Figures of Speech in Medieval English Mystics

The aim of this paper is to examine metaphors and similes as figures of speech in the language of medieval English mystics.We will focus on three contemplative 14th-century mystics in East Midland;Walter Hilton;the Cloud author;and Julian of Norwich.Metaphors are figures of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily denotes one thing is used to designate another;thus making an implicit comparison;as in“a sea of troubles”.For theoretical background;we adapt Lakoff and Johnson’s subcategorization of metaphors into ontological;orientational;and structural metaphors.Lakoff and Johnson significantly remarked that in everyday life;metaphors are pervasive in not only language but also thought and action.As another device of a figure of speech;we will consider similes whereby two concepts are imaginatively and descriptively compared.The use of figurative speech among the medieval mystics is not random but an effective measure in terms of which we can conceptualize their experience.Metaphors and similes used in mystical discourse cannot help but try and construct what cannot be comprehended by acting on embodying the abstract.Numerous figures of speech found in devotional prose;though some noted earlier in biblical works;are novel in their use.In trying to make the ancient teachings of the Christ accessible for the lay public;the prose observed in this study uses figurative language in association with their writings.

From Ancient Rituals to Modern Spirituality:The Evolution and Personalization of Religious Experience

This paper explores the evolution of religious experience from ancient nature worship and ancestor reverence to modern individualized spirituality.It examines how early spiritual practices were deeply intertwined with daily life,later becoming institutionalized through formalized religions with complex rituals and doctrines.The rise of mysticism,emphasizing personal connections with the divine,persisted alongside institutional religions.In contemporary society,the shift towards"spiritual but not religious"reflects a return to personalized spiritual paths,driven by individualism and the desire for direct,meaningful spiritual experiences.This trend's implications for both individuals and society are also discussed.

Science Put to the Test of Mysticism in the “Navetanes”

Mystical practices or “Xon” exist in virtually every sector of social life in Senegal. Popular or “navétane” football is particularly and profoundly affected by this phenomenon, to the point of raising questions about their place in this sport, which is naturally governed by scientific rules of performance. To provide an answer, we used qualitative methods, including participant observation and semi-structured interviews with 9 coaches and those in charge of the “xonjom”. The main results highlight the predominance of “Xon” over training. The players pay more attention to the mystics. The creation of a commission responsible for occult practices and the efforts made by the players to approach occultists and ensure that their instructions are respected attest to the importance of “xonjom”. As a result of the social anchoring provided by education, popular football is not spared from “xon”. More time is spent practising mysticism than training. They are seen as a source of victory, playing the role of psychological preparation. The centralisation of “xonjom” is reflected in the prioritisation of “xon” over training. The marabouts’ instructions take precedence over those of the trainers.

An Analysis of Mystical Experience in Sophy' s Hysterical Hallucination in Darkness Visible

In William Golding' s Darkness Visible,Sophy' s experience of " hysterical hallucination" plays an important role in the the matic expression.They point directly to the evil nature of man.Although the specific content of hallucinations is different,they possess a common characteristic-mystical experience.They worth further research.This paper examines Sophy' s mystical experience in her hyster ical hallucination,so as to find out the functions of mystical experience and its influences on the novel' s thematic expression.

Biographical Study of Golding' s Tendency for Mystical Experience in His Major Works

One feature of Golding' s works is to reveal the theme-the evil nature of man,through the characters' mystical experience.This is obvious in Darkness Visible and Lord of the Flies.This paper tries to find out the resource for the writer to use mystical experience through biological approach.

Cancer-Specific Resonances

The research of cancer-specific resonances started with Raymond R. Rife’s controversial results. The intensive debate began on the topic, and various interpretations of the results deepened after his death. This theme presently sparks desperate debates with extreme opinions, from the dangerous quackery to the brilliant discovery. A part of medical practices applies the resonance principle in various anticancer therapies and uses a variety of devices. Most medical experts refuse such “resonance therapies” due to their confidence in their quackery. I summarized some present problems and proposed a possible solution. My present article aims to discuss some aspects of the biological resonances, trying to clear some vague details of this subject and give a possible stochastic explanation of some resonances in cancer therapy. However, when considering the stochastic explanations of resonance frequencies, there are as many of these as there are enzymatic processes affecting the biological systems.

