Novel Lipase from Golden Pompano(Trachinotus ovatus)Viscera:Purification,Characterization,and Application in the Concentrating of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Lipases have been widely applied in a variety of industrial fields,such as food,pharmaceuticals,biofuels,and biotechnology.Recent years have witnessed a great interest in modifying lipids for the production of triacylglycerols enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs).Here,a novel salt-tolerant,organic solvent-stable,and bile salt-activated lipase was purified from golden pompano(Trachinotus ovatus)viscera,which was named as golden pompano lipase(GPL).GPL had a specific activity of 57.2U mg^(-1)with an estimated molecular weight of 14 k Da,exhibited optimal activity at 40℃a nd pH 8.0,and showed K_(m)and V_(max)of 40.16μmol L^(-1)and 769.23μmol L^(-1)min^(-1),respectively.GPL activity was enhanced by Mn^(2+)and sodium deoxycholate.It was active in organic solvents,including methanol,ethanol,chloroform,and hexane.GPL also showed a good salinity tolerance of up to 1 mol L^(-1).n-3PUFA enrichment in the glyceride fraction of golden pompano oil was performed by GPL-catalyzed hydrolysis and yielded a total PUFA concentration of 56.99%.EPA,DHA,and DPA were enriched by 10.4-,3.2-,and 1.8-fold of their initial levels,respectively.This study recognized the industrial applicability of GPL to prepare enriched C_(20-22)n-3 PUFA.

Different n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios affect postprandial metabolism in normal and hypertriglyceridemic rats

Postprandial metabolism plays major roles in many pathological conditions.The n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA)ratio is closely related to various physiological disorders.This study aimed to investigate the effects of high fat meals with different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios on postprandial metabolism in normal control(NC)and hypertriglyceridemia(HTG)rats.The postprandial response of triglyceride(TG)in HTG groups was higher than that in NC groups after different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio meals.The HTG groups showed higher postprandial total cholesterol(TC)responses than NC groups after 1:1 and 20:1 ratio meals.The 5:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio elicited lower postprandial responses of tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)than 1:1 and 10:1 ratios in HTG groups.The postprandial malondialdehyde(MDA)response was lower after a 5:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio meal than 1:1 and 20:1 ratio meals in HTG groups.The 1:1 ratio resulted in a lower postprandial reactive oxygen species(ROS)level than 5:1 and 10:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in NC groups.The results showed that a low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio improved postprandial dysmetabolism induced by a high fat meal in NC and HTG rats.A high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio increased the difference in postprandial metabolism between NC and HTG rats.

Effects of dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on immunoglobulins, cytokines, fatty acid composition, and performance of lactating sows and suckling piglets

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary ratios of n-6：n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA） on the performance of lactating sows and their piglets. Thirty pregnant Landrace sows were assigned to one of three treatments from d 108 of gestation until weaning （26-29 d） and were fed diets containing different ratios of n-6：n-3 PUFA including 3：1,9：1 and 13：1. The effects on sow and litter production traits were examined together with an assessment of sow body condition. No differences were detected among the treatments for the daily feed intake of sows or changes in sow weight and back-fat levels during lactation （P 〉 0.05）. Litter size at d 14 and d 21 were tended to increase in 3：1 treatment compared with 9：1 and 13：1 treatments （P 〈 0.10）. Litter weight gain （1.77 kg/d） from d 0 to d 14 was tended to increase in 9：1 groups compared with the other two treatments （P 〈 0.10）. A significant difference was observed for the content of a -linolenic acid, total n-3 PUFA, and the ratio of n-6：n-3 PUFA in the colostrum, milk, and piglets plasma （P 〈 0.01）. The effects of different ratios of n-6：n-3 PUFA in sow diets on colostrum, milk and piglet plasma immunoglobulin concentrations are studied. No difference was observed among treatments in the concentrations of IgM, and IgA in colostrum （P 〉 0.05）. A great significant difference for IgG concentration was observed among 3 group in colostrum. A great significant difference for IgA, and IgM （P〈 0.01） concentrations in piglet plasma at d14 and a significant difference for IgG（P 〈 0.05） was observed at d14. Furthermore, at d 21 of lactation, piglet plasma IgG and IgA concentration were greater in 3：1 compared with 13：1 group （P 〈 0.01）. In summary, the current study demonstrated that altering the ratio of n-6：n-3 PUFA in lactating sow diet had an effect on the immune component including immunoglobulin and cytokines, and it tended to increase the litter average daily gain and improve the immune status of piglets when dietary ratio of n-6：n-3 PUFA was 9：1.

