Effect of artificial natural light on the development of myopia among primary school-age children in China:a three-year longitudinal study

AIM:To assess the efficacy of artificial natural light in preventing incident myopia in primary school-age children.METHODS:This is a prospective,randomized control,intervention study.A total of 1840 students from 39 classes in 4 primary schools in Foshan participated in this study.The whole randomization method was adopted to include classes as a group according to 1:1 randomized control.Classrooms in the control group were illuminated by usual light,and classrooms in the intervention group were illuminated by artificial natural light.All students received uncorrected visual acuity and best-corrected visual acuity measurement,non-cycloplegic autorefraction,ocular biometric examination,slit lamp and strabismus examination.Three-year follow-up,the students underwent same procedures.Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction≤-0.50 D and uncorrected visual acuity<20/20.RESULTS:There were 894 students in the control group and 946 students in the intervention group with a mean±SD age of 7.50±0.53y.The three-year cumulative incidence rate of myopia was 26.4%(207 incident cases among 784 eligible participants at baseline)in the control group and 21.2%(164 incident cases among 774 eligible participants at baseline)in the intervention group[difference of 5.2%(95%CI,3.7%to 10.1%);P=0.035].There was also a significant difference in the three-year change in spherical equivalent refraction for the control group(-0.81 D)compared with the intervention group[-0.63 D;difference of 0.18 D(95%CI,0.08 to 0.28 D);P<0.001].Elongation of axial length was significantly different between in the control group(0.77 mm)and the intervention group[0.72 mm;difference of 0.05 mm(95%CI,0.01 to 0.09 mm);P=0.003].CONCLUSION:Artificial natural light in the classroom of primary schools can result in reducing incidence rate of myopia during a period of three years.

基于格网尺度的黄河中游地区经济城镇化与PM_(2.5)浓度的脱钩关系研究

针对当前经济城镇化参量公里网格数据的缺乏,以黄河中游地区为例,提出一种利用1995—2018年高精度土地利用栅格数据和统计年鉴数据的经济城镇化参量空间化模拟方法,并分析格网尺度下黄河中游地区经济城镇化与PM2.5浓度的脱钩关系演变。结果表明:(1)黄河中游地区经济城镇化水平呈现出以兰西城市群、西安城市圈、太原城市圈、郑州—洛阳城市带为核心的多核心圈层结构。(2)在空间格局演变上,不同区域经济城镇化的扩张模式存在差异。受地形限制和水文条件限制,洛河流域、汾河流域、关中平原、太原城市圈经济城镇化呈现以中心城市为核心的带状扩张特征;兰西城市群、郑州—洛阳城市带、呼和浩特市呈现以中心城市为核心的圈层式扩张特征。(3)2005年之后,黄河中游中东部地区开始出现脱钩转折点;2010年之后,黄河中游西部地区开始出现脱钩转折点,但由于西部大开发战略的实施,导致2015—2018年甘肃和宁夏南部扩张负脱钩区面积显著增加,经济城镇化与环境污染的脱钩关系再次发生转变。

Low-concentration atropine(0.01%)on quantitative contrast sensitivity function in Chinese children with myopia

AIM:To investigate the effect of 0.01%low-concentration atropine(LA)on quantitative contrast sensitivity function(qCSF)in children with myopia.METHODS:This paired case-control study included 90 eyes of 58 children who were sex-,age-,and refractionmatched and equally divided into two groups:the 0.01%LA group had undergone 6mo use of daily 0.01%atropine and control group was naïve to LA.Routine ophthalmic examinations and qCSF test without refractive correction were performed.Two groups were compared in monocular and binocular qCSF parameters,including the area under logCSF,CSF acuity,and contrast sensitivity(CS)at 1.0-18.0 cycle per degree(cpd).RESULTS:In the monocular comparison,the CSF acuity of the LA group was significantly higher than that of the control group(7.58±5.51 vs 6.37±4.22 cpd,P<0.05).The subgroup analysis showed that in the 6-9y group,CSF acuity was significantly higher in the LA group than the control group(8.76±6.19 vs 6.54±4.25 cpd,P<0.05),and in the Female group,low refraction sphere group,and high refraction cylinder group,the CS at high spatial frequencies(12.0 and 18.0 cpd)were significantly higher in the LA group than in the control group(all P<0.05).In the binocular test,CSF acuity and CS at 12.0 cpd were significantly higher in the LA group than in the control group(10.95±7.00 vs 8.65±5.12 cpd;0.17±0.33 vs 0.06±0.16,respectively;both P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Use of LA may result in improved CS in children with early onset myopia.

Femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction on binocularity for myopia with glasses-free 3D technique

AIM:To evaluate the effect of femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)on the binocular visual function in myopic patients with glasses-free threedimensional(3D)technique.METHODS:Totally 50 myopic patients(39 females and 11 males)with SMILE were enrolled in this prospective study.The glasses-free 3D technique was used to evaluate the binocular visual function in these subjects including static stereopsis,dynamic stereopsis,foveal suppression,and binocular balance point of signal to noise ratio(s/n ratio).All subjects received measurements in 1d before operation,and 1d,1wk,and 1mo postoperatively.RESULTS:Both static and dynamic stereopsis showed no significant difference after SMILE.The foveal suppression improved significantly 1wk and 1mo after SMILE(P=0.005 and P=0.007 respectively).The binocular balance point of signal to noise ratio showed a significant improvement 1d,1wk and 1mo after SMILE for both eyes(P<0.001 for each eye respectively).CONCLUSION:Glasses-free 3D technique can be used to evaluate the effect of SMILE on the binocular visual function in myopic patients perceptively,and SMILE can improve both foveal suppression and binocular imbalance in these patients.

自然光条件下光自芬顿/PMS协同体系处理新污染物的实验设计

为强化学生对新污染物处理理论和实验技能的掌握,设计了光自芬顿/过氧单硫酸盐(PMS)协同体系在自然光条件下对新污染物的强化降解实验。利用水热法和浸渍法制备改性氮化碳空心球MoS_(2)/TCN_(Cl-S)(P),以四环素(TC)作为新污染物代表,构建了光自芬顿/PMS协同体系,基于其耦合效应,提高在自然光条件下污染物的降解效率。结果表明,光自芬顿/PMS体系对TC在120min内的降解率可以达到80%,较不引入PMS的光自芬顿体系提高了30%。其原因在于光自芬顿反应中产生的H_(2)O_(2)与PMS发生协同作用,产生了更多的·O_(2)^(-)、SO_(4)^(-)·和^(1)O_(2)等活性自由基,从而提高了TC的降解效率。该实验设计体系有助于促进学生对高级氧化技术的掌握,为学生科研创新能力培养体系的构建提供参考。

地区空气污染的“压力”与企业绿色转型的“动力”——基于城市PM2.5和公司并购的实证发现

地区空气污染会影响域内各类市场主体行为,包括微观企业决策。碳达峰、碳中和的提出要求各地加强空气污染治理,推动企业绿色转型,而绿色并购是企业绿色转型的重要方式。利用2013—2018年我国A股上市的污染企业发起的并购为样本,并手动搜集整理确定绿色并购样本,实证研究地区空气污染对域内企业绿色转型的影响。研究发现,地区空气污染加剧会提升域内污染企业绿色并购的意愿。在此基础上,通过并购前后企业信息披露质量和社会责任承担变化,研究发现地区空气污染加剧下的企业绿色转型并非源于自主绿色转型发展的内生“动力”,更多是外部“压力”下的“工具主义”行为。从影响路径来看,地区空气污染引致的压力会通过行业竞争和融资约束这两个途径影响污染企业绿色转型的“动力”。最后,异质性检验发现在市场化程度高和非国有企业样本,地区空气污染加剧对企业绿色并购的促进作用更为显著。

旅馆室内PM 2.5浓度影响因素相关性分析

为探究不同因素对旅馆房间内PM 2.5浓度的影响及其相关性,测试寒冷地区的中小型旅馆客房内PM 2.5浓度,研究不同因素下客房内PM 2.5的浓度变化特征。采用相关分析和逐步回归分析方法研究各因素对PM 2.5浓度的影响程度,影响程度由大至小依次为室内人数、换气次数、建筑外窗缝隙穿透系数、室外风速和室内自然沉降率,相关系数分别为0.379,-0.372,-0.338,0.327,-0.303。