Inflammatory bowel diseases: From the mystical to the cellular and now the molecular

It is of interest in an era of increasing biomedical sophisticaton to recall that a relatively short time ago, early in the 20th century, ‘simple' ulcerative colitis was an obscure ‘medical curiosity' emerging slowly from an unknown past. Crohn's disease was yet unidentified as a separate entity although careful review of the IBD literature documented its early presence, masquerading as ‘intestinal tuberculosis'. Into the 1930s, the etiology and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease were unknown, and investigative hypotheses were scarce. Therapeutic resources were limited and treatment was primitive. At a time of limited biomedical knowledge and minimal clinical awareness, unsubstantiated views prevailed, including ‘vague reactions to foods' (sugar,margarine, corn flakes), deficiency of a ‘protective factor'in pig intestine, and psychiatric disease.

Psychic Neuronal Hypersynchronies: A New Psychiatric Paradigm?

This paper deals with certain psychic automatisms that appear suddenly in the consciousness of the subject in a passive or automatic way and that usually are diagnosed as psychiatric symptoms or manifestations of an epileptic partial seizure. These mental automatisms are described in many writings by mystics, philosophers, literates, composers, and many different great artists and creators from human history, but they did not confer any pathological value on these experiences. The analysis of the epileptogenic activity gives us arguments to propose that these automatic experiences are due to neuronal circuits physiologically adapted to fire in a hypersynchronous way. With these data we enunciate an innovative hypothesis: these psychic experiences are manifestations of an adaptive neuronal network for which we propose the term psychic hypersynchrony. Finally, we discuss the consequences of this hypothesis, especially in the epileptic, psychiatric, and neuropsychopharmacologic fields.

A Feminist Study of The Mystic Masseur

V.S.Naipaul is a Trinidadian-British writer,who is a remarkable immigrant writer in the world literature.He wrote many works throughout his life,including A House for Mr.Biswas,Miguel Street,In a Free State,A Bend in the River,The Enigma of Arrival and so on.With Kazuo Ishiguro and Salman Rushdie,they are dubbed as the three great immigrants in the English literature.From the perspective of feminism,this paper focuses on the study of female images in his first novel,The Mystic Masseur.These female images in the third-world are dominated by the double oppression:patriarchy and colonial culture.And in this process,they lose their voice and have an inferior social status because of economic and other elements,making them become the subordinate of the subordinate.The paper analyzes the reasons for the oppression upon these women and is intended to reveal the deeper connotation that embedded in this novel.That is to say,it provides valuable enlightenment to modern women.

The Grammars of Mystical Experience in Christian Theological Dialogue

The philosophical horizon of this essay is theoretically comparative and hermeneutically dialogic. Its main philosophical and theological tonality expresses, in first person and through three discursive moments, the differentiated fusion of horizons between phenomenological and grammatical description and understanding of experience. After a philosophical overture-outlining the ethos of the dialogic problematic and situating it within the contemporary diverse and dialogic dynamic of phenomenology-I will expose the consistent, possible modalities of convergence between Husserlian phenomenology and Wittgensteinian grammar of the mystical shapes of experience. The tense, responsorial dialogue among Husserl, Heidegger, Levinas, and Wittgenstein＇s styles of thinking, far from being anymore limited to the debates between the analytical and phenomenological, will be considered from the crossed categorial spaces of Austrian philosophy and German culture in general. In a second section, I will show how the styles of phenomenology today are advancing into a cautious micro-logical grammar of comparative inquiry. This thematization will first consider some precise semantic clarifications： Experience, the mystical, extasis, evidence, and truth; in a second section, the theoretical levels of grammar and phenomenology of mystical experience are heralded in the context of the Christian theological dialogue, where I emphasize the rebirth of French theological thinking and dialogic transcendence, beginning with Maritain and de Chardin to Marcel, de Lubac, Levinas, and Marion. Finally, I consider the aesthetic expressions of mystical experience, both from the visual and musical dimensions. I will conclude this talk by highlighting theological perspectives drawn from my research in musico-philosophical problematics, through an awakening to the resonance of Being and the Divine in sonic and musical life. Through a theology of the musical λογοζ, the grammar of mystical experience reveals the sacramentality of music and the mystery of silence

