MASS MOVEMENT AND LANDSLIDE HAZARD, MURREE AREA, NORTH PAKISTAN

The summer resort of Murree and adjoining areas is characterized by high degree of erosivity and erodibility due to both natural and man induced factors. This area is part of a young orogenic belt that is experiencing one of the world’s most rapid uplift rates, and is located in near vicinity of major thrust faults. Shear zones associated with still active faults, such as Murree Thrust and also the folding generated due to thrusting induce an inherited weakness and natural instability potential in the rocks of the Murree Hills. Ever increasing population pressure, deforestation, large\|scale construction works including a new township and a road network have further aggravated the problem. In order to study the landslides and other mass movement related problems in Murree, an area around the main town is selected for detailed analysis of the problem as it has been focus of major development and road construction work. This study is an attempt to prepare a preliminary hazard/landslide map along major road network, around Murree town to identify the unstable areas. Data collection during the fieldwork and its analysis were carried out on Geographic Information System (GIS) based on ILWIS format of the ITC, the Netherlands. Detailed study of a few selected landslides has also been conducted to understand the mechanism of failure and extent of damage.

Lycium ruthenicum Murr. treatment attenuates APP_(SWE)/PS1ΔE9 mouse model-like mitochondrial dysfunction in Slc25a46 knockout mouse model

Mitochondrial dysfunction is proposed to be substantially associated with ageing and ageing-related diseases like Alzheimer's disease(AD). However, it is unclear whether different mouse models with mitochondrialrelated diseases have similar changes in mitochondrial morphology of the same tissues. Moreover, whether similarities in mitochondrial morphology can be a suitable marker for screening and/or discovering mitochondrial-protective substances remains unknown. Mitochondria morphology in different tissues of a novel mitochondrial outer membrane protein Slc25a46 knockout mouse and a traditional APP_(SWE)/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mouse were examined using transmission electron microscope(TEM). Both young Slc25a46 knockout mice and aged APP_(SWE)/PS1ΔE9 mice models showed similar mitochondrial damage in cerebellum tissues. The results indicated that different mitochondrial-related diseases shared similar alteration and defects in mitochondrial morphology. Furthermore, Lycium ruthenicum Murr. extract, a bioactive food substance with cognition-improving property, could effectively improve muscle strength and increase body weight in the Slc25a46 knockout mice. These findings suggest that mitochondrial morphology defects in mice models, particularly in the mitochondrial compartment, represent a unified and effective marker for screening and validating natural product-derived functional substances with mitochondrial protective properties. It also holds potential application in mitochondrial-impaired senile neurodegenerative diseases, especially in AD.

不同产地野生黑果枸杞资源果实多酚组成分析

目的黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)主要分布于中国西北地区。其果实在传统中药中被用来治疗心脏病、月经异常及停经等疾病。近年来,发现多酚特别是花色苷类物质是其主要的功效成分。测定并评价不同产地野生黑果枸杞果实中花色苷等多酚的组成情况,为黑果枸杞的品种选育及开发利用提供依据。方法采用分光光度计测定其总酚、总黄酮、总花色苷含量;采用HPLC-MS方法分析鉴定黑果枸杞酚类物质组成及结构;并根据总多酚含量、总黄酮含量、总花色苷含量及多酚共有峰峰面积分别对26个不同产地黑果枸杞的多酚检测结果进行聚类分析。结果 26个不同产地的黑果枸杞资源果实的总酚含量、总黄酮含量、总花色苷含量的变化幅度分别为8.25—87.77 mg GAE·g-1、18.03—60.44 mg RE·g-1、8.21—31.46 mg·g-1。不同产地的材料间差异较大,其中青海格尔木乌图美仁、新疆甘河子、新疆巴仑台镇、宁夏贺兰12-01黑果枸杞总酚、总黄酮及总花色苷含量较高;通过HPLC-MS分析鉴定,19个多酚类化合物被鉴定出。其中7个为酰化类花色苷,主要花色苷为Petunidin-3-O-rutinoside(cis-p-coumaroyl)-5-O-glucoside。在所有供试黑果枸杞不同产地的材料中共检测到12种共有酚类化合物,其中Petunidin-3-O-rutinoside(cis-p-coumaroyl)-5-O-glucoside在所有供试黑果枸杞中的含量均最高,是黑果枸杞花色苷类多酚的主要成分。各产地样品HPLC特征图谱相似,有个别质量较差的情况存在;聚类参数不同,聚类结果略有差异。根据总酚含量、总黄酮含量、总花色苷含量聚类,聚为7类,甘肃民勤中渠、新疆喀什、宁夏贺兰12-1聚为第六类,新疆甘河子单独聚为第七类,该两类总酚、总黄酮及总花色苷含量均含量分别介于57.74—87.77 mg·g-1、41.52—55.46 mg·g-1和12.25—28.54 mg·g-1。总酚、总黄酮及总花色苷含量都很高,特别是新疆甘河子产地,可作为以多酚和花色苷含量为指标的优质良种材料。根据共有峰面积共聚为5类,其中宁夏贺兰12-1、青海格尔木乌图美仁、新疆甘河子为一类,该类峰面积很高,其中主成分峰面积介于2 350.84—3 092.94。新疆巴轮台镇单独一类,其主成分峰面积高达为3 579.96。结论 26个不同产地的黑果枸杞中多数富含多酚类物质,特别是酰化矮牵牛素花色苷含量丰富,是较好的开发富含花色苷类多酚的功能性食品资源。