MLH1和PMS2在胃癌组织中的缺失水平及价值分析

目的探讨胃癌患者组织中错配修复(mismatch repair,MMR)蛋白MLH1、PMS2的缺失及表达水平,并分析高缺失者与患者临床特征的相关性。方法选取2014年5月至2022年3月青海省人民医院收治的275例胃癌患者为研究对象,回顾性收集患者MMR蛋白的表达资料,并结合临床特征进行统计学分析。结果在275例患者中,MLH1的缺失率为8.36%(23/275),PMS2的缺失率为18.18%(50/275),MLH1和PMS2的共同缺失率为7.27%(20/275)。MLH1的缺失率与PMS2的缺失率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PMS2的缺失率与MLH1和PMS2的共同缺失率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。MLH1的缺失与胃癌患者的年龄、分化程度、Ki67指数、神经侵犯和Her-2状态有关(P<0.05);PMS2的缺失与胃癌患者的年龄、肿瘤部位和Ki67指数有关(P<0.05);MLH1和PMS2共同缺失与胃癌患者的年龄、肿瘤部位、肿瘤直径、分化程度、神经侵犯、Ki67指数和Her-2状态有关(P<0.05)。MLH1和PMS2在胃癌中表达呈正相关(r=0.539,P<0.001)。结论MLH1的缺失与胃癌患者较多的临床病理特征相关,MLH1、PMS2在胃癌中表达呈正相关。

Low color temperature artificial lighting can slow myopia development: Long-term study using juvenile monkeys

The incidence of myopia has increased rapidly in recent decades, suggesting that environmental factors, such as light,may be an important cause. Correlated color temperature(CCT) is a commonly used index to quantify the spectral composition of light. Here, we used 32 juvenile monkeys(16 females and 16 males) and selected four kinds of light with typical but different CCTs to study the relationship between CCT and ocular axial elongation.

Novel TRPM1 mutations in two Chinese families with early-onset high myopia, with or without complete congenital stationary night blindness

AIM：To investigate the relationship between high myopia [with or without complete congenital stationary night blindness（CSNB1）] and TRPM1 and NYX.METHODS： Two unrelated families with early-onset high myopia（eo HM） and 96 normal controls were recruited.Sanger sequencing or clone sequencing were used for mutation screening.Further analyses of the available family members and the 96 normal controls were subsequently conducted to obtain additional evidence of the pathogenicity of these variants.The initial diagnosis of the probands was eo HM.We performed a further comprehensive examination of the available family members after mutations were detected in TRPM1 or NYX. RESULTS： Two novel compound heterozygous mutations in TRPM1 were detected in the recruited families.The proband in family A with eo HM carried a c.2594 C 〉T missense mutation in exon 19 and a c.669 ＋3_669 ＋6del AAGT splicing mutation,which was co-segregated with CSNB1 in this family.A patient in family B with a compound heterozygous missense mutation（c.3262 G〉A and c.3250 T〉C） was detected.No mutations were found in NYX.These two identified compound heterozygous mutations were not found in the 96 normal controls.After further examination of the family members,the patients in family A could be diagnosed as eo HM with CSNB1.However due to the limited clinic data,the patient in family B cloud not clearly diagnosed as CSNB1.CONCLUSION： This study has expanded the mutation spectrum of TRPM1 for CSNB1 and additional studiesare needed to elucidate the association between isolated high myopia and TRPM1 and NYX.

Effect of green flickering light on myopia development and expression of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in guinea pigs

AIM： To investigate the effects of green flickering light on refractive development and expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor（mAChR） M1 in the eyes of guinea pigs.METHODS： Thirty guinea pigs（15-20 days old） were randomly divided into three groups（n=10/group）. Animals in group I were raised in a completely closed carton with green flickering light illumination. Those in group II were kept in the open top closed carton under normal natural light. Guinea pigs were raised in a sight-widen cage under normal natural light in group III. The refractive status and axial length were measured before and after 8 weeks＇ illumination. Moreover, total RNA extracted from retinal, choroidal, and scleral tissues were determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR）. The expressions of the receptor M1 were also explored in the retina, choroid, and sclera using immunohistochemistry.RESULTS： There was a remarkable reduction in refractive error and increase in axial length after 8-weeks＇ green flickering light stimulation（P〈0.001）. The expression of M1 receptor mRNA in sclera and retina in myopia group were remarkably lower than that in group II and III（P〈0.01）. Significant reduced expression of M1 receptor stimulated by green flickering light in retina and sclera tissues were also observed（P〈0.05）. However, there was no M1 receptor expression in choroid in 3 groups.CONCLUSION： Myopia can be induced by 8 weeks＇ green flickering light exposure in the animal model. M1 receptor may be involved causally or protectively in myopia development.

Scleral remodeling in myopia development

With the increasing prevalence in recent years, myopia has become an essential global health concern.In most instances, an increased axial length of the eye is the structural cause of nearsightedness.The scleral remodeling, primarily dependent on the scleral extracellular matrix(ECM) changes, is significantly linked to eye lengthening.Scleral remodeling plays a critical function in the incidence and progression of myopia.This mini-review will focus on recent research progress of scleral remodeling in the hope of providing new ideas for the prophylaxis and treatment of myopia.

