Alleviation of the plastic deformation of gel ink under strong stress through an esterification of xanthan gum reinforcing its double helix structure

As a natural organic polymer,xanthan gum(XG)can alleviate the plastic deformation of gel ink under strong stress and realize the reasonable regulation of the rheological properties of gel ink.However,as the double-helix structure connected by hydrogen bonds cannot resist the mechanical environment of strong stress,XG shows poor shear resistance.In this study,a polymer gel with interpenetrating polymer network structure was prepared by esterifying XG,taking polystyrene maleic anhydride(SMA)as the modifier.In addition to retaining the excellent rheological properties of XG,the generated polymer gel also exhibited high shear resistance.The optimal addition amount of the esterification reaction modifier was determined as mXG:mSMA=5:3 according to the gel ink standard.With this amount,the viscosity of the modified xanthan gum(SXG)gel increased to 1578.8 mPa·s and 100.7 mPa·s at shear rates of 4 s1 and 383 s1,respectively,and the shear resistance increased more than 2 times compared to the unmodified one.It is because of the ester bond formed by esterification that the reaction strengthens the interaction between molecular segments,enabling the new gel to resist to strong mechanical stress.The new polymer gel studied in this paper and the proposed mechanism of action provide new insights for the development of high-end gel ink and also provide theoretical support for the study of rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluids.

黄原胶(Xanthan Gum)的特性、生产及应用

黄原胶是野油菜黄单孢菌分泌于胞外的中性水溶性多糖。由于其独特的流变性质而有着极其广泛的工业应用。介绍了黄原胶的生产、特性、降解以及应用,并对其应用潜力作了预测。

黄原胶(Xanthan Gum)对小鼠免疫功能的影响

给小鼠每天分别灌胃10，2和0．4μg/g的黄原胶溶液14d，研究观察黄原胶对小鼠脾脏和胸腺、IgM－PFC反对小鼠迟发型变态反应（DTH）的影响。实验发现，黄原胶对小鼠脾脏和胸腺增重及DTH的影响未见明显变化，而使小鼠的IgM-PFC显著增加。实验结果表明，黄原胶对增加小鼠脾脏和胸腺重量及增强小鼠细胞免疫功能作用不大，而对小鼠的体液免疫功能具有明显的增强作用。

黄原胶(Xanthan gum)的主要理化性能及其抗氧化特性的初步研究

本文对国产黄原胶(本室制备)与进口黄原胶(日本生产)进行了理化性能和抗氧化作用的比较研究。两者都具有良好增稠性、触变性和耐热性能。但抗盐性和对pH的稳定性差别较大,本室黄原胶的抗盐和对pH的稳定性优于日产黄原胶,耐NaCl的浓度可达10%,而日产黄原胶添加2%以上NaCl,胶就形成胨状。本室黄原胶在pH1～14的范围内粘度变化较小,而日产黄原胶在pH4～11的范围内还比较稳定,当pH<4或>11,胶溶液即成胨状。本室黄原胶的抗氧化作用高于日产黄原胶,黄原胶添加量为0.02%,可降低油脂氧化率达10%以上。

黄原胶生物聚合物改良膨胀土裂隙演化规律研究

采用既可抑制膨胀土裂隙扩展,又不影响坡面植被生长的黄原胶生物聚合物对膨胀土进行改良,是膨胀土边坡生态防护新思路。对黄原胶改良膨胀土开展室内干湿循环试验,利用数字图像处理技术(PCAS)对裂隙发育的整个过程进行定量分析,探究了黄原胶掺量对膨胀土裂隙形态特征指标的影响规律,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)试验分析了改良前后膨胀土的微观结构与矿物成分的变化,结合膨胀率试验结果探讨了黄原胶对膨胀土的改良机理。研究结果表明,黄原胶的掺入可以有效提高膨胀土的保水性和抗裂性,试样的平均失水速率和裂隙率均随着掺量的增加呈减小趋势;黄原胶能够降低干湿循环效应对膨胀土的影响,将裂隙宽度控制在较小范围内,增湿过程中易闭合;黄原胶主要通过两个方面抑制膨胀土开裂,一方面通过成键和胶结作用与土颗粒形成“桥联”结构,整体增强土体的抗拉强度;另一方面通过填充和成膜作用阻隔水分与土颗粒接触,减小黏土矿物的水化膜厚度。