On the Three Realms of the Effects of Philosophy on Islamic Mysticism

Although there are differences between philosophers and mystics in principles and methods, Islamic philosophers and their reading of the philosophy of the ancient Greece have been very influential on Islamic mysticism. This influence is in three realms of ontology--man＇s relation with God and the way of proving and conveying mystical findings. In ontological realm, the main aim of the Islamic mysticism is recognition of God＇s essence in respect to His names and attributes in order to reach Him. Although they believe in unity of being and regard the created world as God＇s manifestation and do not consider independent existence for it, mystics have not neglected ontology They deal with issues such as gradation and hierarchy of being, the world of intellects, the world of ideas, and separation of essence from existence because of the influence of philosophy. In the realm of man＇s relation with God, there is a love relationship between the Creator and the creature resulting in a fascination based movement due to being attracted to the beauty of Absolute perfection-God-in lower states. Theoretical elucidation of this perfectionist movement and its phases has been under the influence of philosophical opinions suggested by Aristotle, Plotinus, and Sohrevardi. For proving and conveying mystical findings, mystics were usually condemned since their perception was intuitive, personal, and nontransferable. However, Ibn Arabi＇s endeavor in using logical reasoning helped Islamic mysticism to release its spiritual findings from being confined to a personal account and conveying them to others through an assured way; consequently, mysticism introduced itself as a system and a science.

Hermeneutics and the Empeiria of the Soul in Panikkar

Pathos, that ＂passion of life and thought,＂ essentially based on the profound aspiration to the beyond, to the unknown, to Mystery, characterized Panikkar＇s entire existence and thought, always placed ＂beyond borders.＂ It is through this ＂empeiria of the soul＂ that the philosopher re-reads the complex issue of faith, connoting it as a constitutive, mystical dimension or ontonomical relationship and consequently as an orthopraxis. From this point of view pathos represents the foundation of his ＂philo-sophia＂ in its etymological meaning of ＂wisdom of love,＂ which opens to the pursuit of ＂the fullness of life,＂ an aspiration of every human being. Today, this generates challenges, which only an intra-inter-cultural dialogical approach, open to different perspectives and based on a diatopical hermeneutics, able to put in contact radically different human horizons, can respond.

Paul Tillich’s Systematic Theology Interpreted As Being His Spiritual Autobiography

The real subject of Paul Tillich’s three-volume Systematic Theology is not God but rather the history of Tillich’s personal relationship with God.The religious experiences to which Tillich refers in this,his major work,are his own,although he never admits it.This article attempts to draw parallels between Tillich’s mystical development and that of other mystics.Questions are raised about the possibility of mystical voices,visions,ecstasies,raptures and deliria being symptoms of schizophrenia.

Paul Tillich＇s Schizophrenia

Paul Tillich once confided to his secretary at Harvard that he was a schizophrenic. In this article, the author, who is also a schizophrenic, discusses symptoms of schizophrenia in Tillich＇s biography and theology. Tillich had always insisted that his theology was one of the kairos. By hiding his theological thought behind an arcane Greek word, Tillich dissimulated his own messiah complex. On several occasions, Tillich describes a mystical schizophrenic hallucination with such accuracy that it is obvious to those who have had similar visions that he was speaking from personal experience. This article raises unanswerable questions about the relationships between religious revelation, mystical ecstasy and schizophrenia.

The Ghost of a Theory of Language in the Tractatus

The Tractatus seems to promise a theory of language,which can clarify the relations between language and the world.At the same time,the terminology of the work remains indeterminate and as a result,the supposed theory,which constitutes part of the paradox of the work,does not allow any correlations between the elements of language and elements of the world.Therefore,it is not clear how language could have sense,something that a theory of language would explain us.However,in the Tractatus,Wittgenstein seems to be interested in something deeper than in simply formulating a theory.

The Stages of the Soul Through the Path of Perfection:The Journey of the Servants to the Place of Return(Seyr al-‘Ibād ilāal-Ma‘ād)

The Journey of the Servants to the Place of Return(Seyr al-‘Ibād ilāal-Ma‘ād)is an allegory mathnavi that suggests a man’s spiritual purification through a deeper understanding of creation,the influence of the planets,and the four elements on his thoughts and behaviors.Their effect will change a man’s life after his death if he does not control them.By taming the negative traits,he may enjoy the bliss of paradise if he does not control them,and may enter into the fire of hell.This mystical/literary work offers practical methods that may eliminate negative traits in an individual’s soul if he practices them.The poet emphasizes the necessity of following a master who guides the pupil through a spiritual journey to achieve perfection and become one with the Creator.

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Mystical Coins

RECENT findings on the East African coast confirm what many people have suspected for years： Trade between the Chinese and Africans existed long before Europeans stepped foot on the shores of East Africa＇s West Indian Ocean Coast.