Effects of the Ratio of n-6∶n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Maternal Diet on Immunoglobulins,Fatty Acid Composition,and Performance of Lactating Sows and Suckling Piglets under Conditions of Low Maternal Energy Intake

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different ratios of n-6 ∶ n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA） in sow diets on the performance of lactating sows and their piglets at low digestible energy intakes. Twenty-one pregnant Landrace sows were assigned to one of three diets from day 108 of gestation until weaning （26 to 29 d） ,containing n-6∶n-3 PUFA ratios of 3 ∶1,8 ∶1 and 11 ∶1. The effects on sow and litter production traits and on sow body condition were examined. There were no differences among treatments in daily feed intakes or in changes in sow weight and back-fat levels during lactation. Litter size,litter weight at birth and weaning and litter average daily weight gain were also unaffected by treatment. As expected, large differences were observed in n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in the colostrum and plasma of sows and piglets （P 〈 0. 01） . The ratio of n6 ∶ n-3 PUFA the diet was positively correlated with those in colostrum,sow plasma and piglet plasma （R 2= 0. 55,0. 80 and 0. 80,respectively） . Sow plasma insulin and IGF-I levels at weaning were unaffected by the treatments. Plasma leptin （P 〈 0. 05） concentrations were increased in sows fed the diet with a n-6∶n-3 ratio of 8 ∶ 1. Immunoglobulin concentrations in colostrum were not altered by dietary treatment. Plasma IgG concentrations at d 14 were highest in piglets from sows fed the 8 ∶ 1 ratio of n-6∶n-3. Furthermore,this group had the highest IgA concentrations at day 21 of lactation compared with the other two groups （P 〈 0. 05） . In summary,our study demonstrated that at low digestible energy levels,altering the ratio of n-6 ∶ n-3 PUFA in the diets for lactating sows affected immune components and the fatty acid composition of lactating sows and their piglets. Further studies are needed to examine whether higher levels of fat supplementation than those used in the present study （1. 5%） can successfully enhance performance.

Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health and Diseases

The pharmaceutical effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(n-3 PUFAs) as dietary nutrients on human health and diseases have gained much attention and are investigated for decades. Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid(DPA) are the three major n-3 PUFAs enriched in marine organisms, such as fish, shrimp, algae, and so on. It has been well known that n-3 PUFAs, especially DHA and EPA, are beneficial in reducing the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that n-3 PUFAs might cure inflammatory diseases through several mechanisms, such as plasma membrane remodeling of lymphocytes, down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and alternating adhesion molecule expressions. Several molecular targets of n-3 PUFAs on immune-regulation have also been identified, such as GPR120(FFA4), protein kinase C(PKC), and PPAR-γ. However, it remains inconclusive if dietary n-3 PUFAs function the same both in vitro and in vivo based on cohort studies. This review will focus on the molecular targets and mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of n-3 PUFAs on human health and diseases, such as obesity, tumor, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases.

The Efficacy of the Consumption of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of the actual consuming n-3 PUFA for remission-maintenance in IBD patients. A questionnaire on the dietary habits of patients one month before hospitalization (Q1) was completed by 24 patients with IBD (10 ulcerative colitis (UC) subjects and 14 Crohn’s disease (CD) subjects) treated at our hospital. We educated the study subjects about an n-3 PUFA diet, and a follow-up survey (Q2) was conducted 6 to 12 months after discharge. Disease activity was evaluated using the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOIBD) score and/or the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score for CD and the partial UCDAI score without endoscopic evaluation for UC. Q1 showed that the average n-3 and n-6 PUFA intakes were 1673 ± 1651 mg and 9146 ± 5217 mg, respectively, and the average n-3/n-6 ratio was 0.27 ± 0.31. In Q2, the intake of n-3 PUFA was significantly higher (3671 ± 1684 mg, p < 0.001), whereas the n-6 PUFA intake decreased significantly (5217 ± 1973 mg, p < 0.001) compared to those in Q1. As a consequence, the dietary n-3/ n-6 ratio was significantly increased (0.87 ± 0.60, p < 0.001). Maintenance of the remission rate was significantly higher in IBD patients who complied with the n-3 diet, and these patients maintained a dietary n-3/n-6 ratio of 0.432 or higher (17 of 23 cases;70.8%, p < 0.03) compared to that observed for IBD patients who did not comply with the diet. These results emphasize the importance of adjusting dietary PUFA and suggest that the n-3 diet may be effective in maintaining the remission of IBD.

