MIKE-SHE与MUSLE耦合模拟小流域侵蚀产沙空间分布特征

为有效认识流域侵蚀产沙来源,并探讨MIKE-SHE在中国黄土高原区域侵蚀产沙模拟的适用性,该研究采用分布式流域水文模型MIKE-SHE与修正的土壤侵蚀模型MUSLE耦合,对黄土高原典型小流域侵蚀产沙进行了空间分布模拟与评价。研究结果表明:流域侵蚀产沙主要来自于坡耕地和村庄、厂矿及居民用地,二者对于流域次降雨侵蚀产沙贡献平均为44%和34%。对于不同地貌单元,沟坡是流域侵蚀产沙的重要来源,其侵蚀产沙贡献高达68%。总体来看,73%的流域面积无明显侵蚀特征,而约17%为强度、极强度以及剧烈侵蚀区,剧烈侵蚀区多分布于沟坡和部分斜梁坡,这与现实流域植被覆被特征及侵蚀特征基本相符。沟道重力侵蚀是影响MIKE-SHE与MUSLE耦合模拟流域出口侵蚀产沙总量精度的重要因素之一。

基于MUSLE模型的三峡库区重庆段农业非点源污染危险性评价

以三峡库区重庆段为实例,将地理信息系统(GIS)与修正的通用土壤流失方程(MUSLE)相结合,对三峡库区重庆段农业非点源污染危险性进行了评价.结果表明:三峡库区重庆段非点源污染危险性高的区域占总面积的2.16%,较高区域占1.55%,中等区域占6.76%;危险性高、较高和中等的区域主要位于库区腹心地带,如云阳、奉节、万州、巫溪、丰都、巫山等区县;同时该类区域主要分布在库区河流两岸,距河流越近,非点源污染危险性越高;且大部分为旱地,而林地上分布很少.相应地,今后三峡库区重庆段农业非点源污染控制应针对具有高、较高和中等危险性的区域.实践证明该方法是一种较好的大尺度农业非点源污染危险性评价方法,能识别农业非点源污染高风险区,并确定农业非点源污染防控与管理的优先区域和重点区域.该评价结果能为政府有效防控和管理三峡库区农业非点源污染提供决策依据.

基于GIS和MUSLE的东北沟小流域非点源污染关键区识别

以河北省平泉县东北沟小流域DEM、土地利用类型和土壤调查数据为基础,在地理信息系统(GIS)的支持下,运用修正的通用土壤流失方程(MUSLE)对研究区非点源污染进行关键区识别及分级。结果表明:关键区按所占面积从大到小依次为低风险关键区、高风险关键区和中风险关键区,且各区主要沿水域分布。关键区中农业用地占到了流域农业用地总面积的37.3%,而随着风险等级的提高,关键区中农业用地所占比例显著增加。研究区非点源污染的主要来源是沿水域分布的农业用地,与实际情况吻合,研究结果能为研究区非点源污染治理提供科学指导和理论支持。将GIS与MUSLE模型相结合能够快速识别非点源污染关键区,该方法科学有效,具有很强的适用性。

基于SCS-CN与MUSLE模型的三峡库区小流域侵蚀产沙模拟

传统土壤侵蚀模型模拟次降雨产沙时难以确定泥沙输移系数,分布式的侵蚀产沙模型对数据量需求量大。选择三峡库区宋家沟小流域为研究对象,基于2013年的降雨、植被盖度、地形、土壤等数据,利用SCS-CN和MUSLE模型耦合模拟流域的场降雨的产沙量。结果表明：该模型的模拟值的精确度在可接受范围内,整个流域2013年的泥沙流失量是3 923t,全年中5场较大的降雨贡献了泥沙流失量的80%以上;不同土地利用类型的泥沙输出量差异很大,耕地（面积44.63%）贡献了81.54%的泥沙,有林地（面积47.61%）贡献了17.63%的泥沙;坡度在0-8度的区域贡献的产沙量仅为1.75%,大于25度的区域占流域面积的比例是39.21%,产沙量占55.77%;泥沙模拟值相比实测值偏大,其原因可能是流域中分布的池塘改变了径流过程,发挥拦截泥沙功能。

