Skeletal muscle-derived cells repair peripheral nerve defects in mice

Skeletal muscle-derived cells have strong secretory function,while skeletal muscle-derived stem cells,which are included in muscle-derived cells,can differentiate into Schwann cell-like cells and other cell types.However,the effect of muscle-derived cells on peripheral nerve defects has not been reported.In this study,5-mm-long nerve defects were created in the right sciatic nerves of mice to construct a peripheral nerve defect model.Adult female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups.For the muscle-derived cell group,muscle-derived cells were injected into the catheter after the cut nerve ends were bridged with a polyurethane catheter.For external oblique muscle-fabricated nerve conduit and polyurethane groups,an external oblique muscle-fabricated nerve conduit or polyurethane catheter was used to bridge the cut nerve ends,respectively.For the sham group,the sciatic nerves on the right side were separated but not excised.At 8 and 12 weeks post-surgery,distributions of axons and myelin sheaths were observed,and the nerve diameter was calculated using immunofluorescence staining.The number,diameter,and thickness of myelinated nerve fibers were detected by toluidine blue staining and transmission electron microscopy.Muscle fiber area ratios were calculated by Masson’s trichrome staining of gastrocnemius muscle sections.Sciatic functional index was recorded using walking footprint analysis at 4,8,and 12 weeks after operation.The results showed that,at 8 and 12 weeks after surgery,myelin sheaths and axons of regenerating nerves were evenly distributed in the muscle-derived cell group.The number,diameter,and myelin sheath thickness of myelinated nerve fibers,as well as gastrocnemius muscle wet weight and muscle area ratio,were significantly higher in the muscle-derived cell group compared with the polyurethane group.At 4,8,and 12 weeks post-surgery,sciatic functional index was notably increased in the muscle-derived cell group compared with the polyurethane group.These criteria of the muscle-derived cell group were not significantly different from the external oblique muscle-fabricated nerve conduit group.Collectively,these data suggest that muscle-derived cells effectively accelerated peripheral nerve regeneration.This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Plastic Surgery Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(approval No.040)on September 28,2016.

Therapeutic capacities of human and mouse skeletal muscle-derived stem cells for a long gap peripheral nerve injury

An overview of a long-gap peripheral nerve therapy： A long- gap peripheral nerve transection injury is an irreparable injury to the living body, and mostly leads to permanent loss of re- lated motor and sensory functions. In such long gap injuries, nerve end-to-end suture is physically impossible. Therefore, bridging a long nerve-gap is critical to re-establish adequate mechanical support for separated nerve ends, and prevent the diffusion of neurotrophic and neurotropic factors secreted by transected stumps （Deumens et al., 2010）.

Protein hairy enhancer of split-1 expression during differentiation of muscle-derived stem cells into neuron-like cells

Muscle-derived stem cells were isolated from the skeletal muscle of Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats aged 3 days old. Cells at passage 5 were incubated in Dulbecco＇s modified Eagle＇s medium supplemented with 10% （v/v） fetal bovine serum, 20 IJg/L nerve growth factor, 20 pg/L basic fibroblast growth factor and 1% （v/v） penicillin for 6 days. Cells presented with long processes, similar to nerve cells. Connections were formed between cell processes. Immunocytochemical staining with neuron specific enolase verified that cells differentiated into neuron-like cells. Immunofluorescence cytochemistry and western blot results revealed that the expression of protein hairy enhancer of split-1 was significantly reduced. These results indicate that low expression of protein hairy enhancer of split-1 participates in the differentiation of muscle-derived stem cells into neuron-like cells.

Research progress in muscle-derived stem cells Literature retrieval results based on international database