Beneficial n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and n6:n3 ratios after 4-week EPA + DHA supplementation associated with reduced CRP: A pilot study in healthy young adults

Chronic systemic inflammation is associated with many conditions of aging such as atherosclerosis. Lowering high n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios are commonly found in Western diets aids in preventing inflammatory-related diseases. However, it is not clear whether dietary interventions designed to alter n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios can reduce systemic inflammation in younger adults. Studies that evaluate PUFA intake often use subjective data from food frequency questionnaires or food records rather than more precise physiological measures of PUFAs (e.g. plasma levels). Therefore, the purpose of this pilot study that analyzed data from the experimental parent study of younger adults (n = 18), was to determine whether plasma PUFA levels were associated with levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker, and if supplementation with n-3 PUFAs was correlated with rising n-3 PUFA concentrations in plasma and decreasing n-6:n-3 ratios. In the parent study, participants received daily either placebo or n-3 PUFA softgels (1.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 1.2 g docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]). EPA and DHA are the biologically active components in fish oil. Measures included blood for PUFA quantification at baseline and four weeks later, when blister wounds were created and wound fluid and saliva were collected. The saliva samples were used to measure CRP in the present study. We report that CRP was significantly and negatively correlated with total n-3 PUFAs (tau-β = ?0.373, p = 0.031) and positively correlated with n-6:n-3 ratios (tau-β = 0.320, p = 0.063). Those consuming EPA + DHA supplements had significantly higher concentrations of total n-3 PUFAs and significantly lower n-6:n-3 ratios (p The present study has shown that beneficial levels of n-3 PUFAs and n-6:n3 ratios were achieved with 4-weeks of EPA + DHA supplementation and were associated with reduced CRP in young adults. EPA + DHA supplementation for some young adults may help prevent inflammatory conditions later in life.

The Relationships between Erythrocyte Membrane n-6 to n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ratio and Blood Lipids and C-reactive Protein in Chinese Adults:An Observational Study

Objective To investigate the relationships between erythrocyte membrane n-6：n-3 PUFAs ratio and blood lipids and high sensitivity C-reactive protein （hs-CRP）. Methods The Chinese and a observational study consisted of a population-based cross-sectiona subsequent 1-year follow-up study of 171 subjects with the fasting cholesterol of 5.13-8.00 mmol/L. study of 456 plasma total Results In the cross-sectional analysis, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-c） had a significant and negative association with the erythrocyte membrane n-6：n-3 PUFAs ratio （P for trend=0.019） after adjusting for sex, age and total PUFA percentage. In the follow-up study, 171 subjects were categorized into quartiles by the changes of n-6：n-3 ratio in erythrocyte membrane （△=month 12-month 0）. In the top quartile whose ratios of n-6：n-3 increased by an average of 1.25 during the follow-up, the LDL-c-lowering extent was 3.3 times of that in the lowest quartile whose ratios of n-6：n-3 decreased by an average of 1.13 （-1.07 mmol/L v.s. -0.32 mmol/L）. The hsCRP decreased by 0.11 mg/dL in the lowest quartile while increasing by 0.10 mg/dL in the top quartile （P for difference=0.052）. Conclusion Our results suggested that the balance between n-6 and n-3 fatty acids may optimize the cardiovascular benefits from dietary PUFAs.

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸调节小胶质细胞激活及极化改善APPPS1小鼠学习记忆能力