Effects of NaCl Stress on Seed Germination of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.

[Objective]To study the seeds germination of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.under different concentrations of NaCl,as well as to find the optimal concentration of NaCl for the germination of L.ruthenicum.[Method]The seeds of L.ruthenicum were treated with different concentrations of NaCl,and the state of seed germination was measured.[Result]With the increasing of concentration of NaCl,the seed germination rate of L.ruthenicum showed an obvious increasing trend.when the concentration was of 0.3%-0.4 %,the germination rate was the highest,and when the concentration of NaCl was greater than 0.4,the germination rate showed a decline trend.[Conclusion]After treated with appropriate concentrations of NaCl before sowing,the germination rate of seeds of L.ruthenicum would increase.

Karyotype Analysis of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.

Karyotype analysis of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. was carried out in this study. The results showed that the chromosome number was 2n=2x=24; the arm index was 48; the ratio of the longest chromosome to the shortest one was 1.31; the proportions of chromosomes with arm ratio higher than 2 was 0.08; the asymmetry index was 57.02; the karyotype type was 2A; and the karyotype formula was 2n=-24=20m＋4sm.

黑果枸杞的栽培技术及生产特性分析

从栽植密度、土壤施肥、树体管理、果实采摘、果实制干、病虫害防治6个方面介绍了黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)的栽培技术。结合黑果枸杞生产的现状,分析了黑果枸杞优系和生产用商品苗建园的产量特性。结果表明,黑果枸杞优系的田间苗木一致、果实颗粒大、性状稳定,而采用黑果枸杞商品苗进行生产建园则苗木田间表现不一致、性状不稳定、产量无保障。3年生的黑果枸杞商品苗,每667 m2平均产量在40 kg左右,干果等级率在180颗/10 g左右。

Evaluation of state and community/private forests in Punjab, Pakistan using geospatial data and related techniques

Background： Forests are fundamental in maintaining water supplies, providing economic goods, mitigating climate change, and maintaining biodiversity, thus providing many of the world＇s poorest with income, food and medicine. Too often, forested lands are treated as ＂wastelands＂ or ＂free＂ and are easily cleared for agricultural and infrastructure expansion. Methods： In this paper, the sustainability of two forest ecosystems （state and community/private owned） was evaluated using SPOT-5 satellite images of 2005 and 2011. This study was conducted in a sub-watershed area covering 468 km2, of which 201 km2 is managed by the state and 267 km2 by community/private ownership in the Murree Galliat region of Punjab Province of Pakistan. A participatory approach was adopted for the delineation and demarcation of forest boundaries. The Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis （GEOBIA） technique was used for identification and mapping of ten Land Cover （LC） features. Results： The results show that between the years 2005 to 2011, a total of 55 km2 （24 km2 in state-owned forest and 31 km2 in community/private forest） was converted from forest to non-forest. The conclusion is that conservation is more effective in state-owned forests than in the community/private forests. Conclusions： These findings may help to mobilize community awareness and identify effective initiatives for improved management of community/private forest land for other regions of Pakistan.

不同的生长调节剂对黑果枸杞硬枝扦插育苗的影响

[目的]研究不同的生长调节剂对黑果枸杞硬枝扦插育苗的影响。[方法]采用5种不同生长调节剂75mg/LIBA、750mg/LIAA、750mg/LGGR7号、300mg/LNAA和300mg/LGA3对黑果枸杞插条进行处理,调查硬枝扦插的出苗率、新生枝数量、新生根数量、新生根平均根长。[结果]对黑果枸杞出苗影响最大的是IBA,其苗率最高为85%,其次是IAA(80%)、GGR7号(78%)、NAA(75%)、GA3(73%),清水出苗率最低为65%。NAA和GGR7号对黑果枸杞新生枝数量有显著促进作用。对黑果枸杞扦插苗新生根数量有极显著促进作用的是GGR7号,其次为IBA。对黑果枸杞扦插苗新生根平均根长有极显著促进作用的为GGR7号,其次为IAA。[结论]750mg/L生根粉GGR7号对黑果枸杞硬枝扦插育苗促进作用最大。

Study on Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.

