Enabling Reachability Across Multiple Domains Without Controller Synchronization in SDN

Software-defined networking(SDN)makes network agile and flexible due to its programmable approach.An extensive network has multiple domains in SDN for the scalability and performance of the network.However,the inter-domain link is also crucial for the stability of the entire network on the data plane layer.More than one inter-domain connection enhances the scalability of the data plane layer.However,it faces a reachability problem with the principal root,which causes forwarding loops and packet drops in the network,thereby degrading network performance.The proposed solution is a multiple controller architecture;however,this approach increases the complexity and affects network performance.Thus,in this study,we propose a framework that avoids forwarding loops and packet drops without the synchronization of multiple-domain controllers in the network using an avoid loop with test packet scheme.Moreover,we collect the link status for improved routing and load balancing for the upcoming flow across inter-domain links to prevent congestion and increase throughput in real time.Our proposed methodology can significantly reduce the controller workload against multiple controller architecture,minimize flow setup latency,and improve throughput.

Proteomics identifies EGF-like domain multiple 7 as a potential therapeutic target for epidermal growth factor receptor-positive glioma

Background:Glioma,the most frequent primary tumor of the central nervous system,has poor prognosis.The epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)pathway and angiogenesis play important roles in glioma growth,invasion,and recurrence.The present study aimed to use proteomic methods to probe into the role of the EGF-EGFR-angiogenesis axis in the tumorigenesis of glioma and access the therapeutic efficacy of selumetinib on glioma.Methods:Proteomic profiling was used to characterize 200 paired EGFRpositive and EGFR-negative glioma tissues of all pathological types.The quantitative mass spectrometry data were used for systematic analysis of the proteomic profiles of 10 EGFR-positive and 10 EGFR-negative glioma cases.Consensusclustering analysis was used to screen target proteins.Immunofluorescence analysis,cell growth assay,and intracranial xenograft experiments were used to verify and test the therapeutic effect of selumetinib on glioma.Results:Advanced proteomic screening demonstrated that the expression of EGF-like domain multiple 7(EGFL7)was higher in EGFR-positive tumor tissues than in EGFR-negative tumor tissues.In addition,EGFL7 could act as an activatorin vitro and in vivo to promote glioma cell proliferation.EGFL7 was associated strongly with EGFR and prognosis.EGFL7 knockdown effectively suppressed glioma cell proliferation.Selumetinib treatment showed tumor reduction effect in EGFR-positive glioblastoma xenograft mouse model.Conclusions:EGFL7 is a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target of glioma.Selumetinib could target the EGFR pathway and possibly improve the prognosis of EGFR-positive glioma.

Large-Scale Electromagnetic Modeling for Multiple Inhomogeneous Domains

We develop a new formulation of the integral equation(IE)method for three-dimensional(3D)electromagnetic(EM)field computation in large-scale models with multiple inhomogeneous domains.This problem arises in many practical applications including modeling the EM fields within the complex geoelectrical structures in geophysical exploration.In geophysical applications,it is difficult to describe an earth structure using the horizontally layered background conductivity model,which is required for the efficient implementation of the conventional IE approach.As a result,a large domain of interest with anomalous conductivity distribution needs to be discretized,which complicates the computations.The new method allows us to consider multiple inhomogeneous domains,where the conductivity distribution is different from that of the background,and to use independent discretizations for different domains.This reduces dramatically the computational resources required for largescale modeling.In addition,using this method,we can analyze the response of each domain separately without an inappropriate use of the superposition principle for the EM field calculations.The method was carefully tested for the modeling the marine controlled-source electromagnetic(MCSEM)fields for complex geoelectric structures with multiple inhomogeneous domains,such as a seafloor with the rough bathymetry,salt domes,and reservoirs.We have also used this technique to investigate the return induction effects from regional geoelectrical structures,e.g.,seafloor bathymetry and salt domes,which can distort the EM response from the geophysical exploration target.