目的 建立Fat-1/APPPS1转基因小鼠的体内模型及小胶质细胞体外模型,探讨n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 PUFAs)调节小胶质细胞激活及极化改善APPPS1小鼠学习记忆能力的效果和机制。方法 将杂合子Fat-1雄性小鼠与杂合子APPPS1雌性小鼠进行杂交,筛选子代得到WT、Fat-1、Fat-1/APPPS1以及APPPS1雄性小鼠,培育至9月龄。运用Morris水迷宫实验评估小鼠的学习记忆能力;气-质联用技术(GS-MS)测定小鼠脑组织内多不饱和脂肪酸水平;运用免疫组织化学法检测小鼠大脑海马区β淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid protein, Aβ)沉积情况;运用组织免疫荧光、qRT-PCR及酶联免疫吸附实验检测各组小鼠中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS)炎症水平,小胶质细胞激活及极化水平,基因Iba-1的转录及表达小胶质细胞激活水平,基因CD86、CD206的转录及表达小胶质细胞极化水平。采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠来源的永生化BV2小胶质细胞损伤建立细胞炎症模型,用二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA)对细胞预处理,运用细胞免疫荧光、qRT-PCR和蛋白免疫印迹技术检测各组小胶质细胞炎症、激活及极化水平,采用的激活与极化指标与动物实验相同。结果 与APPPS1小鼠相比,内源性表达n-3 PUFAs的Fat-1/APPPS1小鼠学习记忆障碍明显改善(P<0.05),海马区Aβ沉积有效缓解(P<0.05),CNS炎症水平以及小胶质细胞激活水平显著降低(P<0.05),同时小胶质细胞激活表型从M1向M2型转化(P<0.05)。DHA+EPA预处理显著降低了LPS诱导的BV2细胞炎症水平(P<0.05),且促使细胞从M1向M2型转化(P<0.05)。结论 n-3 PUFAs可以抑制APPPS1小鼠大脑小胶质细胞激活,调节小胶质细胞由M1向M2转化,降低中枢神经炎症水平,改善APPPS1小鼠学习记忆障碍。

鱼油n-3 PUFA富集、稳态化技术及生物活性研究进展

鱼油富含人体所需的多不饱和脂肪酸,在科研与应用领域具有广泛价值。本文重点围绕其n-3 PUFA富集工艺、稳态化技术及生物活性进行综述,阐述不同方法的优、缺点,分析工业化生产的可行性,展望未来鱼油加工领域的发展趋势,旨在为鱼油类资源的合理、健康、可持续发展提供理论依据。

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸加重FFAR4基因缺失小鼠结肠炎进程

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)是一种慢性肠道疾病,额外营养支持有助于缓解IBD患者病情。研究表明膳食中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸具有良好的抗炎作用,而人群研究表明部分IBD患者额外补充n-3多不饱和脂肪酸无益于其疾病缓解。大规模测序发现n-3多不饱和脂肪酸受体基因FFAR4存在突变,n-3多不饱和脂肪酸在IBD治疗中的不确定结果是否与FFAR4基因的缺失有关,目前尚不清晰。通过对野生型(WT)小鼠和FFAR4基因缺失(FFAR4KO)小鼠进行结肠炎造模,并同时对两组小鼠额外补充n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,实验结果表明,在同时补充n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的情况下,相较于WT小鼠,FFAR4KO小鼠的结肠炎更加严重,表现为更多的体质量丢失、更高的疾病活动指数(disease activity index,DAI)、更高的结肠髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性以及更高的结肠炎症因子转录水平。该研究为IBD患者得到精确营养干预提供了理论依据。

N-丁基-9 H-嘧啶并[4,5-b]吲哚-2-甲酰胺通过NLRP3/Caspase-1抑制巨噬细胞泡沫化及焦亡作用

目的设计并合成了嘧啶并吲哚类衍生物N-丁基-9 H-嘧啶并[4,5-b]吲哚-2-甲酰胺(BFPI),探讨其是否通过NLRP3/Caspase-1通路抑制巨噬细胞焦亡和泡沫化作用。方法以2,4,6-三乙氧羰基-1,3,5-三嗪和2-氨基吲哚为起始原料合成BFPI,并通过1H NMR、13 C NMR、ESI-MS对其结构进行表征。将体外培养的小鼠单核巨噬细胞株RAW264.7分为空白组、模型组(PA)组和治疗组(BFPI)组,各组细胞用对应培养液处理24 h后,用MTT法检测其增殖活力,油红O染色检测细胞内脂滴形成情况,并用Western blot和RT-qPCR检测NLRP3、Caspase-1和MCP-1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果与空白组比较,模型组细胞增殖活力明显下降,脂滴形成量明显增加,与模型组比较,治疗组细胞增殖活力明显增加,脂滴形成量明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);与空白组比较,模型组细胞NLRP3、Caspase-1和MCP-1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显增加,与模型组比较,治疗组细胞上述指标表达水平均明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论BFPI可通过抑制巨噬细胞NLRP3、Caspase-1和MCP-1的表达进而促进其增殖并抑制脂质吞噬能力,有助于延缓动脉粥化时巨噬细胞来源的泡沫细胞形成。