[Objective] This study aimed to establish a tissue culture and rapid propagation system for Lycium ruthenicum Murr.[Method] Using tender stems of L.ruthenicum as explants,MS as basic culture medium,the effects of different factors on primary culture,subculture and rooting of L.ruthenicum plantlets were investigated.[Result] The most appropriate medium for primary culture of L.ruthenicum was MS ＋ ZT 0.2 mg/L ＋ IBA 0.01 mg/L,in which axillary buds grew well and were rarely vitrified with the germination rate of 88.73%.In addition,ZT exerted significantly better effects on subculture and proliferation of L.ruthenicum plantlets than 6-BA.The most appropriate medium for subculture and proliferation of L.ruthenicum plantlets was MS ＋ ZT 0.15 mg/L ＋ IBA 0.01 mg/L,in which L.ruthenicum plantlets grew rapidly and robustly without vitrification,and the proliferation multiple reached 5.83 times.The most appropriate medium for rooting of L.ruthenicum plantlets was MS ＋ IBA 1.0 mg/L,in which the rooting rate reached 100%.The most appropriate substrate for transplanting and hardening of L.ruthenicum plantlets was humus soil：perlite = 1：1,in which L.ruthenicum plantlets grew well with the survival rate of 92.37%.[Conclusion] This study provided theoretical basis for largescale production and popularization of L.ruthenicum.

金属离子对黑果枸杞中花青素颜色稳定性的影响

以黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicu Murr)中的花青素为研究对象,以CIELAB色空间为研究方法,通过观察a*、b*和△E*随时间的变化情况,研究了10种金属离子对黑果枸杞花青素水提液颜色稳定性的影响。K^+、Na^+、Ca^(2+)、Mn^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Zn^(2+)对黑果枸杞花青素颜色稳定性无显著影响;Cu^(2+)对花青素溶液有明显退色作用;Al^(3+)使花青素溶液明显增色;Fe^(2+)使花青素溶液产生紫黑色沉淀;Fe^(3+)会破坏花青素类物质。在黑果枸杞花青素的制备和应用中,应尽可能避免铁、铜、铝制品的接触,以免影响颜色的稳定性。

Copper toxicosis gene MURRl is not changed in Wilson disease patients with normal blood ceruloplasmin levels

AIM： To analyze our Wilson disease patient cohort （n = 106） for alterations in the gene coding for MURR1. METHODS： Patients with an established diagnosis of Wilson disease but normal ceruloplasmin blood levels were chosen for our study （n = 14）. Patients with two known disease-causing mutations in the ATPTB gene were not included. The three exons of the human MURR1 gene were sequenced after amplification of the genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS： Our study did not reveal any mutations leading to an amino acid change in the MURR1 sequence of Wilson disease patients. A polymorphism at 472 bp of the coding sequence could be confirmed. CONCLUSION： The MURRI gene plays no role in the pathogenesis of Wilson disease patients with normal serum ceruloplasmin levels.

利用无菌苗叶片建立黑果枸杞高效繁殖体系

试验在对单粒黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)花青素测定的基础上,以黑果枸杞无菌苗为外植体,利用响应面设计Design-Expert软件就激素浓度及C源组合对诱导响应率、愈伤诱导率及植株形成率的影响进行了研究。结果表明,诱导及愈伤诱导的最佳条件为6-BA 0.92 mg/L、NAA 0.45 mg/L、C源组合蔗糖为2.26%;而植株形成率的最佳条件为6-BA 1.15 mg/L、NAA 0.38 mg/L、C源组合蔗糖2.93%。愈伤诱导过程中碳源组合与激素间存在较强的互作,组织切片所采取的诱导途径可能是胚状体再生途径,RAPD检验显示后代的变异率低,表明利用该繁殖体所培育的幼苗后代可维持母系的优良性状。

Neuroprotective effect of Spilanthes acmella Murr. on pesticide-induced neuronal cells death

