Microstructures and thermal properties of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

To analyze the feasibility of utilization of thermal technology in fly ash treatment, thermal properties and microstructures of municipal solid waste incineration （MSW1） fly ash were studied by measuring the chemical element composition, specific surface area, pore sizes, functional groups, TEM image, mineralogy and DSC-TG curves of raw and sintered fly ash specimens. The results show that MSWI fly ash particles mostly have irregular shapes and non-typical pore structure, and the supersonic treatment improves the pore structure; MSWI fly ash consists of Such crystals as SiO2, CaSO4 and silica-aluminates, and some soluble salts like KCl and NaCl. During the sintering process, mineralogy changes largely and novel solid solutions are produced gradually with the rise of temperature. Therefore, the utilization of a proper thermal technology not only destructs those persistent organic toxicants but also stabilizes hazardous heavy metals in MSWI fly ash.

Mechanism of high concentration phosphorus wastewater treated by municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

The mechanism of removing phosphate by MSWI(municipal solid waste incineration)fly ash was investigated by SEM(scanning electron microscopy)with EDS(energy dispersion spectrum),XRD(X-ray diffraction),FT-IR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy),BET(specific surface area),and BJH(pore size distribution).The results indicate that the removal rate of phosphate(100 mg/L)in 50 mL phosphorus wastewater reaches at 99.9% as the dosage of MSWI fly ash being 0.9000 g under room temperature.The specific surface area of MSWI fly ash is less than 6.1 m2/g and the total pore volume is below 0.021 cm3/g,suggesting that the absorption capacity of calcite is too weak to play an important role in phosphate removal.SEM images show that drastic changes had taken place on its specific surface shape after reaction,and EDS tests indicate that some phosphate precipitates are formed and attached onto MSWI fly ash particles.Chemical precipitation is the main manner of phosphate removal and the main reaction is: 3Ca2++2 PO4 3-+xH2O→Ca3(PO4)2↓·xH2O.Besides,XRD tests show that the composition of MSWI fly ash is complex,but CaSO4 is likely to be the main source of Ca2+.The soluble heavy metals in MSWI fly ash are stabilized by phosphate.

Comparative evaluation of processes for heavy metal removal from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

Hydrochloric acid leaching, chloride evaporation, acetic acid leaching, and biological leaching were evaluated and compared as processes of heavy metal removal for municipal solid waste incineration fly ash(MSWFA). Six factors, namely, energy consumption, process efficiency, process handling, process cost estimation, cost reduction potential, and study progress, were used in order to find out their advantages and disadvantages and to help develop a better recovery process of heavy metals from MSWFA in terms of treatment of the waste material. Hydrochloric acid leaching process was found to be most balanced among the evaluated processes. It showed superiority on energy consumption, process cost estimation, and study progress. On the other hand, despite of its excellency in process efficiency, chloride evaporation process was most unfavorable mainly due to heavy energy dependence. Biological process, with huge potential of cost reduction, was concluded to be the second best process.

Hydration Kinetics of Municipal Solid Wastes Incineration(MSWI) Fly Ash-Cement

Hydration heat behavior and kinetics of blended cement containing up to 20% MSWI fly ash were investigated based on its hydration heat evolution rate measured by isothermal calorimeter. Kinetics parameters, N and K, and hydration degree, Ca(OH)2 content, were also calculated and analyzed. According to the experimental results, the induction period was elongated, the second heat evolution peak was in advance, and the third hydration heat peak could be detected due to MSWI fly ash pozzolanic reaction. The hydration reaction rate was controlled by nucleation kinetics in the acceleration period and then by diffusion in the decay period, but in the deceleration period, the hydration experienced a dual controlling reaction of autocatalytic chemical reaction and diffusion. The hydration rate of blended cement was faster. Ca(OH)2 content increased before 14 days.

Chemical speciation and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

Chemical speciation is a significant factor that governs the toxicity and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Sequential extraction procedure is applied to fractionate heavy metals(Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Cr) into five defined groups: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals is also investigated with the aid of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. In the fly ash sample, Pb is primarily presented in the carbonate(51%) and exchangeable(20%) fractions; Cd and Zn mainly exist as the exchangeable(83% and 49% respectively); Cu is mostly contained in the last three fractions(totally 87%); and Cr is mainly contained in the residual fraction(62%). Pb, Zn and Cd showed the high mobility in the investigation, thus might be of risk to the natural environment when municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is landfilled or reutilized.