2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)和N,N-二乙基对苯二胺(DPD)显色分光光度法测定水中微量高碘酸盐的对比

高碘酸盐(IO4-,PI)因具有强氧化性和化学稳定性,被广泛应用于环境污染物的氧化降解,然而传统的PI分析方法具有操作复杂、费用高和检出限高等缺点,不适用于常规分析.因此如何快速、准确、低成本测定水中微量PI备受环境领域研究者的关注.本研究基于2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)和N,N-二乙基对苯二胺(DPD)与PI氧化显色的原理,建立了两种利用分光光度法测定水中低浓度PI的方法.结果表明,当pH=3.0时,ABTS与PI的反应化学计量系数接近1:2,最大吸光值在415 nm处,标准曲线线性范围为0—20μmol·L^(-1)(R2>0.997),灵敏度为(6.45±0.03)×10^(4) L·mol^(-1)·cm^(-1),检出限和定量下限分别为1.1×10^(-8) mol·L^(-1)和3.3×10^(-8) mol·L^(-1);当pH=6.5时,DPD与PI的反应化学计量系数为1:2,最大吸光值在551 nm处,标准曲线线性范围为0—40μmol·L^(-1)(R2>0.998),灵敏度为(2.11±0.08)×10^(4) L·mol^(-1)·cm^(-1),检出限和定量下限分别为3.7×10^(-7) mol·L^(-1)和1.23×10-6 mol·L^(-1).最后,研究了水中常见共存离子、腐殖酸、实际水质背景对PI测定的影响以及加标回收率,发现两种方法均具有良好的抗干扰性、稳定性和检测精度.本研究结果表明两种方法可准确、快速、低成本测定水中微量PI浓度并具有较好的应用前景.

Rspo3/Lgr5促进N-钙黏蛋白表达参与小鼠肝损伤

目的本文旨在研究在损伤肝组织中,特异性顶部盘状底板反应蛋白3(R-spondin3,Rspo3)上调周细胞N-钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin,Ncad,基因名Cdh2)表达,从而参与小鼠肝损伤。方法采用反转录实时定量聚合酶链反应法(reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)测定Rspo3,小鼠肝组织富含亮氨酸重复序列G蛋白偶联受体5(leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5,Lgr5)和Cdh2 mRNA表达情况;采用蛋白质免疫印迹方法以及免疫荧光染色方法测定Ncad定位以及表达情况;分离并培养小鼠原代骨髓间充质细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell,BMSC),采用靶向Lgr5的RNA干扰实验以确定Rspo3是否通过作用于Lgr5上调Ncad表达。结果在损伤小鼠肝组织中,Rspo3及其受体Lgr5显著上调;肝损伤时黏附连接蛋白Ncad表达上调,且与Rspo3及Lgr5表达量呈正相关;Ncad主要定位于损伤肝脏的周细胞;使用Rspo3处理小鼠原代BMSC能够上调Ncad表达,Lgr5 siRNA能使Ncad水平下降。结论在小鼠损伤肝组织中,Rspo3通过作用于受体Lgr5,上调周细胞中Ncad表达,从而影响小鼠肝损伤。

饲粮n-6/n-3 PUFA对鸭蛋中脂肪酸组成和咸蛋黄品质的影响

【目的】本试验旨在研究蛋鸭饲粮中n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6/n-3 PUFA)对鸭蛋中脂肪酸组成和咸蛋黄品质的影响。【方法】试验选用健康、体重相近的21周龄福建龙岩山麻鸭180只,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸭。分别饲喂玉米-豆粕(对照组)和玉米-豆粕-亚麻籽(试验组)饲粮,n-6/n-3 PUFA分别为16和8,试验周期为12周。饲养试验结束后,采集新鲜鸭蛋测定脂肪酸组成,腌制咸蛋,测定咸蛋黄内质特性、质构特性、风味和滋味。【结果】与n-6/n-3 PUFA 16饲粮相比,n-6/n-3 PUFA 8饲粮(1)增加了鲜蛋黄中C18∶0、C20∶0、C22∶0、C22∶1n9、C18∶2n6c、C18∶3n3、C20∶3n6、C20∶4n6、n-6 PUFA以及n-3 PUFA含量,降低了鲜蛋黄中n-6/n-3 PUFA(由10.20降至5.65,P<0.05);(2)降低了咸蛋黄的硬心率和硬心比重(P<0.05),不影响出油率和沙性(P>0.05);降低了咸蛋黄的硬度,增加了弹性(P<0.05),但黏附性、内聚性、胶黏性和咀嚼性无显著变化(P>0.05);降低了咸蛋黄中醇醚醛酮类的气味(P<0.05);降低了咸蛋黄的苦味和鲜味,增加了滋味的丰富性(P<0.05),对涩味和咸味无显著影响(P>0.05)。【结论】蛋鸭饲粮n-6/n-3 PUFA由16降为8时,可降低鲜蛋黄中n-6/n-3 PUFA,改善咸蛋黄品质和风味。