食品添加剂黄原胶质量规格标准修订研究

根据国内黄原胶产品的实际质量状况,同时参考国内外法规对黄原胶的评估结果和质量规格修订情况,对食品添加剂黄原胶的质量规格标准进行修订。通过收集对比国内外黄原胶质量规格标准的技术资料,确认各指标并对其检测方法进行验证。修订后的黄原胶标准增加了黄原胶含量、异丙醇和砷指标及其检验方法,修改了总氮的检验方法和微生物检验方法的前处理方法。采集的黄原胶样品均符合修订后的标准要求,修订后的黄原胶标准符合行业生产实际且能与国际接轨,促进对外贸易,同时也促进产业技术进步,提高产品质量。

抗坏血酸在黄原胶体系中的降解动力学

抗坏血酸(Ascorbic acid,AA)会与多糖反应导致多糖的流变及结构特性发生变化,然而这一反应过程中AA的降解特征及其降解动力学尚待进一步研究。本文以具有高黏性及良好稳定性的黄原胶(Xanthan gum,XG)作为多糖基构建模拟体系,探究了不同底物浓度、反应温度以及添加H2O2或金属离子(Fe^(2+)与Cu^(2+))等反应条件下AA在XG溶液中的变化过程。结果表明,相比于纯水体系,AA在XG溶液中的降解程度更为显著,1 mmol/L的AA降解率在体系中存在0.2%XG(w/v)时由初始的7.03%增加至11.72%;提高反应温度也会加速AA与XG的反应,90℃加热处理1 h会导致AA降解率增加至45.59%;AA在该体系下的降解过程符合二级反应动力学规律。添加H2O2以及金属离子(Fe^(2+)与Cu^(2+))会明显加速AA的降解,而XG溶液体系会减弱金属离子对AA的降解效果,故而金属离子与XG对AA的降解具有拮抗作用。因此,AA在纯水中加热会发生降解,而添加XG以及H2O2与金属离子(Fe^(2+)与Cu^(2+))均会改变AA的降解速率,以上结果为控制食品加工过程中AA的降解提供了重要的数据支持。

Drag reduction behavior of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide/xanthan gum mixed polymer solutions

Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide（HPAM）as the main component of slickwater fracturing fluid is a shear-sensitive polymer,which suffers from mechanical degradation at turbulent flow rates.Five different concentrations of HPAM as well as mixtures of polyacrylamide/xanthan gum were prepared to investigate the possibility of improving shear stability of HPAM.Drag reduction（DR）measurements were performed in a closed flow loop.For HPAM solutions,the extent of DR increased from 30%to67%with increasing HPAM concentration from 100 to1000 wppm.All the HPAM solutions suffered from mechanical degradation and loss of DR efficiency over the shearing period.Results indicated that the resistance to shear degradation increased with increasing polymer concentration.DR efficiency of 600 wppm xanthan gum（XG）was 38%,indicating that XG was not as good a drag reducer as HPAM.But with only 6%DR decline,XG solution exhibited a better shear stability compared to HPAM solutions.Mixed HPAM/XG solutions initially exhibited greater DR（40%and 55%）compared to XG,but due to shear degradation,DR%dropped for HPAM/XG solutions.Compared to 200 wppm HPAM solution,addition of XG did not improve the drag reduction efficiency of HPAM/XG mixed solutions though XG slightly improved the resistance against mechanical degradation in HPAM/XG mixed polymer solutions.

RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS,POWER CONSUMPTION,MASS AND HEAT,TRANSFER DURING XANTHAN GUM FERMENTATION

Xanthan gum fermentation is probably the most complex fermentation process in terms ofrheological property variations and associated mixing,power consumption,mass and heat transferproblems.In order to obtain these data,fermentations of Xanthomonas campestris were carried outon pilot scale bioreactor with different D/T ratios and different feeding strategies(batch andfed-batch).It was discovered that the rheology of xanthan fermentation broth is of paramountimportance to the above characteristics.The aerated power consumption and power number are both afunction of aeration rate during the initial stage of the fermentation when the viscosity is low andthe Reynolds number high.However when the becames viscous and Reynolds unmber≤10~3,thegas velocity does not show any effect on the power number.The oxygen mass transfer coefficientsand the overall heat transfer coefficients are both dependent on the impeller speed,the apparentviscosity of the broth and the D/T ratio.These data taken from practical

Efficient one-pot synthesis of n-butyl levulinate from carbohydrates catalyzed by Fe_2(SO_4)_3

Butyl levulinate（BL） is a promising new candidate as diesel fuel and fuel additive. In this study, an efficient process for a one-pot synthesis of BL from biomass-derived carbohydrates in butanol medium with the catalysis of metal sulfates was developed. The catalytic activity of a series of metal sulfates for the synthesis of BL from fructose was investigated. Among various metal sulfates, ferric sulfate Fe（SO）was found to be the most efficient catalyst, which gave a remarkably high BL yield of 62.8 mol% under the conditions of 463 K, 3 h, a catalyst dosage of 5.0 g/L, and fructose concentration of 25 g/L. Different carbohydrates including glucose, cellulose, inulin and sucrose were also used for one-pot synthesis of BL with the catalysis of Fe（SO）, showing the yields of 39.6, 30.5, 56.6 and 50.1 mol%, respectively. In addition,the recycling and reuse of Fe（SO）was studied by characterizing them using powder X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscope（SEM）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. A plausible reaction pathway for the one-pot synthesis of BL from fructose was proposed. This study provides a facile and feasible way for the synthesis of BL from biomass.

Prevalence of gastric varices and results of sclerotherapy with N-butyl 2 cyanoacrylate for controlling acute gastric variceal bleeding

AIM： To study the prevalence, predictors and control of bleeding following N-butyl 2 cyanoacrylate （NBC） sclerotherapy of gastric varix （GV）. METHODS： We analyzed case records of 1436 patients with portal hypertension, who underwent endoscopy during the past five years for variceal screening or upper gastrointestinal （GI） bleeding. Fifty patients with bleeding GV underwent sclerotherapy with a mean of 2 mL NBC for control of bleeding. Outcome parameters were primary hemostasis （bleeding control within the first 48 h）, recurrent bleeding （after 48 h of esophagogastro-duodenoscopy） and in-hospital mortality were analyzed. RESULTS： The prevalence of GV in patients with portal hypertension was 15% （220/1436） and the incidence of bleeding was 22.7% （50/220）. Out of the 50 bleeding GV patients, isolated gastric varices （IGV-Ⅰ） were seen in 22 （44%）, gastro-oesophageal varices （GOV） on lesser curvature （GOV-Ⅰ） in 16 （32%）, and GOV on greater curvature （GOV-Ⅱ） in 15 （30%）. IGV-Ⅰ was seen in 44% （22/50） patients who had bleeding as compared to 23% （39/170） who did not have bleeding （P 〈 0.003）. Primary hernostasis was achieved with NBC in all patients. Re-bleeding occurred in 7 （14%） patients after 48 h of initial sclerotherapy. Secondary hemostasis was achieved with repeat NBC sclerotherapy in 4/7 （57%）. Three patients died after repeat sclerotherapy, one during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stem shunt （TIPSS）, one during surgery and one due to uncontrolled bleeding. Treatment failure-related mortality rate was 6% （3/50）. CONCLUSION： GV can be seen in 15% of patients with portal hypertension and the incidence of bleeding is 22.7%. NBC is highly effective in controlling GV bleeding. In hospital mortality of patients with bleeding GV is 6%.