Elementary school comprehensive intervention and myopia development:the Wenzhou Epidemiology of Refraction Error Study

AIM:To investigate the effects of school-basedcomprehensive intervention on myopia development inelementary school children.METHODS:As a part of the Wenzhou Epidemiologyof Refraction Error Study,there were 1524 participatingelementary students(730 girls,47.9%)in grades 1 to3 from three campuses of one school,aged 7.3±0.9y,who were examined twice every year for a 2.5y follow upperiod.Comprehensive intervention and other reminderswere given at school every semester for the interventiongroup.The control group did not receive comprehensiveintervention and did not have reminders of it.RESULTS:There were 651 students in the interventiongroup[mean age 7.3±0.9y;294(45.2%)girls]and 737students in the control group[mean age 7.2±0.9y;346(46.9%)girls].Overall mean myopia progression duringthe 2.5y follow-up was-0.49±1.04 diopters(D)in theintervention group and-0.65±1.08 D in the control group(P=0.004).The majority that not get myopia at baselinespherical equivalent(SE≤-1.0 D).Their mean myopiaprogression during the 2.5y follow-up was-0.37±0.89 Din the intervention group and-0.51±0.93 D in the controlgroup(27.5%reduction,P=0.009);Overall,mean axiallength elongation was less in the intervention group(0.56±0.32 mm)than in the control group(0.61±0.38 mm,10.5%reduction,P=0.009).The percentage of close reading distance(<30 cm)in the intervention group was less than in the control group(73.4%vs 76.2%,P<0.001),the percentage of everyday perform eye exercises in the intervention group was more than in the control group(27.8%vs 20.7%,P<0.001)30mo later.CONCLUSION:The comprehensive intervention program at elementary school has a significant alleviating effect on myopia progression for children during the 2.5y follow-up,especially for those non-myopia at baseline.

PMS协同Ce改性BiOBr材料光催化降解四环素

采用溶剂热合成法制备Ce(Ⅲ)改性BiOBr催化剂(Ce/Bi摩尔比0.1%~2%),通过XRD、SEM-mapping、XPS、UV-Vis等手段对其结构进行表征分析;以四环素为目标污染物,首次提出构建PMS/Ce(Ⅲ)改性BiOBr光催化体系降解四环素,考察催化剂种类、催化剂投加量、PMS摩尔浓度和p H等因素对反应体系降解四环素效果的影响。结果表明:Ce(Ⅲ)和Bi(Ⅲ)发生同晶置换,使得Ce(Ⅲ)改性BiOBr的最大吸收波长出现蓝移,提高光生电子和空穴的分离效率;PMS协同Ce(Ⅲ)改性BiOBr光催化降解四环素最佳条件:Ce与Bi的摩尔比为1%,投加量为1.0 g/L,PMS浓度为0.3 mmol/L,pH=9;四环素降解过程中,反应体系内主要活性物种为空穴,其贡献远高于硫酸根自由基和单线态氧。经重复利用实验证实,Ce改性BiOBr材料结构具有良好的稳定性。

A review of mechanism of action of outdoor exposure in preventing myopia incidence and progression

Various studies have suggested several environmental,pharmacological,medical,and optical interventions and some are in use but their efficacy in myopia control may be transient,and the cellular,molecular,and biochemical mechanisms involved unclear.Daylight exposure is currently regarded as an effective and enduring strategy in the control of myopia development and progression.However,the mechanism behind the effect of outdoor exposure and its association with genetic predisposition and other relatively more significant environmental factors on myopia is still a conundrum.This review focuses on survey-based and intervention-based studies carried out to propose a mechanism that accounts for myopia development and important for its control.

基于改进PM扩散方程的NSST域声呐图像融合

针对声呐图像边缘特征信息模糊丢失等问题,为使图像尽可能包含更多边缘和纹理特征等信息,提出一种基于改进PM扩散方程非下采样剪切波变换声呐图像融合改进算法。采用非线性扩散滤波对NSST多尺度分解进行改进,将多幅源图像分解为高频系数和低频系数,并且结合局部能量及PCNN方法对高低频系数进行融合,经过逆变换重构为融合图像。经过实验验证与其他算法相比,所提方法能够较好地保留源图像中的边缘特征信息,在含噪声声呐图像上表现较为明显。