Comparison of the effects of 3 kinds of oils rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glycolipid metabolism and lipoprotein subfractions

Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(ω-3 PUFAs)can be classifi ed into animal-and plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs.Patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM)are frequently accompanied by dyslipidemia,which is closely related to the high-density lipoprotein(HDL-C)subfractions change.This study aimed to determine the effects of different sourcesω-3 PUFAs on glucolipid metabolism and lipoprotein subfractions in T2DM with dyslipidemia.Ninety T2DM patients with dyslipidemia were randomly assigned to take 3 g/day fi sh oil(FO,containing eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)),3 g/day perilla oil(PO,containingα-linolenic acid(ALA)),or 3 g/day blend oil(BO,containing EPA,DHA and ALA)for 3 months.90 patients completed the intervention.There was a significant reduction of glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)in all the groups.The triglycerides(TG)in the FO group were signifi cantly different with a group×time interaction(P=0.043),which was higher compared with the other two groups.The serum small HDL-C subfractions in the PO group was higher and the serum large HDL-C subfractions in the PO group was lower than those in the BO and FO groups.Plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs are more effective at controlling blood glucose than animal-derivedω-3 PUFAs.However,animal-derivedω-3 PUFAs have a signifi cant lowering effect on TG compared with plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs.Particularly,large HDL-C subfractions after animal-derivedω-3 PUFAs intake were higher than plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs intake;while small HDL-C subfractions were lower.Both the animal-and plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs have practical value in improving glucose and lipids metabolism in T2DM patients with dyslipidemia.

超高效液相色谱串联线性离子阱质谱法检测减肥类产品中N-丁基-3-(三氟甲基)-α-甲基苯乙胺

目的建立减肥类产品(含中成药、保健食品及食品)中N-丁基-3-(三氟甲基)-α-甲基苯乙胺的检测方法。方法采用超高效液相色谱串联线性离子阱质谱法,色谱柱为Waters ACQUITY UPLC®HSS T3柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm),流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液-0.1%甲酸-甲醇(梯度洗脱),流速为0.3 mL/min,检测波长为215 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为1μL;电喷雾离子源、正电子模式(ESI+)。根据保留时间及离子对进行定性分析;利用多反应监测模式(MRM)拟合标准曲线,计算检出N-丁基-3-(三氟甲基)-α-甲基苯乙胺的含量。结果N-丁基-3-(三氟甲基)-α-甲基苯乙胺质量浓度在0.1~50 ng/mL范围内与定量离子对峰面积线性关系良好(r=1.0000);检测限为0.4 ng/g,定量限为1.2 ng/g;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验结果的RSD均小于3.0%;平均加样回收率为109.67%,RSD为5.46%(n=9)。结论该方法可特异、快速地检出减肥类产品中添加的N-丁基-3-(三氟甲基)-α-甲基苯乙胺,从而可应用于大批量样品的筛查与确证。

Effect of dietary incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids rich oil sources on fatty acid profile, keeping quality and sensory attributes of broiler chicken meat

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary replacement of commonly used vegetable oil(sunflower oil, SFO) with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) rich oil sources on broiler chicken performance, carcass yield, meat fatty acid composition, keeping quality and sensory attributes of meat. In the current experiment, 300 day-old Krishibro broiler chicks were randomly distributed to 5 dietary groups(50 replicates with 6 chicks in each) prepared by replacing SFO(2% and 3% of diet during starter and finisher periods, respectively) with n-3 PUFA rich soybean oil(SO), mustard oil(MO), linseed oil(LO) or fish oil(FO) on weight basis. Variation in oil sources had no influence(P > 0.05) on performance and carcass yield. Supplementation of MO, LO or FO significantly(P < 0.01) increased the n-3 PUFA, lowered the n-6 PUFA deposition and n-6:n-3 ratio in breast and thigh without affecting the organoleptic characters(appearance, flavour, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability) of meat.However, thiobarbituric acid reacting substances concentration in meat was increased(P < 0.01) with LO and FO supplementation compared with SFO. It is concluded that, dietary incorporation of MO, LO or FO at 2% and 3% levels during starter and finisher phase can enrich broiler chicken meat with n-3 PUFA without affecting the bird's performance and sensory characters of meat.