OBJECTIVE： To identify global research trends of muscle-derived stem cells （MDSCs） using a bibliometric analysis of the Web of Science, Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools of the National Institutes of Health （NIH）, and the Clinical Trials registry database （ClinicalTrials.gov）. DATA RETRIEVAL： We performed a bibliometric analysis of data retrievals for MDSCs from 2002 to 2011 using the Web of Science, NIH, and ClinicalTrials.gov. SELECTION CRITERIA： Inclusion criteria： （1） Web of Science： （a） peer-reviewed articles on MDSCs that were published and indexed in the Web of Science. （b） Type of articles： original research articles, reviews, meeting abstracts, proceedings papers, book chapters, editorial material and news items. （c） Year of publication： 2002-2011. （d） Citation databases： Science Citation Index-Expanded （SCI-E）, 1899-present; Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science （CPCI-S）, 1991-present; Book Citation Index-Science （BKCI-S）, 2005-present. （2） NIH： （a） Projects on MDSCs supported by the NIH. （b） Fiscal year： 1988-present. （3） ClinicalTrials.gov： All clinical trials relating to MDSCs were searched in this database. Exclusion criteria： （1） Web of Science： （a） Articles that required manual searching or telephone access. （b） We excluded documents that were not published in the public domain. （c） We excluded a number of corrected papers from the total number of articles. （d） We excluded articles from the following databases： Social Sciences Citation Index （SSCI）, 1898-present; Arts ＆ Humanities Citation Index （A＆HCI）, 1975-present; Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Social Science ＆ Humanities （CPCI-SSH）, 1991-present; Book Citation Index - Social Sciences ＆ Humanities （BKCI-SSH）, 2005-present; Current Chemical Reactions （CCR-EXPANDED）, 1985-present; Index Chemicus （IC）, 1993-present. （2） NIH： （a） We excluded publications related to MDSCs that were supported by the NIH. （b） We limited the keyword search to studies that included MDSCs within the title or abstract. （3） ClinicalTrials.gov： （a） We excluded clinical trials that were not in the ClinicalTrials.gov database. （b） We excluded clinical trials that dealt with stem cells other than MDSCs in the ClinicalTrials.gov database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） Type of literature; （2） annual publication output; （3） distribution according to journals; （4） distribution according to country; （5） distribution according to institution; （6） top cited authors over the last 10 years; （7） projects financially supported by the NIH; and （8） clinical trials registered. RESULTS： （1） In all, 802 studies on MDSCs appeared in the Web of Science from 2002 to 2011, almost half of which derived from American authors and institutes. The number of studies on MDSCs has gradually increased over the past 10 years. Most papers on MDSCs appeared in journals with a particular focus on cell biology research, such as Experimental Cell Research, Journal of Cell Science, and PLoS One. （2） Eight MDSC research projects have received over US$6 billion in funding from the NIH. The current project led by Dr. Johnny Huard of the University of Pittsburgh-＂Muscle-Based Tissue Engineering to Improve Bone Healing＂-is supported by the NIH. Dr. Huard has been the most productive and top-cited author in the field of gene therapy and adult stem cell research in the Web of Science over last 10 years. （3） On ClinicalTrials.gov, ＂Muscle Derived Cell Therapy for Bladder Exstrophy Epispadias Induced Incontinence＂ Phase 1 is registered and sponsored by Johns Hopkins University and has been led by Dr. John P. Gearhart since November 2009. CONCLUSION： From our analysis of the literature and research trends, we found that MDSCs may offer further benefits in regenerative medicine.

Negative effects of Notch1 on the differentiation of muscle-derived stem cells into neuronal-like cells

We cultured rat muscle-derived stem cells in medium containing nerve growth factor and basic fi-broblast growth factor to induce neuronal-like cell differentiation.Immunocytochemical staining and reverse transcription-PCR showed that the differentiated muscle-derived stem cells exhibited processes similar to those of neuronal-like cells and neuron-specific enolase expression,but Notch1 mRNA and protein expression was decreased.Down-regulation of Notch1 expression may facilitate neuronal-like cell differentiation from muscle-derived stem cells.

TGF-β1-induced Synthesis of Collagen Fibers in Skeletal Muscle-Derived Stem Cells

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of deposition of extracellular matrix induced by TGF-β1 in skeletal muscle-derived stem cells （MDSCs）. Rat skeletal MDSCs were obtained by using preplate technique, and divided into four groups： group A （control group）, group B （treated with TGF-β1, 10 ng/rnL）, group C （treated with TGF-β1 and anti-connective tissue growth factor （CTGF）, both in 10 ng/mL）, and group D （treated with anti-CTGF, 10 ng/mL）. The expression of CTGF, collagen type- I （COL- I ） and collagen type-III （COL-III） in MDSCs was examined by using RT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescent stain. It was found that one day after TGF-β1 treatment, the expression of CTGF, COL- I and COL-Ⅲ was increased dramatically. CTGF expression reached the peak on the day 2, and then decreased rapidly to a level of control group on the day 5. COL- I and COL-Ⅲ mRNA levels were overexpresed on the day 2 and 3 respectively, while their protein expression levels were up-regulated on the day 2 and reached the peak on the day 7. In group C, anti-CTGF could partly suppress the overexpression of COL-I and COL-Ill induced by TGF-131 one day after adding CTGF antibody. It was concluded that TGF-β1 could induce MDSCs to express CTGF, and promote the production of COL- I and COL-III. In contrast, CTGF antibody could partially inhibit the effect of TGF-β1 on the MDSCs by reducing the expression of COL- I and COL-III. Taken together, we demonstrated that TGF-β1-CTGF signaling played a crucial role in MDSCs synthesizing collagen proteins in vitro, which provided theoretical basis for exploring the methods postponing skeletal muscle fibrosis after nerve injury.

