Characterization of mean stem density,fibre length and lignin from two Acacia species and their hybrid

The objective of this study was to compare the wood properties related to wood pulp quality of two widely planted Acacia species viz.Acacia mangium Willd.and Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn.Ex Benth.and their hybrid.Acid insoluble lignin content(Klason),mean stem density and fibre length differed considerably among the species and hybrids.A.mangium possessed a high percent of lignin content compared to A.auriculiformis and the Acacia hybrid.However,mean stem density of A.auriculiformis was higher than A.mangium and the hybrid.Fibre length of heartwood tissues was generally shorter than that of sapwood tissues.The hybrid had longer fibres than the parent species.Lignin was negatively correlated with mean stem density.Generally,the wood properties of the hybrid were superior to its parent species.The significant intraspecific variation observed for wood properties of Acacia species could be used in breeding superior hybrids combining desirable traits of the two species.Considering thedifficulty involved in accurately measuring the lignin content compared to mean stem density,selection for plants with low lignin content can be achieved by indirect selection of high mean stem density.

Variability in Wood Density and Wood Fibre Characterization of Woody Species and Their Possible Utility in Northeastern Mexico

Context: Preliminary screening has been undertaken by woody species of Tamaulipan thornscrub for wood density and its utilization northeastern Mexico for different purposes and to find possible relationship of density with wood fibre characteristics. This technique can be used in the selection of species with high wood density for possible utility. Aims: It is to determine the variability in wood density and in fiber cell morphology and its length and among wood species of the Tamaulipan thornscrub, northeastern Mexico. Methods: Wood density and wood fibres are characterized in these woody species following standard methodology. Results: The results reveal large variability in wood density and in fibre cell morphology h. The species have been classified on the basis of wood density and its fibber cell morphology and has been recommended for their possible utilization for different purposes. Conclusions: Species desirable for strong furniture making, paper pulp, soft furniture, fence etc. can be selected on the basis of fibre length to breadth ratios as strong fibres for furniture and fibre cells with broad lumen and thin cell wall use for fabrication of paper pulp and other utilities.

Development and Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Coconut Fibre Reinforced Low Density Polyethylene Composite

This research work developed and evaluated the mechanical properties of coconut fibre reinforced low density polyethylene (LPDE) composite material. The effect of fibre loading on the mechanical properties: tensile, flexural, and impact of the developed composite material have been investigated. Also carried out was the effect of fibre loading on the water absorptivity of the developed material. Sample categories of the developed composite were prepared by varying the fibre contents by weight at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. The aim is to reduce the excessive waste disposal of LDPE materials that are largely found in the form of disposed water package materials (or pure water sachets) that usually affects the environment in the form of pollution. The water retting process was applied in extracting and cleaning fibre (or coir), while the mixed coir-LDPE (or developed composite material) was prepared by Compression Moulding Technique (CMT). The tensile and flexural properties were tested using Hounsfield Monsanto Tensometer (type w) while the impact properties were tested using the Charpy Impact testing machine. The microstructure of the composite was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The fractured surface morphology of the composite samples indicated a homogeneous mixture of the coir fibre and LDPE matrix. However, weak interfacial bonding between the coir fibre and LDPE matrix was also observed. The analysis of the water absorptivity showed that the developed composite materials have low water absorptivity at low fibre loading. However, at higher fibre loading, the water absorptivity increases significantly.

Influence of Fabric Parameters on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Failure Mechanisms in Carbon-Fibre Reinforced Composites

The effects of fibre/matrix bonding, fabric density, fibre volume fraction and bundle size on microstructure, mechanical properties and failure mechanisms in carbon fibre reinforced composites （plastic and carbon matrix） have been investigated. The microstructure of unloaded and cracked samples was studied by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, respectively whereas the mechanical behaviour was examined by 3- point bending experiments. Exclusively one type of experimental resole type phenolic resin was applied. A strong fibre/matrix bonding, which is needed for high strength of carbon fibre reinforced plastic （CFRP） materials leads to severe composite damages during the pyrolysis resulting in low strength, brittle failure and a very low utilisation of the fibres strain to failure in C/C composites. Inherent fabric parameters such as an increasing fabric density or bundle size or a reduced fibre volume fraction introduce inhomogenities to the CFRP＇s microstructure. Results are lower strength and stiffness whereas the strain to failure increases or remains unchanged. Toughness is almost not affected. In C/C composites inhomogenities due to a reduced bundle size reduce strain to failure, strength, stiffness and toughness. Vice versa a declining fibre volume fraction leads to exactly the opposite behaviour. Increasing the fabric density （weight per unit area） causes similar effects as in CFRPs.

