Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Pomegranate Peel Polyphenols and Its Protective Effect on Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Mice

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the optimization of ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent extraction of pomegranate peel polyphenols(PPPs),and to study the protective effect of PPPs on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice.[Methods]The optimal extraction conditions of PPPs were determined by single factor and orthogonal experiments,and an acute alcoholic liver injury model in mice was established.Bifendate was used as the positive control group to investigate the protective effect of low,medium and high doses of PPPs on acute alcoholic liver injury.[Results]The optimum extraction process parameters were followed as 60%ethanol concentration,solid-liquid ratio of 1:40(w/v),extraction temperature of 50℃,and extraction time of 1.5 h,and the yield was 1.42%.The results of animal experiments showed that PPPs could effectively reduce the degree of alcoholic liver injury in mice,reduce the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and reduce the inflammation and necrosis of liver tissue in mice.Meanwhile,the total polyphenols from pomegranate peel also significantly reduced the expression levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in mice,and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and reduced glutathione(GSH)in liver tissue of mice,indicating its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,further illustrating its protective effect on alcoholic liver injury.[Conclusions]PPPs could reduce the expression levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and MDA in mice,and increase the expression levels of SOD and GSH to achieve the protective effect on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice.This study will provide new ideas for the development of new anti-alcoholic liver injury drug resources.

Effect of Alpinia officinarum Hance alcohol extracts on primary dysmenorrheal

Objective:To study the effect of Alpinia officinarum Hance(A.officinarum) 80% alcohol extract on the primary dysmenorrhea.Methods:A.officinarum 80% alcohol extract were enriched by macroporous adsorption resins.Female mice of primary dysmenorrhea model were established by oxytocin induction; the effects of A.officinarum 80% alcohol extract on primary dysmenorrhea were observed by body twist method; and the homogenate level of prostaglandin F_(2α)(PGF_(2α)),prostaglandin E_2(PGE_2) and Ca^(2+) in the uterus were observed in oxytocin-induced female mice.Results:The writhing frequency of primary dysmenorrhea mice was significantly decreased after treatment of A.officinarum 80% alcohol extract and the level of PGF_(2α),PGE_2 and Ca^(2+) in mice uterus was significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01) in groups of mice treated with middle and high dosage of A.officinarum 80% alcohol extract compared with that of model group.Conclusions:These findings suggest that A.Officinarum 80% alcohol extract can significantly relieve primary dysmenorrhea.

The Control Efficiency of Plant Alcohol Extracts on the Laboratory Populations of Myzus persicae(Sulzer)and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)

The effects of semiochemicals extracted from 63 species of plants, on peach aphid (Myzus per-sicae) and mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), were studied in laboratory. The deterrent rate, reproduction deterrent index and the interferential index of population control (IIPC) was used to evaluate the efficiency of semiochemicals on population control of the two target aphids. The results showed that the extracts of 34 species of common plants have noticeable effect on both aphid populations, especially, Xanthium sibiricum Petr. Et Widd. and Syngonium podophyllum Schott. These plant extracts could be used to construct the plant pro-tectant to protect crops.

Alcohols Extraction Process and Content of Active Ingredients in Chinese Northeastern Auricularia auricula

[Objectives] The aim was to study the type and content of alcohol-soluble active ingredients in Auricularia auricula. [Methods]With total yield of alcohol extract as an indicator,the optimal concentrations of ethanol,isopropanol and n-butanol for alcohol extraction of A. auricula powder were determined. The contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids in three different alcohol extracts of A. auricula,as well as in the alcohol extracts of polysaccharides and melanin extraction residue of A. auricula were determined. [Results] When90% ethanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract of A. auricula was 10. 7%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 5. 68 mg/100 g,0. 43% and 0. 55%,respectively. When 100% isopropanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract was 10. 1%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 4. 84 mg/100 g,0. 66% and 0. 37%,respectively. When 70% n-butanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract was 5. 4%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 4. 07 mg/100 g,1. 68% and 0. 30%,respectively. The yields of ethanol,isopropanol and n-butanol extracts of polysaccharide and melanin extraction residue of A. auricula were 13. 8%,14. 3% and 8. 9%,respectively. In the three kinds of alcohol extracts,the contents of total flavonoids were 8. 28,11. 99,and 12. 38 mg/100 g,respectively; the contents of polyphenols were 0.14%,0. 38% and 0. 75%,respectively; and the contents of triterpenoids were 0. 25%,0. 60% and 0. 58%,respectively. [Conclusions]This study will provide certain reference for the in-depth study and development and utilization of active ingredients in A. auricula.