Skeletal Muscle-derived Stem Cells Exhibit Cardiocyte Competences

Adult stem cells from skeletal muscle cells were induced to differentiate into cardiocytes to see if stem cells from another different but histologically-comparable tissues can differentiate to the target cells. Skeletal muscles-derived stem cells （MDSCs） were isolated from adult skeleton muscle tissues by differential adhesion, and immunocytochemically identified by using Sca-1. In order to induce the proliferation but not differentiation of MDSCs, the cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium/F12 （DMEM/F12） supplemented with 1：50 B27, 20 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF）, 20 ng/mL epidermal growth factor （EGF） in a suspension for 6 days. Then these stem cells were treated with 5 μmol/L 5-azacytidine for 24 h in an adherence culture. The characteristics of induced cells were examined by immunocytochemistry, quantitative real time RT-PCR and morphological observation of cell phenotype. Our results showed that the appearance of some cells gradually changed from spindle-shape into polygonal or short-column-shape. Some of these post-treated cells could contract spontaneously and rhythmically. The expression of GATA-4 and cTnT was increased 1 and 2 week（s） after the treatment. And about 16.6% of post-treated cells were cTnT-positive. Therefore, we are led to conclude that skeletal muscle-derived stem cells could differentiate into cardiocyte-like cells, which exhibited some characteristics of cardiocytes.

Can muscle-derived stem cells serve as seed cells to repair spinal cord injury?

Muscle-derived stem cells （MDSCs） can come from a number of different sources, which are easy to isolate and culture, and are also useful in the transformation and expression of exogenous genes. Therefore, MDSCs could possibly be used for gene therapy in the treatment of neurological diseases. However, research on MDSCs has focused on identifying phenotypes and induced differentiation, with few in vivo animal experiments conducted. In this study, MDSCs were selected as seed cells and implanted into the rat spinal cord injury area. Results demonstrated that the MDSCs survived, migrated, and were distributed along the spinal nerves. Moreover, the motor function of rat lower limbs improved significantly, suggesting that MDSCs could be used as seed cells to repair spinal cord injury.

Depletion of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor by Disuse Muscle Atrophy Exacerbates the Degeneration of Alpha Motor Neurons in Caudal Regions Remote from the Spinal Cord Injury

We have been previously reported that disuse muscle atrophy exacerbates both motor neuron (MN) degeneration in caudal regions remote from a spinal cord injury, and decrease in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protein level in paralyzed muscle. In this study we found that disuse muscle atrophy exacerbated the decrease in GDNF protein level in the L4/5 spinal cord, which was not immunopositive for GDNF. Our results were consistent with the fact that in the lumbar spinal cord of rats with mid-thoracic contusion, GDNF expression was not detected, while expression of GDNF receptors (GFRα1 and RET) was. Our study showed that administration of exogenous recombinant GDNF into the atrophic muscle partially rescued α-MN degeneration in the L4/5 spinal cord. These results suggest that the depletion of GDNF protein by muscle atrophy exacerbates α-MN degeneration in caudal regions remote from the injury.

Adipose-derived stem cell therapy for severe muscle tears in working German shepherds: Two case reports

Injuries to muscle in the elite athlete are common and may be responsible for prolonged periods of loss of competitive activity. The implications for the athlete, his/her coach and team may be catastrophic if the injury occurs at a critical time in the athlete's diary. Imaging now plays a crucial role in diagnosis, prognostication and management of athletes with muscle injuries. This article discusses the methods available to clinicians and radiologists that are used to assess skeletal muscle injury. The spectrum of muscle injuries sustained in the elite athlete population is both discussed and illustrated.