Objective: To investigate protective effects of Spilanthes acmella(S,acmella) Murr,extracts against pesticide-induced neuronal cells death and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism in dopaminergic(SH-SY5Y) cells lines,Methods: Cell viability of SH-SY5 Y cells was studied by treating the cells with various concentration of pirimicarb for 24 hr,Neuroprotective effect of S,acmella Murr,extracts was investigated by adding the plant extracts to the medium for 24 hr prior to the incubation with 100 μM H_2O_2 or with pirimicarb for 24 hr,Control-untreated cells were incubated with the culture medium,Cell viability was measured by MTT assay,calpain and calpastatin expressions were analyzed by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry,Results: Pretreatment of SH-SY5 Y cells with S,acmella Murr,extracts(1 μg/m L) for 24 hr significantly increased the dopaminergic neurons in pirimicarb-induced neurotoxicity,In addition,pretreatment with the S,acmella Murr,extracts led to decreased calpain but increased calpastatin protein levels,Conclusion: S,acmella Murr,extracts exerted neuroprotective effect,via an alteration of calcium homeostasis,against pirimicarb induced neurotoxicity,The S,acmella Murr,might be a potential natural candidate with neuroprotective activity.

Bidirectional solid fermentation using Trametes robiniophila Murr. For enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity of rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.)

Objective:To investigate the potential of bidirectional solid fermentation of rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.) for reducing its toxicity and enhancing its medicinal efficacy.Methods:The fungus Trametes robiniophila Murr.was inoculated into rhubarb.The chemical ingredients as well as antioxidant,antibacterial,and anticancer activities of fermented and unfermented rhubarb extracts were then determined.Results:After fermentation,levels of anthraquinone glycosides (purgative ingredients) decreased significantly,while the level of anthraquinone aglycone increased.The level of gallic acid was also reduced after fermentation.Ethanol extract of rhubarb (0.8 mg/mL) exhibited DPPH-scavenging activity of 7.6% ± 0.8% while the blank control (0.8 mg/mL rhubarb)showed 31.3% ± 2.0% activity.Antibacterial activities in fermented samples were found to be enhanced compared with unfermented samples and anticancer activity was evident at concentrations of 2000 and 5000 μg/mL.Conclusion:Bidirectional solid fermentation appears to be an effective processing method that can be used to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of rhubarb.

Quality Analysis of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. from Different Producing Areas

[Objectives]The quality of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.from different producing areas was studied.[Methods]The content of proanthocyanidins(UV spectrophotometry),water-soluble vitamins(VB 2,VB 6,VB 12,Vc,niacinamide,and folic acid)),fat-soluble vitamins(VD,and VK 1)(high performance liquid chromatography),and trace elements Cu,Zn,and Fe(flame atomic absorption method)in L.ruthenicum from Ejin Banner of Inner Mongolia,Nuomuhong of Qinghai and Korla of Xinjiang were measured.[Results]The content of proanthocyanidins,VB 2,nicotinamide and VB 12 in L.ruthenicum from Ejin Banner was higher,and the content of Vc,VB 6,Cu,Zn,VD and VK 1 in L.ruthenicum from Nuomuhong was higher,while the content of folic acid and Fe in L.ruthenicum from Korla was higher.The proanthocyanidin content of L.ruthenicum from Ejin Banner was the highest,so it is an ideal plant for extracting proanthocyanidins.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the research,development and utilization of L.ruthenicum from Nuomuhong,Ejin Banner and Korla.

IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN MURR1, THE HOMOLOGUE OF MOUSE IMPRINTED Murr1 GENE

Objective To identify the mRNA sequence, genetic construction, imprinting status, and expression profile of human MURR1 gene, the homologue of mouse imprinted Murr1 gene. Methods The MURR1 mRNA sequence was identified by colony hybridization screening of human cDNA library and the 5'-RACE analyses; Absence of U2AF1-RS1 gene within MURR1 was confirmed by Southern Blotting; Expression profile of MURR1 was examined by Northern Blotting; The imprinting status of MURR1 were revealed by SNP investigation and RT-PCR followed by sequencings and RFLP analyses. Results The full-length mRNA sequence of MURR1 spans 711 bp, transcribed from 3 exons, encodes predicted MURR1 protein of 190 amino acids. The gene was expressed in all the 12 kinds of human adult tissues and 6 kinds of fetal tissues. It showed biallelic expression in all 32 investigated samples including 6 kinds of human fetal tissues and 8 adult brains. Unlike mouse imprinted U2af1-rs1 gene existing in the intron of Murr1, the human U2AF1-RS1 gene was not located in the MURR1 locus. Conclusion Human MURR1 gene is not imprinted and the non-imprinting is possible due to the absence of human homologue of mouse U2af1-rs1 within MURR1 locus.