Characteristics of the stabilized/solidified municipal solid wastes incineration fly ash and the leaching behavior of Cr and Pb

Fly ash is a hazardous byproduct of municipal solid wastes incineration （MSWI）. An alkali activated blast fumace slag-based cementifious material was used to stabilize/solidify the fly ash at experimental level. The characteristics of the stabilized/solidified fly ash, including metal leachability, mineralogical characteristics and the distributions of metals in matrices, were tested by toxic characteristic leaching procedure （TCLP）, X-ray diffrac- tion （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer （SEM-EDS） respectively. Contin- uous acid extraction was utilized to extract metal ions and characterize their leaching behavior. The stabilization/ solidification procedure for MSWI fly ash demonstrates a strong fixing capacity for the metals by the formation of C- S-H phase, hydrated calcium aluminosilicate and ettringite. The stabilized/solidified fly ash shows a dense and homogeneous microstructure. Cr is mainly solidified in hydrated calcium aluminosilicate, C-S-H and ettringite phase through physical encapsulation, precipitation, adsorption or substitution mechanisms, and Pb is mainly solidified in C-S-H phase and absorbed in the Si-O structure.

Review of harmless treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

Incineration is widely adopted in municipal solid waste management,which produces large amounts of municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI)fly ash.The harmless treatment of MSWI fly ash requires the appropriate disposal of heavy metals and dioxins that are enriched in fly ash.This review summarizes recently developed harmless disposal methods for MSWI fly ash including solidification/stabilization,thermal treatment,and separation/extraction.In addition,we discuss heavy metal and dioxin fixation,and the removal capacity of fly ash via solidification/stabilization(including cement solidification,chemical stabilization,hydrothermal processes,and mechano-chemical methods),thermal treatment(including sintering,fuel-burning,or electric melting/vitrification),and separation/extraction(including water-washing,chemical reagent leaching,biological leaching,electrodialysis separation,chemical reagent extraction,and nanomaterials extraction).The advantages and disadvantages of different harmless treatment methods are compared and future research prospects and suggestions are summarized.This review provides general guidelines for the harmless treatment of MSWI fly ash in the future.

Influence of SO_2 in incineration flue gas on the sequestration of CO_2 by municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

The influence of CO2 content and presence of SO2 on the sequestration of CO2 by municipal solid waste incinerator （MSWI） fly ash was studied by investigating the carbonation reaction of MSWI fly ash with different combinations of simulated flue gas. The reaction between fly ash and 100% CO2 was relatively fast; the uptake of CO2 reached 87 g CO2/kg ash, and the sequestered CO2 could be entirely released at high temperatures. When CO2 content was reduced to 12%, the reaction rate decreased; the uptake fell to 41 g CO2/kg ash, and 70.7% of the sequestered CO2 could be released. With 12% CO2 in the presence of SO2, the reaction rate significantly decreased; the uptake was just 17 g CO2/kg ash, and only 52.9% of the sequestered CO2 could be released. SO2 in the simulated gas restricted the ability of fly ash to sequester CO2 because it blocked the pores of the ash.

Low-carbon stabilization/solidification of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

Municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI)fly ash(FA)is classified as hazardous waste,which requires additional treatment before disposal or further utilization.Stabilization/solidification(S/S)is regarded as a low-cost and high-efficient method for MSWI FA treatment.“Low-carbon S/S”has captured extensive interest in recent years,which could treat hazardous wastes and enable resource recycling in a sustainable way.This article introduced the state-of-art low-carbon S/S strategies for MSWI FA treatment.The immobilization mechanisms of pollutants in various matrices were also discussed.Prospects were raised to foster the actualization of sustainable management of MSWI FA.

Emission characteristics and control technology of heavy metals during collaborative treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in iron ore sintering process

The municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA) contains a large amount of heavy metals, and the process of iron ore sintering and treating fly ash needs to pay attention to the migration characteristics of heavy metals. The impact of the application of MSWI-FA in the sintering process on the emission law of heavy metals in the collaborative treatment process was studied, and corresponding control technologies were proposed. The results showed that the direct addition of water washing fly ash (WM-FA) powder resulted in varying degrees of increase in heavy metal elements in the sinter. As the amount of WM-FA added increases, the content of heavy metal elements correspondingly increases, and an appropriate amount of WM-FA added is 0.5%–1.0%. The migration mechanism of heavy metals during the sintering treatment of WM-FA was clarified. Heavy metals are mainly removed through direct and indirect chlorination reactions, and Cu and Cr can react with SiO_(2) and Fe_(2)O_(3) in the sintered material to solidify in the sinter. Corresponding control techniques have been proposed to reduce the heavy metal elements in WM-FA through the pre-treatment of WM-FA. When the WM-FA was fed in the middle and lower layers of the sintered material, the high temperature of the lower layer was utilized to promote the removal of heavy metals. The Ni element content has decreased from 130 to 90 mg kg^(−1), and the Cd removal rate has increased by 23%. The removal rates of Cd and Cr elements increase by 2.4 and 5.5 times, respectively. There is no significant change in sintering indexes.

Physical and mechanical properties of municipal solid waste incineration residues with cement and coal fly ash using X-ray Computed Tomography scanners

A significant volume of Municipal Solid Waste incineration bottom ash and fly ash (i.e.,incineration residues) are commonly disposed as landfill.Meanwhile,reclamation of landfill sites to create a new land space after their closure becomes an important goal in the current fewer and fewer land availability scenario in many narrow countries.The objective of this study is to reclaim incineration residue materials in the landfill site by using cement and coal fly ash as stabilizers aiming at performing quality check as new developed materials before future construction.Indeed,physical and mechanical properties of these new materials should be initially examined at the micro scale,which is the primary fundamental for construction at larger scale.This research examines quantitative influences of using the combination of cement and coal fly ash at different ratio on the internal structure and ability of strength enhancement of incineration residues when suffering from loading.Couple of industrial and micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanners combined with an image analysis technique were utilized to characterize and visualize the behavior and internal structure of the incineration residues-cement-coal fly ash mixture under the series of unconfined compression test and curing period effect.Nine types of cement solidified incineration residues in term of different curing period (i.e.,7,14,28 days) and coal fly ash addition content (i.e.,0%,9%,18%) were scanned before and after unconfined compression tests.It was shown that incineration residues solidified by cement and coal fly ash showed an increase in compression strength and deformation modulus with curing time and coal fly ash content.Three-dimension computed tomography images observation and analysis confirmed that solidified incineration residues including incineration bottom and fly ash as well as cement and coal fly ash have the deliquescent materials.Then,it was studied that stabilized parts play a more important role than spatial void distribution in increment or reduction of compression strength.

Mechanism of MSWI Fly Ash Solidified by Microbe Cement

Microbe cement,a new type of gelling material,has attracted wide attention due to the increasing awareness of environmental protection.In this paper,the microbe cement in solidifying municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI)fly ash is investigated and the effect of the microbial induction method in solidifying MSWI fly ash is compared with the traditional chemical reaction strategy by characterizing the resulted calcite and the solidification productions with electronic universal testing machine,X-ray diffractometer(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and atomic absorption spectrometer.The results show that the MSWI fly ash solidified by microbe cement has the highest compressive strength while that of the chemical CaCO3 products is the lowest.The XRD results show that a new hydration gelling substance(Ca2SiO4·0.30H2O)is generated in the MSWI fly ash products.The FTIR results show that the frequency of Si-O bonds and C-O bonds in the products solidified by microbe cement has shifted,while there is no change occurred in the chemical CaCO3 products.The SEM results show that the microstructure of the products solidified by microbe cement is denser than that of chemical CaCO3 products.The test results of heavy metals show that the microbe cement could reduce the leaching concentration of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash.Ultimately,the leaching concentration of Pb meets the standard requirements,while that of Cd is still slightly higher than the standard requirement.

Effect of the MgO/SiO_(2) ratio on MgO–silica binders solidifying MSWI fly ash

To improve the effect of MgO–SiO_(2) binders solidifying municipal solid waste incineration fly ash(MSWI FA),MSWI FA solidified bodies with five MgO/SiO_(2) ratios(0.41~3.77)were investigated.The leaching behavior of solidified bodies was evaluated by leaching toxicity tests and pH-dependent experiments.In addition,hydration products in solidified bodies were analyzed by thermodynamic modeling and microstructure characterizations.The results showed that the variation in the MgO/SiO_(2) ratio had a significant effect on the leaching toxicity of the solidified bodies,because it affected the leachate pH and the composition of the hydration products of the solidified bodies.The acid and alkali resistance of the MSWI FA was enhanced through solidification with MgO–SiO_(2) binders.MgO can improve the alkalinity of the solidified bodies and facilitate the chemical precipitation of heavy metals.Moreover,silica fume,an industrial waste,can serve as a cost-effective measure.Overall,MgO–SiO_(2) binders demonstrated great potential as promising candidates for encapsulating MSWI FA.