Glycosylation-independent binding to extracellular domains 11-13 of mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor mediates the effects of soluble CREG on the phenotypic proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells

Background The present study aimed to investigate the detailed mode and specific sites for their binding as well as the functional relevance of this binding in the phenotypic proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(SMCs). Methods CREG knocked-down SMCs were employed to evaluate the biological activity of wtCREG and mCREG.Expressions of SMC differentiation markers SM myosin heavy chain(SM-MHC),SM-actin,heavy caldesmon and myocardin were determined by Western blotting using specific antibodies. Cellular growth of SMCs was assessed by bromide dewuridine (BrdU) incorporation and cell cycle analysis on fluorescence-activated cell sorting(FACS).A solid-phase binding assay was used to study the binding of CREG to extracellular domains of M6P/IGF2R.The cellular co-localization of the two recombinant CREGs with M6P/IGF2R was detected on SMC surface by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analysis.Results The molecular weight of wtCREG was around 30 kD while that of the mCREG was～25 kD.Treatment of wtCREG with PNGase F reduced its molecular weight from～30 kD to～25 kD,whereas PNGase F treatment had no effect on the molecular weight of mCREG.Both wtCREG and mCREG proteins enhanced SMC differentiation,inhibited BrdU incorporation,and arrested cell cycle progression when added to the culture medium.In CREG knocked-down SMCs,the amount of CREG detected by immunoblotting in M6P/IGF2R immunoprecipitates was significantly reduced when compared to normal cells.Both recombinant CREGs co-immunoprecipitated with M6P/IGF2R, although slightly reduced amount of the mutant CREG was detected in M6P/IGF2R immunoprecipitates.Immunostaining revealed that His-tagged CREGs co-localized with IGF2R on the cell surface in a glycosylation-independent manner.In vitro binding assay showed that CREGs bound to M6P/ IGF2R extracellular domains 7-10 and 11-13 in a glycosylation -dependent and -independent manner,respectively.Further blocking experiments using soluble M6P/IGF2R fragments and M6P/IGF2R neutralizing antibody indicated that the biological activities of recombinant CREGs in SMC growth and the up-regulation of SMC differentiation markers were all abolished by treatment with the M6P/IGF2R neutralizing antibody. However,although the growth inhibitory effect of wtCREG was nearly abolished by D7-10 or D11-13,the effect of mCREG was only reversed by Dll-13,indicating that the binding to domains 11-13 is required for CREG to modulate the proliferation of SMCs.Conclusions These data suggest that solubleCREG proteins can exert their biological function via binding to the extracellular domains 7-10 and 11-13 of cell surface M6P/IGF2R in both a glycosylation-dependent and -independent manner.

Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues

BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) constitute a promising tool in regenerative medicine and can be isolated from different human tissues. However, their biological properties are still not fully characterized. Whereas MSCs from different tissue exhibit many common characteristics, their biological activity and some markers are different and depend on their tissue of origin. Understanding the factors that underlie MSC biology should constitute important points for consideration for researchers interested in clinical MSC application. AIM To characterize the biological activity of MSCs during longterm culture isolated from: bone marrow (BM-MSCs), adipose tissue (AT-MSCs), skeletal muscles (SMMSCs), and skin (SK-MSCs). METHODS MSCs were isolated from the tissues, cultured for 10 passages, and assessed for: phenotype with immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, multipotency with differentiation capacity for osteo-, chondro-, and adipogenesis, stemness markers with qPCR for mRNA for Sox2 and Oct4, and genetic stability for p53 and c-Myc;27 bioactive factors were screened using the multiplex ELISA array, and spontaneous fusion involving a co-culture of SM-MSCs with BM-MSCs or AT-MSCs stained with PKH26 (red) or PKH67 (green) was performed. RESULTS All MSCs showed the basic MSC phenotype;however, their expression decreased during the follow-up period, as confirmed by fluorescence intensity. The examined MSCs express CD146 marker associated with proangiogenic properties;however their expression decreased in AT-MSCs and SM-MSCs, but was maintained in BM-MSCs. In contrast, in SK-MSCs CD146 expression increased in late passages. All MSCs, except BM-MSCs, expressed PW1, a marker associated with differentiation capacity and apoptosis. BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs expressed stemness markers Sox2 and Oct4 in long-term culture. All MSCs showed a stable p53 and c-Myc expression. BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs maintained their differentiation capacity during the follow-up period. In contrast, SK-MSCs and SM-MSCs had a limited ability to differentiate into adipocytes. BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs revealed similarities in phenotype maintenance, capacity for multilineage differentiation, and secretion of bioactive factors. Because AT-MSCs fused with SM-MSCs as effectively as BM-MSCs, AT-MSCs may constitute an alternative source for BM-MSCs. CONCLUSION Long-term culture affects the biological activity of MSCs obtained from various tissues. The source of MSCs and number of passages are important considerations in regenerative medicine.