Effect of discrete fibre reinforcement on soil tensile strength

The tensile behaviour of soil plays a significantly important role in various engineering applications. Compacted soils used in geotechnical constructions such as dams and clayey liners in waste containment facilities can suffer from cracking due to tensile failure. In order to increase soil tensile strength, discrete fibre reinforcement technique was proposed. An innovative tensile apparatus was developed to deter- mine the tensile strength characteristics of fibre reinforced soil. The effects of fibre content, dry density and water content on the tensile strength were studied. The results indicate that the developed test apparatus was applicable in determining tensile strength of soils. Fibre inclusion can significantly in- crease soil tensile strength and soil tensile failure ductility. The tensile strength basically increases with increasing fibre content. As the fibre content increases from 0% to 0.2%, the tensile strength increases by 65.7%. The tensile strength of fibre reinforced soil increases with increasing dry density and decreases with decreasing water content. For instance, the tensile strength at a dry density of 1.7 Mg/m^3 is 2.8 times higher than that at 1.4 Mg/m^3. It decreases by 30% as the water content increases from 14.5% to 20.5%. Furthermore, it is observed that the tensile strength of fibre reinforced soil is dominated by fibre pull-out resistance, depending on the interracial mechanical interaction between fibre surface and soil matrix.

Coconut Fibre Effect on Fresh and Thermo Gravimetric Properties to Mitigate Spalling of Self-Compacting Concrete at Elevated Temperatures

In this research the effect of Coconut (CN) fibre on the fresh and thermo gravimetric properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) at elevated temperatures was investigated experimentally and statistically. The mixtures containing cement, water, fly ash, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and super plasticizer with the addition of CN fibres (0%, 0.05%, 0.10 %, and 0.15%) by volume of the mixtures were prepared. The fresh and thermo gravimetric properties of the SCC specimens were determined after mixing at elevated temperatures (200℃, 400℃, and 600℃) testing in a laboratory. Three control specimens with 0% CN fibres were used for every mixture of SCC. Regression models were developed to determine the responses. The optimum of the CN fibres was measured.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Recycled Mixed Waste Polymers Reinforced with Reclaimed Newsprint Fibres

This study investigates the mechanical,thermal and morphological properties of rHDPE(Recycled High Density Polyethylene)and a mixture of rPE HD/LD(High and Low Density Polyethylene),both reinforced with rNP(Reclaimed Newsprint Paper)fibres.To enhance the composite properties,the addition of highly grafted maleic anhydride polyethylene wax,as CA(Coupling Agent),and semi crystalline copolymer of propylene and ethylene,as IM(Impact Modifier),was included into the material formulation by a twin-screw extruder.Mechanical and morphological properties were studied on tensile test specimens,prepared by injection moulding,by tensile testing machine and SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope),respectively.Thermal properties,i.e.melting and crystallization behaviour,were investigated by DSC(Differential Scanning Calorimetry).Mechanical analysis showed that the addition of rNP in both composites increased the young modulus and significantly decreased the elongation at break.The DSC results revealed that the addition of the rNP in the rHDPE matrix led to a substantial decrease of crystallinity,which consequently affects the tensile strength of the composite(17 MPa)in contrast to the neat rHDPE(25 MPa).On the contrary,fibre addition in rPE HD/LD matrix had no specific impact on the crystallinity index,but did contribute to the increased tensile strength(26 MPa)when compared with neat rPE HD/LD(16 MPa).SEM photomicrographs of the impact fracture surfaces demonstrated a solid adhesion bond between the natural fibres and the rPE HD/LD matrix.Reclaimed newsprint fibres can thus be considered as a perspective alternative to the inorganic fillers in the rPE HD/LD composite.