Hydrothermal treatment of MSWI fly ash for simultaneous dioxins decomposition and heavy metal stabilization

Researches on the hydrothermal treatment of municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI)fly ash were conducted to eliminate dioxins and stabilize heavy metals.In order to enhance decomposing polychlorinated dibenzodioxins(PCDDs)and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans(PCDFs)during hydrothermal process,a strong reductant carbohydrazide(CHZ)is introduced.A hydrothermal reactor was set up by mixing raw MSWI fly ash or the pre-treated fly ash with water and then heated to a pre-set temperature;CHZ was spiked into solution according to specially defined dosage.Experimental results showed that under the temperatures of 518 K and 533 K,the decomposition rates of PCDDs/PCDFs were over 80%and 90%,respectively,by total concentration.However,their toxic equivalent(TEQ)decreased only slightly or even increased due to the rising in concentration of congeners 2,3,7,8-TCDD/TCDF,which might be resulted from the highly chlorinated congeners losing their chlorine atoms and being degraded during the hydrothermal process.Better results of TEQ reduction were also obtained under the higher tested temperature of 533 K and reactor with addition of 0.1%wt CHZ was corresponded to the best results.Good stabilization of heavy metals was also obtained in the same hydrothermal process especially when ferrous sulphate was added as auxiliary agent.

Effect of Atmosphere on HCI Releasement during MSWI Fly Ash Thermal Treatment

Municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI)fly ash constitutes a hazardous waste.Melting disposal has been verified to be prospective for stabilizing heavy metals and dioxins.Release of contaminant HCl during MSWI fly ash thermal treatment leads to potential environmental risks.The behavior and transformation of chlorine are critical to the disposal strategy of MSWI fly ash.In this study,the pathway of HCl formation in MSWI fly ash thermal treatment under complex atmosphere was revealed.Results show that CaOHCl in fly ash was first decomposed to CaCl_(2),CaO and H_(2)O below 550°C,which provides H for HCl generation.Then,CaCl_(2),NaCl or KCl were reacted with H_(2)O to release HCI,during which process H_(2)O and O2 promote HCl formation,CO inhibit HCl production since H_(2)O is consumed in water-gas reaction.The initial temperature of HCl generation affected by the concentration of H_(2)O in the atmosphere.When temperature up to 1250°C,almost all NaCl or KCl were volatilized,HCl mainly from the reaction of chlorine-containing minerals with H_(2)O,such as Ca_(19.2)Mg_(2.8)(Si_(0.75)Al_(0.75))8 O36Cl_(2),Ca4(SiO4)(SO4)Cl_(2)and Ca10(SiO4)3Cl_(2)in N_(2),CO and air atmosphere separately.Moreover,in a reducing atmosphere,metals are more easily chlorinated by HCI,resulting in further consumption of HCI.The order of atmosphere for reducing HCl emissions should be CO>N_(2)>Air>>H_(2)O.

Preparation of glass–ceramics from high-chlorine MSWI fly ash by one-step process

Municipal solid waste incinerated(MSWI) fly ash contains heavy metals and chloride,which is urgent to be disposed via an effective method.Herein,glass-ceramics,one of the recycling waste materials based on MSWI fly ash with high chloride content,have been developed from one-step process.MSWI fly ash and waste glass have been utilized as calcium and silicon sources,respectively.Glass-ceramics were successfully prepared by the one-step process.It is found that the increase in MSWI fly ash promotes the fracture of glass mesh(Si-O)and the generation of non-bridging oxygen,reducing the polymerization degree of glass network structure,which leads to the decrease in glass stability.The difference between glass transition temperature(T_(g)) and crystallization temperature(T_(c)) was narrowed,and crystallization activation energy of basic glass was reduced,which promoted crystallization.With lower crystallization activation energy(E=217.56 kJ·mol^(-1)) and high utilization rate of 50 wt% MSWI fly ash,the optimal glass-ceramics with spherical diopside,cuspidine and glass phase,excellent hardness of 7.97 GPa and bending resistance of 114.86 MPa are achieved.It is worth mentioning that most of the high content of chlorine in MSWI fly ash will evaporate during vitrification process;the residual chlorine as well as heavy metals can be present steadily in crystalline grains.Therefore,this study not only increases the attachment value of MSWI fly ash,but also eliminates the problems caused by high chlorine and heavy metals in MSWI fly ash.