肌源干细胞通过TGF-β1/CTGF信号通路减轻压力性尿失禁大鼠的排尿障碍和尿道损伤

目的基于转化生长因子β1/结缔组织生长因子(TGF-β1/CTGF)信号通路探究肌源干细胞(MDSCs)对压力性尿失禁(SUI)大鼠排尿功能和尿道损伤的影响。方法分离、培养MDSCs,免疫细胞化学法检测MDSCs标志物Desmin和Sca-1表达。40只SD雌性大鼠按照随机数字表法分为4组:NC组(不作任何处理)、SUI组(SUI模型)、MDSCs组(SUI模型+MDSCs治疗)、MDSCs+SB431542组(SUI模型+MDSCs治疗+通路抑制剂SB431542处理),每组10只。比较4组大鼠喷嚏阳性率、尿动力学指标[膀胱最大容积(MBC)、漏尿点压(LPP)、腹压漏尿点压(ALPP)、排尿量、残余尿量、排尿效率];HE染色观察4组尿道组织病理学变化;蛋白免疫印迹法检测4组尿道组织中TGF-β1、CTGF蛋白表达。结果成功获得Desmin和Sca-1均呈阳性表达的MDSCs。与NC组比较,SUI组喷嚏阳性率、MBC、LPP、ALPP、排尿量、残余尿量均增加,排尿效率、TGF-β1和CTGF蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05),伴有严重尿道损伤;与SUI组比较,MDSCs组喷嚏阳性率、MBC、LPP、ALPP、排尿量、残余尿量均降低,排尿效率、TGF-β1和CTGF蛋白表达均增加(P<0.05),尿道损伤减轻;与MDSCs组比较,MDSCs+SB431542组喷嚏阳性率、MBC、LPP、ALPP、排尿量、残余尿量均增加,排尿效率、TGF-β1和CTGF蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05),尿道损伤加重。结论MDSCs可改善SUI大鼠的排尿功能,减轻尿道损伤,其可能是通过调控TGF-β1/CTGF信号通路发挥作用。

DL0805 derivatives protect the pulmonary arterial cells via the RhoA/ROCK pathway

OBJECTIVE Pulmonary artery hypertension(PAH)is a severe disease characterized by the mean pulmonary artery pressure exceeding 25 mm Hg at rest.PAH could induce right heart failure and has a very high mortality rate.At present,several kinds of drugs have been used in the treatment of PAH.However,most of these drugs aim to relax pulmonary arteries and do not inhibit the injury of vessels.In other words,the drugs available for PAH treatment do not improve the survival rate of PAH patients and cannot satisfy the needs in clinic.To discover and develop novel candidate compounds effective on the treatment of pulmonary artery injury and remodeling will be very important.Based on these background,the present study aimed to study the protective effect of two novel Rho-kinases(Rho-associated coiledcoil forming protein serine/threonine kinase,ROCK)inhibitors,DL0805 derivatives(DL0805-1and DL0805-2),on pulmonary arterial cells and further evaluate the underlying mechanisms and the possibility of DL0805 derivatives become therapeutic drugs for PAH.METHODS The primary cultured pulmonary arterial cells including human pulmonary artery endothelium cells(HPAECs)and human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells(HPASMCs)were used in this study.HPAECs were injured under hypoxia environment(1%O2)and treated with or without DL0805 derivatives.After 48 h,the proliferation and oxidative stress were observed.CCK8 was used to detect cell viability.DCFH-DA was used as probe for reactive oxygen species(ROS)under fluorescence imaging system.HPASMCs was stimulated by growth factors including platelet-derived growth factor-BB(PDGF-BB)and Fetal Bovine Serum(FBS).The proliferation was observed in the cells treated with or without DL0805 derivatives.HPASMCs treated with or without DL0805 derivatives were further incubated with endothelin(ET-1),the proliferation and cytoskeleton remodeling of cells were detected by immunofluorescence assay.At last,Western blotting(WB)and immunofluorescence assay were employed to analysis the underlying mechanisms in the above experiments.RESULTS 10μmol·L-1DL0805-2 could inhibit the proliferation of HPAECs induced by hypoxia.Each concentration of DL0805-1 and DL0805-2attenuated the production of ROS in HPAECs.Results from WB indicated that DL0805 derivatives decreased the injury of HPAECs induced by hypoxia through the inhibition of the expression of Rho A and the activity of ROCK.On HPASMCs,DL0805 derivatives reduced the proliferation induced by PDGF-BB and FBS and inhibited cytoskeleton remodeling induced by ET-1.Immunofluorescence assay showed that DL0805 derivatives inhibited ROCK activity and down regulated the phosphorylation levels of ROCK substrates.CONCLUSION DL0805derivatives exhibited protective effect on pulmonary arterial cells including endothelium cells and smooth muscle cells.Among the above experiments,DL0805-2 showed stronger potency than DL0805-1.These two compounds might protect the cells through the inhibition of Rho A/ROCK pathway and they probably have the potential in the treatment of PAH and deserve further evaluation.