基于MUSLE模型的阿什河流域农业非点源污染风险评估

系统评价与分析流域农业非点源污染风险,对其防控治理具有重要的指导作用。本研究以遥感影像数据、数字高程模型(DEM)、土壤图件和相关文本资料为基本信息源,基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,采用修正通用土壤流失方程(MUSLE),结合各乡镇等标污染负荷大小,对阿什河流域农业非点源污染风险进行评估分析。结果表明:1)流域地表潜在侵蚀风险存在明显的空间地域分布规律,东南部地区风险整体偏高,而西北部和中部平原地带多为中等和低侵蚀风险区;乡镇尺度上,小岭乡、玉泉镇、交界镇、红星乡和大岭乡潜在侵蚀最为严重。2)流域山地丘陵区林地面积大,侵蚀风险最高,其平均值为0.037,风险贡献率为61.88%;农业用地风险贡献率仅次于林业用地,达到20.50%;坡度上,微坡36.26%的风险贡献率在所有坡型中最高。3)乡镇侵蚀风险分布与对应非点源污染风险不能完全重叠,位于平原地带的杨树乡和双丰镇侵蚀风险良好,其单位面积污染风险值远高于乡镇平均值,应重度防控,大岭乡、小岭乡和玉泉镇侵蚀风险严重,污染防控等级为适度。

Prediction of sediment yield of the Inxu River catchment (South Africa)using the MUSLE

The proposed site for the construction of a new dam(Laleni Dam)on the Tsitsa River in the Eastern Cape,South Africa falls within a high soil erosion zone,which is expected to affect the lifespan of the dam.Estimating the sediment yield of the catchment is important from a management perspective,and thus we designed this study to assess the applicability of the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation(MUSLE).The original MUSLE was applied to the Inxu River sub catchment,upstream of a proposed dam,over a summer rainfall period extending from October 2016 to April 2017.A modified version of the MUSLE,incorporating a storage module,was later applied over the same period.Model calibration of the MUSLE with and without a storage model was tested against 7 months of recorded daily suspended sediment discharge data.With a storage model,we achieved a percentage bias,coefficient of efficiency and R2 of 2%,0.83 and 0.83,respectively,while without storage the performance statistics were markedly lower.These results suggest that a calibrated MUSLE can provide estimates of sediment yield that are valuable for regional planning,and that the inclusion of a storage component further improves the MUSLE application.Given the complexity of sediment generation and transport processes,a relatively simple empirical MUSLE model is a useful tool for initial sediment yield estimation for planning purposes.

openEuler中C标准库替换的兼容性分析

当前大多数Linux发行版使用功能强大的glibc(GNU C library)作为C标准库(简称C库),但glibc的LGPL协议存在商用不友好条款,制约了商业Linux发行版的推广.一种可行的解决方案是选择某个与glibc相比尚有功能缺陷但适宜商用的C库加以补全,从而制成新的C库以替代glibc.开源欧拉(openEuler)操作系统社区以MIT协议的musl libc作为新的C库选型.新C库对已有应用软件的兼容是成功替换的关键,而精确的兼容性分析算法不仅可以定位缺失API,还可以量化计算兼容性和API补全的优先级.为此,提出兼容性分析算法来研究openEuler的4种主要软件生态中的musl libc兼容性和缺失API优先级.基于应用软件包之间的依赖关系和谷歌PageRank算法的思想,提出了PackageRank算法和APIRank算法,分别用于软件包兼容性度量和优先级计算.这2种算法提供了系统个性化兼容分析的方法,所需信息易于获取,适用于缺乏用户数据统计的、尚不完整而仍有开发需求的系统及构件.这2种算法在musl libc上的分析结果清晰准确,与软件生态的特点和现状相符,与musl libc的国际社区开发者的观点接近,为openEuler的新C库补全工作提供了有效指导.