Concentration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid glycerides by Candida antarctica lipase A-catalyzed selective methanolysis

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(n-3 PUFA)have biologically important functions in human beings,but their contents in natural oils are usually low.This study investigated the concentration of n-3 PUFA-enriched glycerides by Candida antarctica lipase A(CAL-A)-catalyzed selective methanolysis of algal oil.First,lipases and acyl acceptors were screened.Subsequently,the methanolysis conditions including methanol concentration in aqueous solution,molar ratio of methanol to oil,reaction temperature,lipase loading and reaction time,were optimized.The results indicated that CAL-A could effectively identify n-3 PUFA during methanolysis.Saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids were released from algal oil by CAL-A-catalyzed methanolysis,causing the production of n-3 PUFA-enriched glycerides.Under optimal conditions(3:1 of molar ratio of methanol to algal oil,20%methanol aqueous solution,6%CAL-A dosage,25℃,18 h),the n-3 PUFA content increased from the initial 45.96%to 73.96%,with an n-3 PUFA yield of 81.76%.The reusability of CAL-A demonstrated that under optimal conditions the lipase could be used for 8 times.Therefore,this enzymatic process is efficient for synthesis of n-3 PUFA-enriched glycerides.

添加植物油降低饲粮n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值对生长肥育猪脂肪沉积和脂肪酸组成及脂代谢相关基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加植物油降低n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比值对生长肥育猪脂肪沉积和脂肪酸组成及脂代谢相关基因表达的影响。试验选用54头体重[(45.30±1.72)kg]相近的“杜×长×大”三元杂交猪,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复3头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂含4.5%菜籽油(菜籽油组)和4.5%混合油(混合油组,菜籽油∶亚麻籽油=1∶1)的饲粮。3组饲粮粗脂肪含量分别为2.76%、7.24%和7.24%,n-6/n-3 PUFA比值分别约为10∶1、4∶1和2∶1,消化能和粗蛋白质含量基本相同。预试期7 d,正试期42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮添加植物油显著提高生长肥育猪背最长肌肌内脂肪(IMF)含量(P<0.05),对平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)及背膘厚无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮添加植物油显著提高背最长肌和皮下脂肪n-3及总PUFA含量(P<0.05),降低n-6/n-3 PUFA比值(P<0.05);与菜籽油组相比,混合油组背最长肌和皮下脂肪n-3 PUFA含量显著提高(P<0.05),n-6/n-3 PUFA比值显著降低(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮添加植物油显著提高背最长肌和皮下脂肪组织脂肪酸转位酶/CD36(FAT/CD36)和脂肪酸转运蛋白1(FATP1)mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05),且混合油组背最长肌FAT/CD36和脂肪酸转运蛋白4(FATP4)mRNA相对表达量显著高于菜籽油组(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,饲粮添加植物油显著提高背最长肌碳水化合物反应元件结合蛋白(ChREBP)、葡萄糖转运子4(Glut4)及脂肪酸合酶(FAS)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)、脂肪酸延伸酶5(Elovl5)和脂肪酸延伸酶6(Elovl6)等生脂基因mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05),显著降低皮下脂肪组织过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)、维甲酸X受体α(RXRα)及生脂基因mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05)。综上所述,添加植物油降低饲粮n-6/n-3 PUFA比值可上调FAT/CD36和FATP1表达,促进猪肌肉和皮下脂肪组织吸收和利用饲粮长链脂肪酸合成脂肪;下调PPARγ及生脂基因表达,抑制皮下脂肪组织从头脂肪合成,而上调ChREBP及生脂基因表达,促进背最长肌脂肪合成,提高IMF含量,且饲粮n-6/n-3 PUFA比值为2∶1时能更有效地改善组织n-3 PUFA含量和n-6/n-3 PUFA比值。