Synthesis and Anti-VSMC Vegetation Activities of New Aurone Derivatives

A series of new aurone derivatives was prepared by means of a practical route and their anti-vascular smooth muscle cells（VSMC） vegetation activities were evaluated by the 3-（4,5-dimethylthlazol-2-yl）-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide（MTT） method with tetrandrine as a positive contrast drug. The structures of the com- pounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry（ESI-MS）. Several new compounds exhibited promising activity against VSMC proliferation and the preliminary structure-activity relation- ships（SAR） were discussed in order to investigate the essential structures required for their bioactivities.

吴茱萸碱调节SDF-1α/CXCR4信号通路对颅内动脉瘤血管平滑肌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的探究吴茱萸碱通过调节基质细胞衍生因子1α(SDF-1α)/CXC趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)信号通路对颅内动脉瘤(IA)血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)的增殖和凋亡的作用。方法24只小鼠随机分为对照组和IA组,每组12只。IA组通过定位手术注射弹性蛋白酶制造IA模型小鼠,然后通过HE染色观察动脉组织变化。随后将小鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(MOVAS)先用MTT法检测吴茱萸碱浓度对细胞的活性影响,然后将MOVAS分为ctrl组、Model组(H_(2)O_(2)诱导损伤组)、低浓度吴茱萸碱组(0.50μmol/L)、高浓度吴茱萸碱组(1.00μmol/L)、高浓度吴茱萸碱+CTCE-0214组(1.00μmol/L吴茱萸碱+10 mg/kg SDF-1α/CXCR4激活剂)。CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞活性;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;Western blot检测SDF-1α、CXCR4、BAX、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、平滑肌22α(SM22α)和平滑肌α肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的蛋白表达。结果与对照组正常动脉组织比较,IA组的IA组织出现明显的病理变化,损伤严重。在MOVAS细胞实验中,与ctrl组比较,Model组的细胞凋亡率、SDF-1α、CXCR4、BAX蛋白表达增加,而细胞存活率、PCNA、SM22α、α-SMA含量降低(P<0.05)。与Model组比较,低浓度吴茱萸碱组、高浓度吴茱萸碱组的细胞凋亡率、SDF-1α、CXCR4、BAX蛋白表达降低,而细胞存活率、PCNA、SM22α、α-SMA含量升高(P<0.05);与高浓度吴茱萸碱组比较,高浓度吴茱萸碱+CTCE-0214组细胞凋亡率、SDF-1α、CXCR4、BAX蛋白表达升高,而细胞存活率、PCNA、SM22α、α-SMA含量降低(P<0.05)。结论吴茱萸碱可能通过抑制SDF-1α/CXCR4信号通路进而抑制颅内动脉瘤血管平滑肌细胞的凋亡,促进其增殖。

Exercise-dependent regulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor （GDNF） expression in skeletal muscle and its importance for the neuromuscular system

The focus of this review is to highlight the importance of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor （GDNF） for the motor nervous system. GDNF is the most potent survival factor for motor neurons, where it enhances maintenance and survival of both developing and mature motor neurons in vivo and in vitro. GDNF aids in neuromuscular junction formation, maintenance, and plasticity, where skeletal muscle-derived GDNF may be responsible for this phenomenon. Increased levels of physical activity can increase GDNF protein levels in skeletal muscle, where alterations in acetylcholine and acetylcholine receptor activation may be involved in regulation of these changes observed. With inactivity and disuse, GDNF expression shows different patterns of regulation in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Due to its potent effects for motor neurons, GDNF is being extensively studied in neuromuscular diseases.