Traditional Chinese herbal extracts inducing autophagy as a novel approach in therapy of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver diseases around the world due to the modern sedentary and food-abundant lifestyle, which is characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver related with causes other than alcohol abuse. It is widely acknowledged that insulin resistance, dysfunctional lipid metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis/necrosis may all contribute to NAFLD. Autophagy is a protective self-digestion of intracellular organelles, including lipid droplets(lipophagy), in response to stress to maintain homeostasis. Lipophagy is another pathway for lipid degradation besides lipolysis. It is reported that impaired autophagy also contributes to NAFLD. Some studies have suggested that the histological characteristics of NAFLD(steatosis, lobular inflammation, and peri-sinusoid fibrosis) might be improved by treatment with traditional Chinese herbal extracts, while autophagy may be induced. This review will provide insights into the characteristics of autophagy in NAFLD and the related role/mechanisms of autophagy induced by traditional Chinese herbal extracts such as resveratrol, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides, dioscin, bergamot polyphenol fraction, capsaicin, and garlic-derived S-allylmercaptocysteine, which may inhibit the progression of NAFLD. Regulation of autophagy/lipophagy with traditional Chinese herbal extracts may be a novel approach for treating NAFLD, and the molecular mechanisms should be elucidated further in the near future.

Protective Effects of Oyster Extract Against Hepatic Tissue Injury in Alcoholic Liver Diseases

Oyster extract is an effective bioactivity component. It has abundant nutritional value and antiviral, antitumor and immune defense functions. The role of oyster extract in treating liver injury has been paid more attention. We use Wistar rats to make alcoholic liver disease model through injecting alcohol into rats' stomachs. These rats were randomly divided into five groups: model group, control group, low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose experimental group with a dose of 0.12 g kg-1, 0.40 g kg-1, and 1.20 g kg-1 alcoholic. After nine weeks, serum biomarkers(ALT, AST, TG and TCHO), malondialdehyde(MDA), glutathione(GSH), C3a, C5a, IL-17, TNF-ɑ, anti-MAA-HAS IgG, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, NK cell activation and zinc content were assessed. The results showed that the serum biomarkers(ALT, AST, TG and TCHO), MDA content, anti-MAA-HSA IgG, serum C3a, C5a IL-17 and TNF-ɑ levels of oyster extract treatment groups were significantly decreased in comparison with model group. On the contrary, GSH showed adverse trend. Serum CD3+, CD4+ and NK cell activation were significantly increased in middle-dose group and high-dose group compared with model group, and there was decrease of CD8+ activity in high-dose group. Plasma Zn level was decreased in model group compared with that in control group. Meanwhile, Mean plasma Zn levels increased dramatically following the dose increase of a given oyster extract.

Solvent extraction and separation of cobalt from leachate of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes with N263 in nitrite media

To effectively separate and recover Co(Ⅱ) from the leachate of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes,we investigated solvent extraction with quaternary ammonium salt N263 in the sodium nitrite system.NO_(2)^(-)combines with Co(Ⅱ) to form an anion [Co(NO_(2))_(3)]^(-),and it is then extracted by N263.The extraction of Co(Ⅱ) is related to the concentration of NO_(2)^(-).The extraction efficiency of Co(Ⅱ) reaches the maximum of99.16%,while the extraction efficiencies of Ni(Ⅱ),Mn(Ⅱ),and Li(Ⅰ) are 9.27%-9.80% under the following conditions:30vol% of N263 and15vol% of iso-propyl alcohol in sulfonated kerosene,the volume ratio of the aqueous-to-organic phase is 2:1,the extraction time is 30 min,and1 M sodium nitrite in 0.1 MHNO_(3).The theoretical stages require for the Co(Ⅱ) extraction are performed in the McCabe–Thiele diagram,and the extraction efficiency of Co(Ⅱ) reaches more than 99.00% after three-stage counter-current extraction with Co(Ⅱ) concentration of 2544mg/L.When the HCl concentration is 1.5 M,the volume ratio of the aqueous-to-organic phase is 1:1,the back-extraction efficiency of Co(Ⅱ)achieves 91.41%.After five extraction and back-extraction cycles,the Co(Ⅱ) extraction efficiency can still reach 93.89%.The Co(Ⅱ) extraction efficiency in the actual leaching solution reaches 100%.