Collapse-type shrinkage characteristics in plantation-grown eucalypts： I . Correlations of basic density and some structural indices with shrinkage and collapse properties

Collapse-type shrinkage is one of highly refractory drying defects in low-medium density plantation-grown eucalypt wood used as solid wood products. Basic density (BD), microfibril angle (MFA), double fibre cell wall thickness (DWT), proportion of ray parenchyma (RP), unit cell wall shrinkage, total shrinkage and residual collapse, which are associated with collapse-type shrinkage characteristics, were investigated by using simple regression method for three species of collapse-susceptible Eucalyptus urophyll, E. grandis and E.urophyllaxE.grandis, planted at Dong-Men Forest Farm in Guangxi autonomous region, China. The results indicated that : unit cell wall shrinkage had a extremely strong positive correlation with BD, moderately strong positive correlation with DWT, and a weakly or moderately negative correlation with RP and MFA; total shrinkage was positively correlated with BD, DWT and RP and negatively related to MFA, but not able to be predicted ideally by any examined factors alone owing to lower R^2 value (R^2≤0.5712); residual collapse was negatively correlated with BD and DWT, linearly positively correlated with MFA, and had strongly positive linear correlation with RP. It is concluded that BD can be used as single factor (R^2≥0.9412) to predicate unit cell wall shrinkage and RP is the relatively sound indicator for predicting residual

Axial variations in anatomical properties and basic density of Eucalypt urograndis hybrid(Eucalyptus grandis 3 E. urophylla)clones

We studied two clones of Eucalypt urograndis hybrid （Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla）, GR283 and GR330, grown in Tumkur district of Kamataka （India）, and felled 5-6 years old three trees of each clone. We recorded axial variations in heartwood content, bark properties, wood density and anatomical characteristics of wood in- cluding fibre length, fibre diameter, fibre wall thickness, lumen diameter, vessel frequency, vessel diameter and vessel element length. Clone GR283 had about 10 % heartwood, significantly lower than for clone GR330 （37 %）. Basic wood density along the tree height varied significantly within and between the clones. We observed significant variations in fibre length, fibre diameter and wall thickness within and between the two clones. Vessel frequency and vessel element length did not vary but vessel diameter differed significantly between the clones. With a greater proportion of sapwood, clone GR283 can be uti- lized for paper and pulp applications. Clone GR330 had a higher proportion of heartwood and lower wood density and, hence, is more suitable for light-weight material applications.

The Relationship of Microstructure, Density and Bending Strength Properties of Blighia sapida

Wood anatomical structures of various tree species help identify the wood. The characteristics and composition of these structures affect their utilisation. In this work, the microstructure of Blighia sapida a lesser-known Ghanaian hardwood species using light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) was studied. The relationship between the microstructure and some physical properties such as density, and bending strength were also studied. The anatomical features studied were fibre length, double fibre wall thickness, fibre proportion, vessel diameter and proportion, rays and axial parenchyma proportions. It was observed that the use of SEM in studying the anatomical or ultra-structural aspects of wood gives a clearer understanding of the features and structures found in wood. Anatomical features such as presence of crystals and absence of axial parenchyma in Blighia sapida are reported in the work. The study also established that Blighia sapida had a low water uptake even though it had vessel distribution of 12 vessels/mm2. Having not very distinct axial parenchyma may have accounted for the low water uptake. The presence of occluded pits could also account for the low water uptake and the fibre wall thickness may also account for a medium bending strength of 62.8 N/mm2 at 12% moisture content.

不同种植密度对辽棉52产量和品质的影响

[目的]探究不同种植密度下辽棉52的农艺性状和产量。[方法]以辽棉52为试验材料,采取随机区组设计,研究不同种植密度对辽棉52主要农艺性状、产量和纤维品质的影响,并筛选适宜种植密度。[结果]随着种植密度的增加,茎秆直径、铃重、上半部平均长度、整齐度指数呈下降趋势,棉花株高及衣分呈增加趋势,第1果枝着生高度、单株果枝数、霜前花率、籽棉产量、皮棉产量、霜前皮棉产量、纤维断裂比强度、马克隆值、伸长率则先升后降。综合考量棉花农艺性状、产量和纤维品质,辽棉52的适宜种植密度为105000株/hm2。[结论]该研究可为棉花栽培提供理论基础。

