Transplantation of a pectoralis major flap for the repair of myiasis wounds

Myiasis is a disease caused by the invasion and colonization of human tissues and organs by the larvae of flies.This is manifested by the formation of necrotic tissue in the lesion,the colonization of fly eggs and the spread of fly larvae.This disease is mostly found in areas with poor sanitary conditions.Poor wound care,necrotic tissue formation,reduced immunity,and frequent contact with flies are risk factors for this disease.Myiasis can be divided into obligate and facultative parasitism,^([1])while some scholars have classified myiasis according to its location.^([2])In addition,some cases of myiasis are secondary to wound infection or poor surgical maintenance.^([3,4]).

Cutaneaous Myiasis: A Rare Tropical Disease in an 11-Year-Old Girl

Myiasis is the infestation of live human and vertebrate animals with maggots that feed on the host’s dead or living tissue, depending on the life cycle of the fly. It is a rare condition and often misdiagnosed. Tropical and subtropical regions of the world are commonly affected. The aim of this case report is to share this uncommon cutaneous condition with health workers and also remind them of its common symptoms and signs such that its diagnosis is not missed. An 11-year-old girl presented with a nine-day history of itchy rash involving mainly the trunk and upper arms which were found to be cutaneous Myiasis. Cutaneous Myiasis can cause miserly to the affected individual due to its symptoms, yet it can be prevented with good environmental and personal hygiene. Diagnosis and treatment are cheap and effective.

Traumatic myiasis agents in Iran with introducing of new dominant species,Wohlfahrtia magnifica(Diptera:Sarcophagidae)

Objective:To study agents of animal wound myiasis in various geographical districts of Fars province.Methods:This study has been done in Fars province,located in the southern part of Iran.Sums of 10358 domestic animals have been visited from April 2011 to March 2012.The infected wounds in any parts of animal body were sampled by means of forceps.Results:About 61%of all animal wound myiasis were caused by larvae of Wohlfahrtia magnifica.The most wound myiasis cases due to this species occurred in central part of Fars province.There wasn't any significant difference between sheep and goat in infestation with myiasis(P>0.05).The infestation rate of myiasis in cattle community was 0.86%.Conclusions:The infestation rate of livestock was lower than other works in Iran and some other countries like Saudi Arabia.Chrysomya bezziana has been mentioned as main myiasis agent in Iran.But in this study it cleared that similarly to some European countries,the common animal myiasis agent in Iran is Wohlfahrtia tnagnifica.Introducing new species as principal agent for myiasis can help public health and animal husbandry policy makers to prepare sufficient and effective control and/or preventive measures for this disease.

Cutaneous myiasis with eosinophilic pleural effusion:A case report

BACKGROUND Cutaneous myiasis is frequently observed;however,eosinophilic pleural effusion induced by this condition is rare.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 65-year-old female Tibetan patient from Qinghai Province,who presented to West China Hospital of Sichuan University around mid-November 2011 with a chief complaint of recurrent cough,occasional hemoptysis,and right chest pain.There was no past medical and surgical history of note,except for occasional dietary habit of eating raw meat.Clinical examination revealed a left lung collapse and diminished breathing sounds in her left lung,with moist rales heard in both lungs.Chest X-rays demonstrated a left hydropneumothorax and a right lung infection.Chest computed tomography revealed a left hydropneumothorax with partial compressive atelectasis and patchy consolidation on the right lung.Laboratory data revealed peripheral blood eosinophilia of 37.2%,with a white blood cell count of 10.4×109/L.Serum immunoglobulin E levels were elevated(1650 unit/mL).Serum parasite antibodies were negative except for cysticercosis immunoglobulin G.Bone marrow aspirates were hypercellular,with a marked increase in the number of mature eosinophils and eosinophilic myelocytes.An ultrasound-guided left-sided thoracentesis produced a yellow-cloudy exudative fluid.Failure to respond to antibiotic treatment during hospitalization for her symptoms and persistent blood eosinophilia led the team to start oral albendazole(400 mg/d)for presumed parasitic infestation for three consecutive days after the ninth day of hospitalization.Intermittent migratory stabbing pain and swelling sensation on both her upper arms and shoulders were reported;tender nodules and worm-like live organisms were observed in the responding sites 1 wk later.After the removal of the live organisms,they were subsequently identified as first stage hypodermal larvae by the Sichuan Institute of Parasites.The patient’s symptoms were relieved soon afterwards.Telephonic follow-up 1 mo later indicated that the blood eosinophilia and pleural effusion were resolved.CONCLUSION Eosinophilic pleural fluid can be present in a wide array of disorders.Myiasis should be an important consideration for the differential diagnosis when eosinophilic pleural effusion with blood eosinophilia is observed.