Indirect determination of cefradine with n-propyl alcohol-ammonium sulfate-water system by extraction-flotation of cuprous thiocyanate

A new method was developed for the determination of cefradine by extraction-flotation of CuSCN. The experiment indicated that in the presence of 0.20 mol/L NaOH the degradation of cefradine took place in water bath at 100 ℃. The thiol group （-SH） of the degradation product could reduce Cu（Ⅱ） to Cu（Ⅰ） for the formation of the emulsion CuSCN in the presence of NH4SCN at pH 4.0. By determining the residual amount of Cu（Ⅱ） in the solution and calculating the flotation yield of Cu（Ⅱ）, the indirect determination of cefradine can be obtained. This method has been applied to determine cefradine in capsules, human serum and urine samples, respectively.

Extraction Equilibrium of Lincomycin with Long-Chain Alcohols

1 INTRODUCTIONLincomycin is an important antibiotic widely used in medicine.Recovery of lincomycin fromfermentation filtrate can be carried out either by solvent extraction with n-butyl alcohol(ormethylene dichloride) or by adsorption with activated carbon.Both approaches are time-consuming,with poor selectivity and high solvent losses.Improved solvent extraction

Non-invasive prediction of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Japanese patients with morbid obesity by artificial intelligence using rule extraction technology

AIM To construct a non-invasive prediction algorithm for predicting non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH), we investigated Japanese morbidly obese patients using artificial intelligence with rule extraction technology.METHODS Consecutive patients who required bariatric surgery underwent a liver biopsy during the operation. Standard clinical, anthropometric, biochemical measurements were used as parameters to predict NASH and were analyzed using rule extraction technology. One hundred and two patients, including 79 NASH and 23 non-NASH patients were analyzed in order to create the predictionmodel, another cohort with 77 patients including 65 NASH and 12 non-NASH patients were analyzed to validate the algorithm.RESULTS Alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance, albumin were extracted as predictors of NASH using a recursive-rule extraction algorithm. When we adopted the extracted rules for the validation cohort using a highly accurate rule extraction algorithm, the predictive accuracy was 79.2%. The positive predictive value, negative predictive value,sensitivity and specificity were 88.9%, 35.7%, 86.2% and 41.7%, respectively.CONCLUSION We successfully generated a useful model for predicting NASH in Japanese morbidly obese patients based on their biochemical profile using a rule extraction algorithm.

Indirect Determination of Ascorbic Acid with Ammonium Sulfate and Isopropyl Alcohol by Extraction-flotation of Copper

A new method of indirect determination of ascorbic acid(Vc) with ammonium sulfate and isopropyl alcohol by extraction-flotation of copper is studied in this paper. It shows that a small amount of Cu(Ⅱ) can be reduced to Cu( Ⅰ ) by Vc, then Cu(Ⅰ) reacted with the SCN-, which precipitated on the interface of isopropyl alcohol and H2O. A good linear relationship is observed between the flotation yield(E) of Cu( Ⅱ) and the amount of Vc. The detection limit for Vc is 1.76μg/mL. The method is simple, rapid (5 min), but suffers from little interference of common anions and cations. It has been successfully applied for the determination of Vc in fruits.

Application of silver-based dihydric alcohol to the extraction of methyl linolenate with high extractability and stability replacing ionic liquids

A novel silver-based dihydric alcohol extractant was substituted for ionic liquids to enrich methyl linolenate(C18-3)from tallow seed oil methyl ester in this study.The interactions among dihydric alcohol,Ag(I)and C18-3 were explored by FT-IR spectroscopy.The effects of dihydric alcohol structure,carrier Ag(I)concentration,temperature and initial feed concentration on extraction yield and selectivity were reported.The good extraction performance was achieved by 1,4-butanediol containing AgBF4.The complexation of Ag(I)with C18-3 was dominant in extraction operation rather than physical partition.Furthermore,a multi-step reverse extraction method was proposed to obtain C18-3 product and regenerate the extractant.1-Hexene as the stripping phase can facilitate C18-3 reverse extraction.The content of C18-3 in the product was up to 93.36%,and the yield was 73.76%.This work opened a new route for the utilization of the dihydric alcohol properties to manipulate the carrier efficiency for extracting unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters at a lower cost.