Technical Study on Extraction of Procyanidins in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. Using Sub-critical Fluid 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane( R134a)and Content Determination from Different Producing Areas

[Objectives] To study the optimal conditions for extracting procyanidins fromLycium ruthenicum Murr. with sub-critical fluid R134 a( 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) in 1 L extraction kettle. [Methods]Taking the extraction rate of procyanidins as an indicator,the influence of pressure,temperature,and extraction time on extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. Ruthenicum Murr. was studied by single factor experimental methods and orthogonal array design. [Results]The order of factors affecting extraction rate of procyanidins was extraction temperature > extraction pressure > extraction time. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. ruthenicum Murr. was the highest with extraction pressure of 1. 2 MPa,extraction temperature of 50℃ and extraction time of 90 min. The content of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr. from different producing areas was determined by vanillin-HCl method under the optimal conditions. [Conclusions] The method has the advantages of easy operation,good selectivity,low extraction temperature and high extraction efficiency,which is suitable for extraction of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr.

Physicochemical Analysis of Selected Durian Hybrids at Bukit Tangga, Kedah, Malaysia

The physicochemical analysis was carried out to quantify the total soluble solids, acidity, pH, ascorbic acid contents and pulp colour of eight selected durian hybrid clones. The aim of this study was to select the most promising durian hybrids for commercialization. The durian hybrid fruits were collected in an established durian research plot. All tested characteristics with the exception for total soluble solids （TSS） showed significant differences （P 〈 0.05） amongst the eight durian hybrids with four check cultivars. F1 hybrid 15-3 had significantly higher pH （7.25） and lower titratable acidity （0.09%） than other hybrids. While for ascorbic acid content, durian hybrid 7-3 （26.13 rag/100 g） showed significantly higher than other hybrids. As for pulp colour, hybrids 1-15, 1-17 and 7-20 were yellowish orange/deep yellow. Even though there was no significant differences for TSS, three durian hybrids showed value above 39.00 °Brix and there were hybrid 14-3 （39.97 °Brix）, hybrid 8-16 （39.83 °Brix） and hybrid 7-3 （39.50 °Brix）. Based on the results of this study, Fl hybrids durian 1-15, 7-3, 8-16, 14-3 and 15-3 shall become successful candidates for recommendation to farmers for commercial production in Malaysia. However, further evaluations on fruit eating quality and stability of the hybrids should be completed prior to recommendation for commercialization.

黑果枸杞幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)幼苗为试验材料,采用称重控水的方法,设置4个水分处理水平(对照CK、轻度胁迫D1、中度胁迫D2、重度胁迫D3),研究黑果枸杞幼苗对不同程度干旱胁迫的生理生化响应。结果显示:①随着干旱胁迫的加剧,黑果枸杞幼苗株高、基径生长量、生物量积累和叶重比在轻度胁迫下升高,中、重度胁迫下降低;根重比、根冠比在轻、中度胁迫下升高,重度胁迫下降低。②随着胁迫时间的延长,各处理组脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖含量逐渐升高,可溶性蛋白含量先降后升;丙二醛(MDA)含量先增后减再逐渐增加。③随胁迫时间的延长,各处理组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐升高,过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈先升后降的趋势。综合分析认为,干旱胁迫下,黑果枸杞幼苗通过调整生长和生物量分配,减少地上部分水分散失,增加根系物质的积累,以吸收更多的水分,利用渗透调节物的积累来改变细胞渗透势,以便减少胞内水分流失。同时,通过提高保护酶活性来减弱膜脂过氧化对自身的伤害,表现出较强的耐旱性。

盐分、干旱及其交互胁迫对黑果枸杞发芽的影响

为了研究土壤盐分和水分对黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)萌发的影响,通过单因素等渗试验测定了PEG处理和Na Cl处理对发芽率的影响。结果表明:黑果枸杞种子在水分胁迫下的临界值和极限值分别为-0.39MPa和-0.75 MPa,而在盐分胁迫下分别为-0.46 MPa和-0.8 MPa。以水分胁迫、Na Cl胁迫和发芽温度为试验因子,以种子萌发率为响应值,运用中心组合试验设计(CCD)法,进行3因素5水平的响应面(RSM)分析试验。结果表明:3个因素对黑果枸杞种子发芽率的影响为:PEG>Na Cl>温度。试验结果表明:黑果枸杞在盐分和干旱双重胁迫下,极限耐受值范围为干旱胁迫-0.3^-0.5 MPa,盐分胁迫-0.6^-0.7 MPa。