔性直流配电线路单端量保护新方法

柔性直流配电技术的理论研究已经步入成熟阶段,其线路保护方法的不完备成为制约该技术发展的重要因素,尤其是以快速动作为优势的单端量保护,耐高阻能力弱、所需采样率高等问题仍待解决。为解决上述问题,文中通过分析单极对称接线系统发生金属性双极短路故障和经过渡电阻故障时限流电抗器电压特征,利用限流电抗器电压及其负变化率积聚和构造保护判据,据此提出了一种基于限流电抗器电压的柔性直流配电线路单端量保护新方法。仿真结果表明,该方法能在0.5 ms内可靠识别区内故障,且耐受过渡电阻(20Ω)和噪声影响,所需采样率要求低,具有工程实用意义。

一种高性能低成本的中压异质器件混合型模块化多电平变换器及其控制策略

针对少子模块数的中压模块化多电平变换器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)装置损耗、成本等指标难以综合提升的问题,该文提出一种基于Si基绝缘栅双极型晶体管(insulated gate bipolar transistor,IGBT)和SiC基金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor,MOSFET)混合的模块化多电平变换器,简称异质器件混合型模块化多电平变换器(heterogeneous device hybrid MMC,HDHMMC)。HDHMMC由全Si IGBT的低频模块和Si IGBT与SiC MOSFET混合的高频模块组成。针对此拓扑提出一种特定的高低频混合调制策略,充分发挥Si IGBT通态损耗低、SiC MOSFET开关损耗低的优势。此外,详细分析了高低频模块的能量波动机理,并针对高低频模块直流侧电容电压不稳定问题提出一种特定的稳压策略。仿真和实验结果验证了HDHMMC拓扑及其调制、稳压策略的可行性。最后,将HDHMMC与现有MMC拓扑进行损耗与成本对比,证明所提拓扑可以更好地平衡成本、效率、功率密度等性能指标。

基于李雅普诺夫直接法的MMC控制策略研究

为改善PI控制下模块化多电平变换器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的控制效果,提出了基于李雅普诺夫直接法的MMC控制策略。首先,建立MMC整流器的数学模型。其次,构造出MMC系统的李雅普诺夫能量函数。然后,在MMC数学模型和能量函数的基础上设计了控制系统。由奈奎斯特稳定判据分析了直流电压稳定性的影响因素,并在经典频域下通过伯德图对比分析了李雅普诺夫控制策略和PI控制策略的控制性能。最后,在负载阶跃、交流侧电压幅值阶跃和交流侧三相电压不平衡工况下对两种控制策略进行了仿真和半实物在环仿真研究。结果表明,李雅普诺夫控制策略较PI控制策略有着更好的控制效果,李雅普诺夫控制策略更适用于MMC此类非线性强耦合系统。

基于混合型MMC的柔性直流电网故障电流阻断控制策略

柔性直流电网是实现大规模可再生能源发电汇集、输送和并网的有效手段。针对基于混合型MMC的直流故障电流阻断方案会引起功率传输中断的问题,本文提出了一种混合型MMC负压控制与超高速机械开关协调配合的故障电流阻断方法,该方法能够快速阻断故障电流并维持非故障线路的功率传输。通过分析故障电流组成及关键影响因素,确定了换流站的控制目标,基于全桥子模块的电压调节自由度,提出了利用混合型MMC输出负压主动吸收故障电流的控制策略,并设计了其与超高速机械开关的协调配合方案,实现故障的可靠隔离。最后,基于RTLAB实时数字仿真平台搭建了四端柔性直流电网仿真模型,仿真结果表明,本文提出的方法可快速阻断直流故障电流,缩短直流电网功率恢复时间,提高系统安全稳定性。