基于musl libc库的RVV优化

musl libc是一个轻量级的标准C库,其代码库小巧,提供了全面的POSIX接口支持,具有高度可移植性并支持多种架构和操作系统,被广泛用于嵌入式系统、网络服务器、容器等领域.RISC-V指令集作为一种开源的指令集,目前发布了相对稳定的SIMD指令集,RISC-V生态软件环境也迎来了新的优化热潮,但是对于musl libc库RVV扩展优化还是一片空白.本文立足于musl libc基础库和RISC-V RVV扩展指令集的协同研究点,提出了兼容基础指令集和向量扩展指令集的实现方案,利用向量扩展指令集优化了常见的C库函数strlen和memset,并在gem5模拟器上进行了对比分析,实验结果表明,相较于C语言实现,在性能方面,利用RVV优化的strlen函数平均提升83%–703%,memset函数平均提升85%–334%.

兴凯湖流域农业非点源污染关键源区识别与防治对策研究

采用污染指数法,在RS及GIS技术支持下,实现兴凯湖流域农业非点源关键源区识别。研究结果表明,高污染风险区即关键源区主要集中在知一镇、白泡子乡、兴凯湖乡和柳毛乡4乡镇接壤地区及杨木乡西南部,其原因是坡耕地范围广,易发生水土流失,且畜禽养殖污染及化肥污染严重,在强降雨条件下对湖泊易造成高污染威胁;中度污染风险面积占研究区大部,主要由畜禽养殖污染及化肥污染造成;低污染风险主要集中在八五七农场南部及兴凯湖农场大部,该区域地势平坦低洼,是其他区域污染的汇集区,在强降雨径流条件下,对湖泊仍存在潜在污染威胁。RS及GIS技术提高污染指数模型计算精度,使模型更符合区域非点源污染发生及迁移规律,可以更好满足农业非点源污染治理及水环境规划需要。

基于HEC-HMS模型的西南山区中小河流模拟产沙研究

西南山区中小河流分布广泛,洪水大多汇流时间短,洪峰大,因此携带泥沙破坏力强。以川西南典型山区河流——寿溪河为例,基于HEC-HMS模型中的MUSLE算法构建流域产沙模型。即,首先采用该模型通过产、汇流及河道洪水演算过程对场次降雨进行洪水预报,再依据洪水预报结果基于MUSLE公式进行流域产沙模拟。该公式通过计算流域的产沙过程和泥沙输移过程,预测单场降雨下面蚀和细沟侵蚀的情况。主要涉及到的计算因子包括降雨强度、下垫面情况、地形状况及土壤状况,因此,研究从以上4个方面对流域产沙进行了相关性分析。结果表明:降雨强度与流域产沙量有正相关关系,泥沙区间变化率在趋于初始降雨强度时达到峰值;在计算范围内,当覆被因子减小为原来的20%时,泥沙的区间变化率达到50%,增大为原来的180%时,区间变化率仅为13%;覆被因子和地形因子变化率相同的情况下,流域产沙的变化情况完全相同,在平缓短坡上,下垫面的植被覆盖越密集,流域产沙越少;对流域土壤状况来说,土壤中细颗粒占比越大,流域产沙量越多。

基于物理机制的黄土高原小流域水沙模型构建与模拟研究

水沙模型是计算和评估水土流失和泥沙侵蚀的重要工具。黄土高原是我国土壤侵蚀最严重的地区之一,针对黄土高原地区水沙特点,耦合降雨径流模块、土壤侵蚀模块和泥沙输移模块,构建了基于物理机制的水沙模型,其中降雨径流模块采用水箱模型,土壤侵蚀模块包括降雨溅蚀、梁峁坡侵蚀、沟谷坡侵蚀、沟道侵蚀,泥沙输移模块采用泥沙平衡方程与蓄泄方程联合方法。以黄河支流无定河的西南部黄土丘陵沟壑区岔巴沟流域作为典型代表进行水沙模拟,并将模拟结果与MUSLE(Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation)模型进行对比,探究不同的水沙模型对于模拟结果的影响。模拟结果表明:(1)构建的水沙模型详细考虑黄土高原侵蚀过程特点,物理机制更明确,侵蚀计算更加全面。(2)构建的水沙模型具有更高的精度和可靠性,优于基于经验公式MUSLE模型,其模型平均纳什效率系数NSE为0.722,平均沙量相对误差绝对值为21.3%;基于MUSLE的模型平均NSE为0.576,平均沙量相对误差绝对值为32.8%。该研究成果为黄土高原地区泥沙侵蚀过程研究和水沙防治提供一定的科学依据。