Oral myiasis after cerebral infarction in an elderly male patient from southern China:A case report

BACKGROUND Myiasis is a rare but risky pathology caused by a parasitic infestation of humansand animals by the dipterous larva. Oral myiasis occurs when soft tissues of theoral cavity are invaded by the larvae of flies. It is not a common disease for thereason that the oral cavity is not easily reachable for the fly to lay eggs. But it cancause pain, infection, uncomfortable feeling when the worms move, tissuedestruction and/or even life-threatening hemorrhages.CASE SUMMARY We reported a case of oral myiasis after cerebral infarction in a 78-year-old malepatient from southern China (Guangdong Zhanjiang). As a result of cerebralinfarction, he suffered from right hemiplegia, mobility and mental decline forabout 3 mo. He had difficulty swallowing and was fed via a feeding tube. Hemostly engaged in mouth breathing and had poor oral and dental hygiene. Morethan 20 live larvae were collected from the patient’s oral cavity, which werelocalized in the maxillary gingiva, the mandibular gingiva and the tongue. Thepatient recovered after the routine oral cleaning, removal of maggots,debridement and anti-infection treatment.CONCLUSION Early diagnosis and treatment of this infestation are essential due to thebothersome symptoms, such as inflammation, intense anxiety over the larvaemovement, possible serious complications, etc. Clinical staff should be familiarwith this infestation, and this disease should be considered, especially inphysically and mentally disabled patients or those at significant risk for infection.Necessary measures, including good sanitation, personal and environmentalhygiene and special care should be adopted so as to prevent this disease.

Furuncular myiasis by Wohlfahrtia magnifica(Diptera:Sarcophagidae)in a healthy child

Rationale:Human myiasis is the invasion of tissue or organs by fly larvae.This could be obligatory,facultative,or accidental.Patient concerns:A 4-year-old Saudi boy complained of fever over the past three days with multiple inflamed painful dermal furuncles and worms-like discharge.Diagnosis:Furuncular obligatory myiasis caused by Wohlfahrtia magnifica.Interventions:Maggots were removed for identification.The wounds were cleaned with antiseptic dressings.Topical and oral antibiotics were applied.Outcomes:Seven days later,the wounds completely healed.Lessons:Although several reports correlated human myiasis with old age,low health status,mental retardation,and low socioeconomic status,but the patient in our case was a healthy child from a family with good socioeconomic status,good hygiene,no history of diseases or mental disability,but traveled to a village where the climate is suitable for fly breeding.

First report of furuncular myiasis caused by the larva of botfly,Dermatobia hominis,in a Taiwan Residents traveler

A case of furuncular myiasis was reported for the first time in a 29-year-old young Taiwan Residents traveler returning from an ecotourism in Peru.Furuncle-like lesions were observed on the top of his head and he complained of crawling sensations within his scalp.The invasive larva of botfly,Dermatobia hominis,was extruded from the furuncular lesion of the patient.Awareness of cutaneous myiasis for clinicians should be considered for a patient who has a furuncular lesion and has recently returned from a botfly-endemic area.

Neonatal Cutaneous Myiasis: A Mistaken Identity for Impetigo

Introduction: Myiasis is a parasitic infestation of the animal body by fly larvae that grow inside the host and feed from its tissue. Myiasis occurs when eggs laid by female flies come in contact with the human skin where they feed and develop into the larvae. Greater numbers are noted in the less-developed countries where environmental hygiene remains a problem. Case Report: A case of a previously healthy 10-day old female neonate delivered in a specialist hospital but was infested by the larval forms of the blowfly with over 50 papules widely distributed to all parts of the body excluding the diaper area which was initially mistaken for impetigo. Conclusion: This case is to heighten the index of suspicion in this category of babies especially in endemic settings and reiterate the need to handle newborn clothing with better care such as ironing especially where such articles are aired in the open.

Human Myiasis in Neonates and Children of the Niger Delta Wetlands and South-East Nigeria

Background: Myiasis is characterized by larval infestation of body tissues or cavities of living hosts. Although most frequently observed in underdeveloped and tropical countries, reports of human myiasis have been encountered throughout the world including temperate zones. Cases of human myiasis in Nigeria and most African countries are most probably underreported because many remain undiagnosed, unidentified or unpublished. We had conducted studies on myiasis earlier in 2006. Here we conducted preliminary studies in 2009 and went in the main studies between January and December 2010. Objectives: We assessed the infection rates of neonates and children of two ecological zones in Nigeria [Niger Delta and South-east]. Patients and Methods: We studied a cohort of 400 patients presenting different cases of myiasis in children within the age bracket 0-12 years. We extracted maggots from different parts of neonates, toddlers and children and our therapeutic approach was the application of cholesterol-free oil for extraction and the use of antibiotics to seal up the openings of wounds. Results: Dermatological data showed in neonates an overall infection rate of 16% in Enugu state [CI 95%, 15.2 - 16.2];4% in Anambra [CI 95%, 3.4 - 4.7];7% in Abia State [CI 95%, 6.1 - 7.4];11% in Imo [CI 95%, 10.3-11.7];20% in Ebonyi [CI 95%, 18.4 -2 1.6];7% infection in Rivers [CI 95%, 6.8 - 7.8];17% in Bayelsa [16.1 - 17.5] and 18% in Akwa Ibom [CI 95%, 17.7 - 18.8]. Based on their sites of infection, five different types of myiases were diagnosed. in neonates and children of the Niger Delta and South-east zones of Nigeria.