CO_(2)连续激光烧蚀CFRP树脂层工艺优化

碳纤维树脂基复合材料(CFRP)的激光表面处理是一项重要工艺,主要用于CFRP的胶接或修复。CFRP表面粗糙度和树脂清除程度是衡量加工效果的主要标准。为探索内在机理和优化连续激光表面处理的参数,开展CO_(2)连续激光烧蚀CFRP树脂层试验。通过点射试验确定最小离焦量激光半径为1 477.47μm,进行矩形表面处理试验发现,激光功率在30~60 W范围内的粗糙度先减小后增大并在60 W得到最大值,扫描速度为70 mm/s时得到最佳效果。同时对加工后CFRP表面起伏值计算发现,CFRP表面起伏值随功率和扫描速度变化的规律基本和粗糙度结果一致,功率和扫描速度两组参数是相互关联的。构造连续激光烧蚀树脂层的能量密度单元体,然后把参数转化为能量密度发现,能量密度为0.285~0.571 J/mm^(2)范围内进行处理得到质量效果较好的表面,而且在0.571 J/mm^(2)时粗糙度得到最大值7.816μm,清洗后仍保持可以用于胶接的较高粗糙度。此外,通过不规则图形扫描试验发现,能量密度为0.794 J/mm^(2)得到最佳表面效果。试验得到的参数和规律,为连续激光处理CFRP表面提供一定参考。

与杨树木材密度、纤维性状相关的SSR分子标记

通过对美洲黑杨 (Populusdeltoides)×青杨 (P .cathayana)的 68个F2 、双亲及其 4个F1无性系田间随机区组设计 ,5次重复 ,分析了与木材材性有关的木材密度、纤维长、纤维宽以及微纤丝角等性状。结果表明 :纤维长有明显的杂种优势 ,控制该性状表现的基因之间具有正效应的互作 ;控制木材基本密度的基因之间具有负效应的互作。结合SSR分子标记结果 ,采用单因素方差分析法进行标记与性状的相关分析 ,共找到与木材密度、纤维长、纤维宽以及微纤丝角相关联的标记分别为 5、7、4、2个 ;青杨在这 4个材性性状方面也具有对性状起贡献的标记 ,如与木材密度相关的PMGC2 873 1(贡献率 4 88% )标记 ,与纤维长相关的PMGC456 3 (贡献率 2 2 96% )、PMGC2 70 2 2 (贡献率9 17% )标记 ,与纤维宽相关的PMGC2 40 8 1(贡献率 7 18% )标记 ,与微纤丝角相关PMGC2 52 5 1(贡献率 16 59% )标记 ,在育种中如果能正确加以利用 。

猪骨骼肌组织学特性与猪肉嫩度关系的研究

目的:研究背最长肌和腰大肌的肌纤维直径、肌纤维密度及肌内脂肪百分面积对肌肉嫩度等的影响力或贡献力;方法:对6个杂交组合猪(N=36)的骨骼肌组织形态特征进行二维显微图像重建和与肌肉嫩度的数学关系拟合(n=36×2或×3);结果:腰大肌的肌纤维直径和密度分别比背最长肌细且密,但肌内脂肪百分面积普遍小于背最长肌。肌纤维直径对肌肉嫩度的影响力最大(r=0.966,p<0.01),直径越粗肌肉嫩度越差。肌纤维密度随直径而变化,肌纤维直径越粗,单位面积肌纤维密度越低,且与肌肉嫩度呈显著性相关(r=0.905,p<0.05),肌纤维密度越大肌肉嫩度越好,但贡献力小于肌纤维直径。肌内脂肪百分面积仅占与肌肉总面积的3%左右,本实验数据证实其不足以影响猪肉嫩度:结论:骨骼肌嫩度受肌纤维直径和密度影响较大,一定范围内肌内脂肪可能更多地影响猪肉的风味,而不是嫩度。