Aged Garlic Extract and One of the Constituent, (+)-(2S,3R)-Dehydrodiconiferyl Alcohol, Inhibits Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Induced by Inflammation Factors in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Previous clinical study showed that aged garlic extract (AGE) has a preventive effect of vascular calcification in patients with coronary artery diseases. It has been reported that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and inflammatory cells including macrophages and lymphocytes migrate to sub-intimal region where atherosclerotic plaques are formed, and VSMC can differentiate into osteoblast-like cells, which are represented by the induction of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). We found that primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) showed the increased ALP activity, when cultured in the medium containing ascorbic acid, β-glycerophosphate, dexamethasone (IM), and supplemented with conditioned medium from macrophages (MCM). Then we tested the effect of AGE subdivided fractions and several compounds found in AGE, and then found that ((+)-(2S,3R)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, a dilignol compound existed in hydrophobic fraction of AGE, inhibited ALP activity in HCASMC.

Supercritical Fluid Carbon Dioxide in the Extraction of Lanolin and Its Alcohol

The use of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SFCO2) in extraction of lanolin and its alcohol is superior to the conventional solvent extraction method. Its distinctive advantages include high extractive ratio, nontoxic and nonflammable solvents, and minimal by -product pollution. The resulting refined lanolin and its alcohol have light color and little odor, and can be used as raw materials for high grade cosmetic products.

泽漆醇提取物抗氧化活性及对油酸诱导HepG2细胞脂肪堆积的影响

为了探究泽漆醇提取物体外抗氧化作用及其对油酸诱导HepG2细胞脂肪堆积的影响。本研究采用浸渍法分别以25%、50%、75%甲醇和乙醇对泽漆粉末进行提取,评估不同泽漆提取物的体外抗氧化活性,并测定其总酚和总黄酮含量。建立HepG2细胞脂肪堆积模型,不同浓度(20、40、60μg/mL)泽漆50%乙醇提取物处理24 h,观察细胞内脂滴形成情况;测定细胞中甘油三脂(triglyceride,TG)含量、总谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性及总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)。结果表明,泽漆醇提取物均具有抗氧化活性,且有浓度依赖性,其中50%乙醇提取物在一定浓度范围内抗氧化效果最佳(P<0.05),且总酚(8.813%±1.344%)和总黄酮(17.938%±0.819%)含量也较高。与模型组比较,泽漆50%乙醇提取物能够降低HepG2细胞内脂滴和TG值,提高细胞GSH、T-AOC含量和SOD活性(P<0.05),具有浓度依赖性。综上可知,50%乙醇提取物可以抑制油酸诱导的HepG2细胞脂肪堆积,并增强细胞内源性抗氧化能力。

鸡血藤纤维样物质药用价值的研究与评价

目的分析鸡血藤饮片粉碎后未过筛网的纤维样物质是否具有回收利用价值。方法鸡血藤样品粉碎过筛分为细粉与纤维样物质,分别经过不同的药典筛得不同孔径的细粉与纤维样物质,编号后依次经50%甲醇超声提取得提取液,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定所得样品中儿茶素的含量,以确定鸡血藤中纤维样物质的回收利用价值。色谱条件为Agilent C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×100 mm,2.6μm),流动相为乙腈(A)-0.2%磷酸水溶液,等度洗脱,体积比为10∶90,流速1.3 mL·min^(-1),检测波长278 nm。结果鸡血藤中含有较多的纤维样物质,约占药材总重的15%。纤维样物质浸出物含量均>8%,但与过6号筛的粉末比较,含量较低。纤维样物质中儿茶素含量较少,约为粉末中含量的50%。结论鸡血藤中纤维样物质的粉碎过筛过程较为繁琐,在制剂过程中影响剂型外观和患者口服感受,在临床使用中可直接抛弃,节约时间与制作成本。

基于主成分分析的聚乙烯醇-金针菇水提取物复合膜制备、表征与保鲜应用

为开发新型食品包装膜,提高金针菇资源化利用水平,以可降解的聚乙烯醇(PVA)和金针菇水提取物共混制备PVA-金针菇水提取物复合膜。以拉伸强度、断裂延伸率、耐水性系数、厚度、不透明度及水蒸气透过系数等复合膜物理性能参数,研究PVA添加量、2-乙酰柠檬酸三乙酯(ATEC)添加量、金针菇水提物添加量、干燥时间和干燥温度对复合膜物理性能的影响;采用主成分分析法对复合膜性能进行综合评价;并结合响应面分析法,建立了PVA-金针菇水提取物复合膜制备的多元二次回归方程模型,优化了复合膜制备条件,并研究了复合膜在20℃条件下对草莓贮藏期间(6 d)褐变度、失重率、维生素C、丙二醛等保鲜指标的影响。研究结果表明,PVA添加量4.0 g、ATEC添加量4.0 g、金针菇水提物添加量3.9 g、干燥温度62℃,干燥时间3.5 h为最佳制备条件,所得复合膜拉伸强度为31.76±0.50 N/cm^(2)、断裂延伸率为97.99%±0.25%、水蒸气透过系数为1.44×10^(-9)±1.53×10^(-11) g·mm/m^(2)·h·kPa、耐水性系数为549.14±0.94 s/mm、膜厚度为0.062±0.002 mm、不透明度为20.97±0.39,物理性能综合得分为102.25±0.16,与模型预测结果的相对误差为0.57%。红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射分析表明复合膜结构完整,金针菇水提取物与基质相容性较好,并以氢键结合。通过草莓贮藏期间褐变度、失重率、维生素C以及丙二醛的测定,制备的复合膜显示出较好的保鲜效果。