淮河流域坡面产沙模型研究

文章通过对国内外流域侵蚀研究进展的分析,基于淮河流域水文水动力模型,对淮河流域坡面产沙模型进行构建及验证。搭建MUSLE模型,建立坡面产流与坡面输沙率的经验关系,同时考虑流域形态、水土保持措施、植被覆盖等因素的影响。收集了淮河流域芦庄、告成、柴胡店以及黄尾河4个不同尺度的流域水沙资料对模型进行验证,结果表明,MUSLE模型可以有效反映淮河流域坡面产沙过程;对降雨强度、日产流量和日坡面产流量与土壤侵蚀模数进行相关性分析,也验证了模型选择的合理性。对淮河的自然现象进行复演、模拟和试验,探求淮河的演变规律提供了基础,也为淮河流域规划设计提供科学依据。

Improved Modelling of Soil Loss in El Badalah Basin: Comparing the Performance of the Universal Soil Loss Equation, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation Models by Using the Magnetic and Gravimetric Prospection Outcomes

Water erosion is a natural fact in the cycle of shaping the earth’s landforms and the most evident form of land degradation on a planetary scale (Roose & De Noni, 2004; Dautrebande & Sohier, 2006; Toumi et al., 2013; Azaiez, 2020a). Its effects have largely affected the rural landscape. Although it is the result of an ancient and primeval climatic and tectonic forcing, man’s footprint in its intensification remains a reality. A real awareness of this problem on the part of scientists is reflected in the many studies on understanding the risks. Experiments have been carried out, equations and models have been developed with the aim of preserving the soil. The watershed of wadi El Badalah, the subject of this study, is not excluded from this risk. The present research is a new comparative contribution to the quantification of soil loss based on four empirical models (Universal Soil Loss Equation USLE, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation RUSLE, Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation MUSLE and the adjusted model). The main objective of this research project is to test several empirical models of quantification of soil loss, extensively tested on a global scale, to discuss the potential of each model in order to choose the most appropriate for the El Badalah basin. The method is based on geotechnical and geophysical investigations. It consists of determining the anomalies of the subsoil based on the difference in density and the resistivity of the heterogeneous constituents of the subsoil. This is in order to look for sectors potentially favorable to infiltration at the expense of runoff.

Desertification in the Mu Us Sandy Land in China:Response to climate change and human activity from 2000 to 2020

China is a country largely affected by desertification.The main purpose of this article is to analyze interannual and seasonal changes in fractional vegetation cover(FVC)in the Mu Us Sandy Land(MUSL).It uses fused remote sensing data to quantitatively analyze the response of FVC to climate change and human activities.The results showed that desertification in the MUSL had improved over the past 20 years.Grade V desertification decreased from more than 60%in 2000 to about 15%in 2020.In some years,degradation appeared to be affected by climate factors and human activity,especially in the northwestern portion of the study area.The FVC in summer was slightly higher than that in autumn and far higher than recorded in spring and winter.Spatially,the northwestern and central parts of the study area were unstable,with high coefficients of variation.FVC gradually increased from northwest to southeast,and areas with the fastest increase in FVC were concentrated along the eastern and southern edges of the study area.The correlations between FVC and precipitation and dryness were slightly pos-itive,but the correlation between FVC and temperature showed regional differences.The increase of population density is not a key factor limiting the growth of vegetation;the policy of“grazing prohibition,grazing rest,and rotational grazing”has allowed the restoration of vegetation;and afforestation is an effective way to promote the increase in FVC.