10个杨树杂种组合木材密度与纤维遗传变异研究

对保定5年生杨树无性系测定林和7年生育种资源保存林10个杂交无性系木材密度,纤维长、宽度分析结果表明:①不同杂种组合、个体间的木材密度、纤维长度均有很大变异。木材密度与速生特性之间呈微弱的负相关;纤维长度与生长性状相关不显著。②木材密度和纤维长度可以独立选择,从而选出密度较高,纤维较长和速生优质的杨树杂交新个体。③幼龄与中、成龄的木材密度相关显著,从而说明了在杨树材性育种中早期选择的可行性。研究证明,对华北地区来说,69杨为母本,欧亚黑杨及其种内杂种为父本是选育速生优质杨树新品种的优良组合。

江西省优质速生杉木无性系选育研究

在种源、林分和个体选择的基础上,选育出一批杉木无性系,通过13 a的测定表明,各无性系间胸径、树高、单株材积、无性系木材基本密度和纤维长度差异极显著,且具有较大的广义遗传力。根据杉木无性系培育目标,选择出一批生长、材性兼优的杉木无性系以供生产上应用。12年生入选杉木无性系平均胸径、树高和单株材积、木材基本密度和纤维长分别为16.8 cm、11.0 m、0.133 1 m3、0.319 3 g.cm-3和331 7μm,遗传增益分别为27.99%、8.09%、94.29%、6.72%和4.53%。

丛生竹材纤维形态及主要理化性能

对１０属４１种丛生竹材纤维形态、组织比量、纤维素含量和基本密度进行了分析。结果表明，４１种竹材纤维长度为１．８８～３．０４ｍｍ，平均２．３７ｍｍ；纤维宽度为１２．４～２０．８μｍ，平均１６．６μｍ，长宽比为１０１～２１０之间，平均１４５；壁腔比为２．３～５．０，平均３．６；纤维组织比量１３．８７％～５４，９６％，平均４４．３５％（薄壁组织比量３４．３６％～７５．１１％，平均４５．０７％；输导组织比量６．８２％～１５．６６％，平均１０．５８％）；纤维素含量４２．３３％～５２．０８％，平均４８．０５％；基本密度０．４４０～０．８１７ｇ／ｃｍ￣３，平均０．６８０ｇ／ｍ￣３。从纤维形态和纤维素含量来看，丛生竹材作为造纸原料优于散生竹材。

纤维密度测定的研究

通过对纤维密度测定方法的研究,选取常用的三种方法:液体置换法、浮沉法、密度梯度柱法。根据三种测定纤维密度方法的原理、操作、实测值等进行分析对比,总结出测试过程中的注意事项,影响测试结果的因素,归纳出各种方法的优缺点。

颗粒级配技术的超高密度水泥浆体系研究

为实现缅甸A地区浅层高压气、低温超高密度的油气井的固井,根据紧密堆积理论的颗粒级配原理,在室内建立了紧密堆积颗粒级配模型,通过在单位体积水泥浆内增加固相颗粒,尽量降低水泥浆的水灰比,实现水泥浆体系密度的增加和水泥浆性能的改善。根据颗粒级配模型,利用室内优选出的加重剂铁矿粉的不同粒度颗粒进行了级配加重试验,利用复配后的加重剂所配置的高密度紧密堆积水泥浆体系性能优良,现场固井质量优良,验证了所建立的紧密堆积模型的可靠性。同时,开发和优选了适合高密度水泥浆的外加剂体系,完成了国内首次密度为2.80g/cm3的超高密度水泥浆体系的研制,加有纤维的高密度水泥浆体系具有良好的防漏堵漏功能。

稀植留营养枝对杂交棉豫杂35通风透光特性及产量品质的影响

在高产栽培条件下，研究了稀植、留营养枝对杂交棉豫杂35通风透光特性和产量品质的影响。结果表明：1．8万株／hm^2并留3个强势营养枝，2．1万株／hm^2并留2个强势营养枝和2．4万株／hm^2并留2个强势营养枝比1．5万株／hm^2并留3个强势营养枝的棉花，群体叶面积动态及中下部透光合理，干物质积累多，群体开花量大，单位面积结铃数显著增加，皮棉产量增加9．5％～10．5％，达到显著水平。而在1．8～2．4万株／hm^2密度范围内，棉花产量差异不显著。说明在高产条件下，杂交棉豫杂35密度弹性大，密度可由目前的（2．25～3．00）万株／hm^2降低到1．80万株／hm^2。