城市生活垃圾焚烧渣工程特性试验研究

焚烧法减量效果显著,已成为生活垃圾的主要处理方法,然而城市生活垃圾焚烧会产生大量底渣,底渣如何处置利用是当前一个重要且亟待解决的难题。以武汉地区底渣为例,借助微观观测技术和室内测试试验,较为全面地分析武汉底渣的物理、化学及工程特性,与不同地区底渣特性进行对比,并进一步探讨武汉底渣在道路工程中作为路基填料、垃圾填埋场中用作防渗层的可行性。结果表明,底渣颗粒形状各异,表面光滑且有细小孔洞,是一种塑性较低、比重较高的级配不良砂性粗粒土;底渣重金属元素浸出浓度均未超过国家相关标准的规定限值;底渣的击实性与中细砂相似,有一定的压缩性,但其固结特性不明显;底渣的渗透系数略大于细砂,经掺和膨润土后可考虑用作垃圾填埋场防渗材料;底渣内摩擦角接近中细砂取值,同时还具有一定的黏聚力;在承载变形能力上,底渣的CBR测定值较高,满足路基工程材料对承载力的要求。

生活垃圾气炭分离燃烧污染物排放特性研究

为了研究生活垃圾挥发分和热解碳分离燃烧污染物排放特性,探索通过改变燃烧方式来降低生活垃圾燃烧污染物排放,利用固定床装置对生活垃圾直接燃烧和热解后的挥发分、热解炭单独燃烧进行了试验对比。结果表明:与直接燃烧相比,气炭分离燃烧生成CO、HCl、SO_(2)、NO_(2)、NH_(3)、HCN、HNCO等污染物的总量明显减少,NO和N_(2)O生成量略有增加;不同的燃烧方式产生的NO_(x)组分有较大的区别,直接燃烧产生的NO_(x)主要是NO和NO_(2),气炭分离后燃烧产生的NO主要是NO不同燃烧方式下,过量空气系数α对污染物的生成量均有影响,随着α的增加,直接燃烧时产生的CO、N_(2)O、SO_(2)、NH_(3)有所减少,NO、NO_(2)、HCN、HNCO有所增加,挥发分燃烧产生NO明显增加,HCN和HNCO略有减少,HCl、N_(2)O、NO_(2)、NH_(3)生成量很小变化不明显;热解炭燃烧时各污染物生成量均较低。

垃圾焚烧飞灰理化特性研究

应用能谱分析、灰熔点炉、XRD、压汞仪等仪器手段对国内外8种垃圾焚烧飞灰的成分、熔点、晶相结构、颗粒特性等物理化学性质进行了系统研究。研究表明,飞灰成分因为受原料、炉型、取样位置等因素影响而差异很大。由于飞灰的成分差异导致垃圾焚烧飞灰比煤灰更易于熔融,对熔融处理有利,这主要归因于飞灰中SiO2含量以及SiO2 Al2O3差异,熔点与SiO2含量存在正比关系;添加CaO实现助熔是有条件的,不同飞灰由于焚烧条件和飞灰成分不同导致晶相组成有一定差异;飞灰内部孔径主要分布于0.3μm～1.5μm范围内,飞灰的比表面积为20.5m2 g。

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的污染特性

垃圾焚烧会产生含重金属等污染物的烟气净化系统飞灰 .根据上海浦东新区生活垃圾焚烧厂飞灰的重金属和溶解盐测试分析结果 ,以及国外对飞灰中二口恶口英等有机污染物的研究 ,分析了我国垃圾焚烧飞灰的污染特性 .研究结果表明 :按我国危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准 ,飞灰属危险废物 ;Pb ,Cd ,Hg和Zn是飞灰中的主要重金属污染元素 ;可浸出部分Cd主要以离子交换态和酸溶态形式存在 ,而Pb和Zn主要以酸溶态形式存在 ,因此在酸性环境条件下飞灰的重金属污染风险会显著增加 .飞灰溶解盐为 2 2 .1% ,主要为氯化物 ,其存在会增大其它污染物的溶解度 ;飞灰处置时可能会污染地下水体 .飞灰含少量二口恶口英和呋喃等有机污染物 。