植被过滤带对悬浮固体净化效果的模拟

数学模型是进行植被过滤带(VFS)设计的重要工具。本研究通过分析植被过滤带对径流中悬浮固体的净化机理,采用植被过滤带田间尺度机理模型VFSMOD和修正的土壤侵蚀模型MUSLE耦合,对植被过滤带的悬浮固体净化效果进行模拟,并利用野外小区试验数据对该耦合模型进行了验证。结果表明,植被过滤带出流悬浮固体浓度模拟值与实测值的偏差多在±20%以内,其模拟值与实测值的判定系数R2为0.98,该模型具有较高的精度,且优于VFSMOD模型,可用于我国植被过滤带的规划设计。

Sediment transport in headwaters of a volcanic catchment Kamchatka Peninsula case study

Due to specific environmental conditions, headwater catchments located on volcanic slopes and valleys are characterized by distinctive hydrology and sediment transport patterns. However, lack of sufficient monitoring causes that the governing processes and patterns in these areas are rarely well understood. In this study, spatiotemporal water discharge and sediment transport from upstream sources was investigated in one of the numerous headwater catchments located in the lahar valleys of the Kamchatka Peninsula Sukhaya Elizovskaya River near Avachinskii and Koryakskii volcanoes. Three different subcatchments and corresponding channel types （wandering rivers within lahar valleys, mountain rivers within volcanic slopes and rivers within submountain terrains） were identified in the studied area. Our measure- ments from different periods of observations between years 2012-2014 showed that the studied catchment was characterized by extreme diurnal fluctuation of water discharges and sediment loads that were influenced by snowmelt patterns and high infiltration rates of the easily erodible lahar deposits. The highest recorded sediment loads were up to 9-104 mg/L which was related to an increase of two orders of magnitude within a one day of observations. Additionally, to get a quantitative estimate of the spatial distribution of the eroded material in the volcanic substrates we applied an empirical soil erosion and sediment yield model - modified universal soil loss equation （MUSLE）. The modeling results showed that even if the applications of the universal erosion model to different non-agricultural areas （e.g., volcanic catchments） can lead to irrelevant results, the MUSLE model delivered might be acceptable for non-lahar areas of the studied volcanic catchment. Overall the results of our studyincrease our understanding of the hydrology and asso- ciated sediment transport for prediction of risk manage- ment within headwater volcanic catchments.

Training Effect of Isotonic Concentric and Eccentric Contraction of Elbow Flexors in Different Combinations

In order to determine a rational protocol for isotonic training from macroscopic angle, five training protocols were designed, particularly protocols composed of pure eccentric contraction with heavy resistance in different propotions. The study results indicated that the protocol mixed with faster speed eccentric training,being more rational than traditional isotonic training and pure isotonic eccentric training, had the most all - round effects(including change of musle size, isotonic strength, musle power and et al. ). The protocol principle mixed with faster speed eccentric training may be widely used in rehabilitation and sports training,especially in the sports events of strength resistance. The significance to study the ratio of eccentric contaction to concentic contraction was suggested.

Parameter evaluation for soil erosion estimation on small watersheds using SWAT model

This research was undertaken for the evaluation of soil erosion using the semi-distributed basin scale SWAT model for four subcatchments of the Dhrabi River Catchment(DRC),which is located in the Pothwar Plateau region.Two subcatchments(catchment-25 and-31)are characterized by gullies while the other two(catchment-27 and-32)are managed with terraced landuse system.The performance of the model was satisfactory with coefficient of determination(R^(2))=0.67 to 0.91 and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(ENS)=0.54 to 0.85 for both surface runoff and sediment yield during the calibration(2009-2010)and validation(2011)periods.The PUSLE factor was found to be the most sensitive parameter during model calibration.It was observed that all of the rainfall-runoff events occurred during the monsoon season(June to September).The estimated annual sediment loss ranged from 2.6 t/hm^(2) to 31.1 t/hm^(2) over the duration of the simulation period for the non-terraced catchments,in response to annual precipitation amounts that were between 194.8 mm to 579.3 mm.In contrast,the predicted annual sediment levels for the terraced catchments ranged from 0.52 t/hm^(2) to 10.10 t/hm^(2) due to similar precipitation amounts.The terraced catchments resulted in 4 to 5 times lower sediment yield as compared to non-terraced catchments.The results suggest that there is a huge potential for terraces to reduce soil erosion in the DRC specifically and Pothwar area generally,which have proven to be an efficient approach to establishing soil and water conservation structures in this region.