楮头红水提物抗氧化活性及改善小鼠肝损伤的研究

目的:研究楮头红水提物抗氧化活性及对急性酒精肝损伤小鼠的保护作用.方法:制备楮头红水提物,采用羟自由基和DPPH方法评价其体外抗氧化性;将体重均衡的昆明雄鼠,随机分成六组:空白组,酒精组,阳性组(联苯双酯),楮头红水提物低、中、高剂量组.建立急性酒精肝损伤模型后,制作切片进行HE染色观察肝组织病理变化,检测血清中AST、ALT活性,测定肝组织GSH含量、GSH-PX活性、SOD活性、MDA含量.结果:楮头红水提物对羟自由基和DPPH具有清除作用;病理检查显示水提物组的肝组织脂肪变性程度随着剂量的增加不断减小,被酒精损伤所致的症状明显改善;楮头红水提物能够显著改善被酒精诱导变化的一些抗氧化生化指标,即显著降低了小鼠体内AST和ALT活性,提高了肝组织的GSH、GSH-PX、SOD的水平,降低了MDA含量.结论:楮头红水提物可以通过提高肝脏抗氧化水平改善小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤.

不同松花粉提取物对环磷酰胺诱导大鼠卵巢损伤的保护作用

通过制备松花粉水提物、水提大分子化合物(>5 kDa)、乙醇提物和乙醇提小分子化合物(<5 kDa),测定各组提取物中的总糖、粗多糖、总酚和总黄酮含量,并考察其对摄入环磷酰胺SD大鼠卵巢的保护作用。结果表明,相对于模型组,松花粉乙醇提物及乙醇提小分子化合物组有效提升了卵巢指数、成熟卵泡数量、卵巢抗氧化酶活力(总抗氧化能力、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活力分别提升了16.03%、25.81%,138.42%、237.09%,104.31%、109.90%和91.62%、120.63%)和抗细胞凋亡蛋白表达,抑制闭锁卵泡和卵巢脂质氧化(丙二醛分别降低了53.42%和48.43%)等,效果优于松花粉水提物及水提大分子化合物组,但松花粉水提物及水提大分子化合物可以通过降低促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子-α活性保护卵巢。本研究可为进一步探明松花粉的卵巢保护作用机制提供理论基础,为开发基于松花粉提取物的新产品提供技术指导。

黑牛肝菌多糖提取工艺比较及其体外抗氧化活性研究

以得率为标准,从3种多糖提取方法(热水提取法、超声提取法、超声辅助复合酶法)中筛选并优化出黑牛肝菌多糖的最佳提取流程,进而获取黑牛肝功多糖体外抗氧化活性信息。利用单因素实验选出多糖得率最高提取法,利用响应面法进一步优化提取方法,采用分级醇沉法对多糖进行分级,采用DPPH自由基清除法、ABTS自由基清除法、羟自由基清除法以及还原力测定法了解黑牛肝菌多糖的体外抗氧化活性。结果发现:热水提取法、超声提取法、超声辅助复合酶提取法的多糖得率分别为5.64%、6.74%、18.47%。优化后的超声辅助复合酶提取法最佳工艺方案为:复合酶比例(m纤维素酶:m蛋白酶)2:1,酶解温度42.7℃,酶解时间67 min,酶添加量为1.92%,超声时间为20 min,预期得率18.867%;各级醇沉黑牛肝菌多糖均具有良好的抗氧化活性,抗氧化能力与多糖浓度和醇沉浓度呈正比,80%乙醇沉淀获得的多糖综合体外抗氧化活性最佳。超声辅助复合酶提取法可显著提高黑牛肝菌多糖得率,获得的黑牛肝菌多糖具有良好的体外抗氧化活性。