延胡索乙素改善PDGF-BB诱导的VSMCs氧化应激损伤的机制

目的研究延胡索乙素(Thp)对血小板衍生生长因子-BB(PDGF-BB)诱导的大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)氧化应激损伤的保护作用,并基于核因子红系2相关因子2(Nrf2)/血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)信号通路探究其可能机制。方法在Thp抑制PDGF-BB诱导的VSMCs氧化应激损伤效应研究中,将VSMCs分为对照组、PDGF-BB组(25 ng/mL)及Thp低、中、高浓度组(5、10、20 mg/mL)。在Thp作用机制研究(沉默Nrf2)中,将VSMCs分为PDGF-BB+阴性对照siRNA(NC-siNrf2)组(25 ng/mL PDGFBB+NC-siNrf2),PDGF-BB+Thp+NC-siNrf2组(25 ng/mL PDGF-BB+10 mg/mL Thp+NC-siNrf2),PDGF-BB+Nrf2小干扰RNA(siNrf2)组(25 ng/mL PDGF-BB+siNrf2),PDGF-BB+Thp+siNrf2组(25 ng/mL PDGF-BB+10.0 mg/mL Thp+siNrf2)。2个实验均检测VSMCs的增殖、迁移能力,活性氧(ROS)水平,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,PDGF-BB组VSMCs的增殖、迁移能力显著增强(P<0.01),ROS水平显著升高(P<0.01),SOD、CAT活性及Nrf2、HO-1蛋白的相对表达量均显著降低(P<0.01);与PDGF-BB组比较,Thp不同浓度组VSMCs的增殖、迁移能力均显著下降(P<0.01),ROS水平均显著降低(P<0.01),SOD、CAT活性及Nrf2、HO-1蛋白的相对表达量均显著升高(P<0.01)。沉默Nrf2可显著逆转Thp对PDGF-BB诱导VSMCs氧化应激损伤的改善作用(P<0.01)。结论Thp可以通过激活Nrf2介导的抗氧化防御途径来降低VSMCs的氧化应激水平,从而抑制VSMCs的增殖、迁移。

Effects of Tripterine on mRNA Expression of Oncogene c-myc and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Rats

Objective: To observe the effects of tripterine on mRNA expression of oncogene c-myc and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of rats.Methods: The fifth to tenth passage culture of VSMCs was used, tripterine and 20% fetal calf serum added into the medium of cultured VSMCs at concentration of 0.1 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L and 0.3 mg/L after serum-free cultivation for 24 hours. The general RNA was isolated from VSMCs at 6 and 12 hours after the drug addition for detection of oncogene c-myc and PDGF mRNA respectively by dot blot hybridization. The cDNA probes were labeled by digoxin.Results: Tripterine inhibited the expression of PDGF mRNA of VSMCs, and decreased expression of oncogene cmyc mRNA in a dose-dependent manner, either vs. control.Conclusion: Tripterine can inhibit expression of oncogene c-myc and PDGF-A mRNA in VSMCs, therefore it would inhibit overproliferation of VSMCs.

雷公藤红素对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞c-myc和血小板源性生长因子的mRNA的影响

目的 :观察雷公藤红素对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞 (VSMC)中原癌基因 (c myc)和血小板源性生长因子 (PDGF)的mRNA表达水平的影响。方法 :分别将所培养的第 5～ 1 0代VSMC同步化培养 2 4h后 ,加入 2 0 %胎牛血清 (FCS)和不同剂量的雷公藤红素 (0 1、0 2和0 3mg/L) ,共同孵育 6h和 1 2h后 ,分别提取VSMC胞浆总RNA ,通过地高辛标记探针 ,采用斑点杂交方法检测c myc和PDGF的mRNA表达。 结果 :经雷公藤红素作用后 ,VSMC的c myc和PDGF的mRNA表达较对照组明显降低 ,c mycmRNA表达水平的降低具有一定的药物剂量依赖性关系。结论 :雷公藤红素可能是通过抑制VSMC的c myc和PDGF的mRNA的表达 ,而引起抑制VSMC的过度增殖。