生源性Cu/GO复合材料阳极激活PMS降解活性黑5

利用S.oneidensis MR-1(MR-1)菌的胞外还原作用,制备铜/氧化石墨烯复合材料(MR1-Cu-GO)作为电催化(EC)及过一硫酸盐(PMS)协同催化剂.表征结果显示,所得MR1-Cu-GO具有良好的小尺寸Cu物种分布(粒径约为5~10nm),且Cu物种以CuCl_(2)、CuO和Cu_(2)(OH)_(2)CO_(3)混合态为主.活性黑5(RBK5,10mg/L)降解效率测试显示,MR1-Cu-GO/PMS,MR1-Cu-GO/EC,MR1-Cu-GO/EC/PMS体系对RBK5均有良好的降解效率.其中MR1-Cu-GO/EC/PMS体系降解效率最高,在外加电流为50A/m^(2),PMS初始浓度为3mmol/L的最佳条件下,借助HO·和SO_(4)^(·-)等活性物质的产生,在30min内可以达到100%的RBK5降解率.

The optimal atropine concentration for myopia control in Chinese children: a systematic review and network Metaanalysis

AIM:To figure out whether various atropine dosages may slow the progression of myopia in Chinese kids and teenagers and to determine the optimal atropine concentration for effectively slowing the progression of myopia.METHODS:A systematic search was conducted across the Cochrane Library,PubMed,Web of Science,EMBASE,CNKI,CBM,VIP,and Wanfang database,encompassing literature on slowing progression of myopia with varying atropine concentrations from database inception to January 17,2024.Data extraction and quality assessment were performed,and a network Meta-analysis was executed using Stata version 14.0 Software.Results were visually represented through graphs.RESULTS:Fourteen papers comprising 2475 cases were included;five different concentrations of atropine solution were used.The network Meta-analysis,along with the surface under the cumulative ranking curve(SUCRA),showed that 1%atropine(100%)>0.05%atropine(74.9%)>0.025%atropine(51.6%)>0.02%atropine(47.9%)>0.01%atropine(25.6%)>control in refraction change and 1%atropine(98.7%)>0.05%atropine(70.4%)>0.02%atropine(61.4%)>0.025%atropine(42%)>0.01%atropine(27.4%)>control in axial length(AL)change.CONCLUSION:In Chinese children and teenagers,the five various concentrations of atropine can reduce the progression of myopia.Although the network Meta-analysis showed that 1%atropine is the best one for controlling refraction and AL change,there is a high incidence of adverse effects with the use of 1%atropine.Therefore,we suggest that 0.05%atropine is optimal for Chinese children to slow myopia progression.

非金属原子掺杂碳基材料活化PMS降解污染物及其催化机制

碳基材料具有较大的比表面积、良好的耐酸碱性、结构易于改性以及环境友好等特性,在催化活化过氧单硫酸盐(peroxymonosulfate,PMS)方面发挥了重要作用。理解碳基材料的结构和PMS活化机制对进一步设计高性能催化剂有着十分重要的指导意义。主要综述了N、B、P原子的单掺杂碳基催化剂及其研究现状,分析了不同杂原子掺杂碳基催化剂活化PMS的反应原理,详细阐释了杂原子掺杂改善反应活性的作用机制。此外,总结了不同类型杂原子掺杂CNT用于苯酚降解,并着重阐述了杂原子掺杂CNT活性改善的主要因素。最后,提出了当前杂原子掺杂碳基材料面临的一些挑战,给出了相关的解决建议并对该领域的发展进行了展望。

MXene/PMS利用EDTA-Cu催化降解EDTA-Cd性能与机理

在不添加低价态过渡金属条件下,MXene/PMS利用乙二胺四乙酸铜(EDTA-Cu)实现了乙二胺四乙酸镉(EDTA-Cd)的高效降解和Cd的回收.EDTA-Cd和总Cd在30min内的去除率达到80%和95%.增加MXene、PMS和Cu^(2+)浓度均显著增强了EDTA-Cd和总Cd的去除.反应体系主要活性物种是羟基自由基(HO^(·))和硫酸根自由基(SO_(4)^(·-)).在p H值3.0~9.0范围内保持了优异的性能,对Cl^(-)、HCO_(3)^(-)、HPO_(4)^(2-)和腐殖酸具有良好的耐受性.MXene活化PMS将EDTA-Cu氧化破络,释放出游离Cu离子,并触发Cu(Ⅱ)/Cu(Ⅰ)价态循环,强化了PMS的活化,从而实现了EDTA-Cu/Cd的高效降解.MXene对Cu和Cd离子具有优异的吸附能力,实现了重金属的回收.本研究利用重金属络合物本身含有的过渡金属,开发了一种同步实现重金属络合物氧化破络与重金属回收的方法.