A Case Report of Intestinal Myiasis in a Japanese Man

We recently experienced a case of intestinal myiasis caused by maggots of fly, Sarcophagidae. A 61-year-old Japanese man presented in August 2015 with a 2-day his-tory of diarrhea and white maggots in his stool. Two days before his presentation, he took Chinese noodles and lettuce. At his presentation, we observed a number of discharged insect bodies in his stool. The insect bodies were identified as the larvae of the 3rd instar flesh fly Sarcophagidae based on macroscopic and microscopic examinations. We finally diagnosed as intestinal myiasis due to the fact that the patient had the insect bodies mixed in his diet, lettuce. A few days after the treatment with antibiotics, his symptoms disappeared. Accurate diagnosis of intestinal myiasis in developed countries is necessary to avoid ineffective treatment.

Cutaneous Myiasis in a Neglected Case of Pemphigus Vulgaris:A Case Report

Introduction:Myiasis is an infestation of the tissues and organs of living vertebrates and humans by fly larvae,usually those belonging to the Calliphoridae family.The larvae feed on the host’s necrotic or living tissue.Case presentation:On mucocutaneous examination,the patient had multiple sinus tracts covered with purulent necrotic slough,and cylindrical maggots were crawling out of and around the areas of slough.The patient was diagnosed with wound myiasis caused byCochliomyia hominivorax.Turpentine oil flushes and oral ivermectin were prescribed.Discussion:Cutaneous myiasis can be papular,pustular,furuncular,and nodular.It is more common in people who have poor hygiene and intimate contact with domestic animals,such as people living in rural areas and tropical/subtropical countries.The chief aim of management is to remove the maggots as soon as possible,kill them to prevent maturation,promote wound healing,and prevent development of secondary complications.Conclusion:In the current case,the patient’s poor nursing and personal care and low socioeconomic condition predisposed her to secondary wound infection and maggot infestation.Such cases require prompt care to prevent secondary infection and septicemia.

Development of Baccharis dracunculifolia(Asteraceae)Essential Oil Nanoemulsion and Its Biological Activity on Pre-pupae of Cochliomyia hominivorax(Diptera:Calliphoridae)

Myiasis is considered a serious medical condition in animals and humans that occurs predominantly in tropical countries.Cochliomyia hominivorax is one of the main fly species that causes myiasis and the actual geographic distribution includes the Caribbean and all of South America,except Chile.The use of synthetic insecticides and endectocides in livestock for the myiasis treatment has resulted in insect resistance,while also causing residuals in the environment and contamination of animal food products.Biologically active compounds are considered an alternative for the sustainable management of insects,as they are biodegradable and less damaging to the environment.This study developed a nanoemulsion containing the essential oil of Baccharis dracunculifolia and evaluated its in vitro effects on C.hominivorax larvae.High pressure homogenization was used to develop the nanoemulsion.Larvicidal tests were carried out with the tested products using 15 larvae/repetition,for a total of 150 larvae per treatment.Five different concentrations of the nanoemulsion were tested shortly after preparation and after 120 days of storage.For the fresh formulation,at concentrations of 5,7.5,10,13.5,and 15%(w/v)we found mortality of 28,48,70,84,and 97%,respectively,while for the stored formulation,we found mortality of 17,36,51,81,and 92%.The larvicidal effect was similar,except for the concentrations of 5 and 10%(w/v)(p<0.05).Our results show that the natural based B.dracunculifolia nanoemulsion can be considered a promising alternative for the treatment and control of myiasis caused by C.hominivorax.

An unusual cause of late tracheostomy bleed

Human myiasis is common in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Tracheostomal myiasis is a rare entity, and only 7 such cases have been reported in literature. Our study emphasizes the importance of health education with regards to hygiene, sanitation and home tracheostomy tube care especially in immunocompromised individuals.

Fauna and relative frequency of synanthropic flies in the biggest Persian Gulf Island,Qeshm,Iran

Objective:To identify the diversity and relative abundance of medically important species of synanthropic flies and their seasonal activity on Qeshm Island in Persian Gulf,Iran.Methods:Flies collection was performed during March 2011 to February 2012 in all different areas of the island by using the common fly trap and plastic water bottle fly trap,reverse-cone model,containing tainted lamb or beef meat as bait.The captured flies were identified by using valid flies systematic keys,checklists and species description.The relative abundances and seasonal activity of flies were estimated by means of flies captured per trap in every month.Results:In this study a total number of 11 species of medically important flies in three families including Calliphoridae,Sarcophagidae and Muscidae,were collected.The relative mean abundance of flies was estimated to be 6.3±1.1 per trap.The most abundance was seen in rural areas in the south of Qeshm Island with 10.1±1.5 per trap.In this island,medically impotent flies had two peaks of activity in early spring and early autumn,during April and October.Flies activity decreased in July and August due to the high increase of temperature and humidity of the weather.In February,the relative decrease in air temperature reduced the activity of the flies.Conclusions:Diversity and abundance of flies in spring and early autumn were higher than other seasons,especially in rural areas of Southern Qeshm Island.Insect control measures should be conducted during the peak of flies activity.