Preparation,Characterization of Dawson-type Heteropoly Acid Cerium（Ⅲ） Salt and Its Catalytic Performance on the Synthesis of n-Butyl Acetate

A novel cerium(Ⅲ) salt of Dawson type tungstophosphoric acid(Ce2P2W18O62·16H2O) was prepared by doping cerous nitrate in H6P2W18O62·13H2O powder and characterized by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analyses(TG/DTA),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray powder diffraction(XRD),pyridine infrared spectroscopy(Py-IR) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Its catalytic activity was evaluated by the probe reaction of synthesis of n-butyl acetate with acetic acid and n-butanol.The effects of various parameters such as molar ratio of n-butanol to acetic acid,reaction temperature,reaction time,and catalyst amount have been studied by single factor experiment.The results show that Ce2P2W18O62·16H2O behaved as an excellent heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of n-butyl acetate.The optimum synthetic conditions were determined as follows︰molar ratio of n-butanol to acetic acid at 2.0︰1.0,mass of the catalyst being 1.44% of the total reaction mixture,reaction temperature of 120 ℃ and reaction time of 150 min.Under above conditions,the conversion of acetic acid was above 97.8%.The selectivity of n-butyl acetate based on acetic acid was,in all cases,nearly 100%.The catalysts could be recycled and still exhibited high catalytic activity with 90.4% conversion after five cycles of reaction.It was found by means of TG-DTA and Py-IR that the catalyst deactivation was due to the adsorption of a complex of by-product on the active sites on catalysts surface or the catalyst loss in its separation from the products.Compared with using sulfuric acid as catalyst,the present procedure with Ce2P2W18O62·16H2O is a green productive technology due to simple process,higher yield,catalyst recycling and no corrosion for the production facilities.

Esterification of levulinic acid to n-butyl levulinate over heteropolyacid supported on acid-treated clay

Levulinic acid has been identified as a promising green, biomass-derived platform chemical. n-Butyl levulinate is used as an important intermediate having diverse applications. The present work focuses on the synthesis of n-butyl levulinate by esterification of levulinic acid with n-butanol using heteropolyacid （HPA） supported on acid-treated clay montmorillonite （K10）. 20% （w/w） dodecatungestophosphoric acid （DTPA） supported on K10 was found to be the most efficient catalyst with 97% levulinic acid conversion and 100% selectivity towards n-butyl levulinate. Effects of various process parameters were studied to examine the efficacy of 20% （w/w） DTPA/K10 for optimization of the activity.

n-Butyl Pyridinium Nitrate as a Reusable Ionic Liquid Medium for Knoevenagel Condensation

The Knoevenagel condensation of carbonyl substrates with active methylene compounds proceeds smoothly with ammonium acetate as catalyst in n-butyl pyridinium nitrate to afford the desired products of good purity in moderate yields.

Reactive Distillation for Producing n-Butyl Acetate:Experiment and Simulation

In this paper, a reactive distillation (RD) column was applied for synthesis n-butyl acetate from n-butanol and acetic acid. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) kinetic model and an equilibrium stage model for separation were employed to study the RD process. The results obtained from the equilibrium stage model agreed well with the experiments. The effects of operating variables on the n-butanol conversion and n-butyl acetate purity were further investigated. The optimal column configuration for the production of n-butyl acetate was designed with 5 rectifying stages, 8 reaction stages and 13 stripping stages by the simulation study. According to the simulation results, n-butanol conversion and n-butyl acetate purity all reached greater than 96%.

Strength properties of xanthan gum and guar gum treated kaolin at different water contents

Nowadays,using biopolymer as a ground improvement method has become very popular.However,since biopolymers are organic and degradable,their long-term effect is not fully known.In this study,the effects of biopolymers on the mechanical behavior of kaolin clay were investigated through a comprehensive program of experiments.Two types of biopolymer,i.e.xanthan gum and guar gum were chosen to investigate the effect of biopolymer type.For this purpose,specimens were prepared using standard Proctor energy at four different water contents(25%,30%35%and 40%)with 0.5%,1%,1.5%and 2%biopolymer inclusions.The specimens were cured for 1 d,7 d,28 d and 90 d.Moreover,some of the specimens were kept in the curing room for 3 years to observe the long-term effect of the biopolymers.At the end of the curing periods,the specimens were subjected to unconfined compression test,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysis was performed to observe the mechanism of strength improvement.The results revealed that the unconfined compressive strength(UCS)of the specimens treated with biopolymers increased in all biopolymer inclusion levels and water contents up to a 90-d curing period.For specimens containing xanthan gum,the maximum strength increase was observed at 25%water content and 2%xanthan gum with 90-d curing.The strength increased 5.23 times induced by xanthan gum addition when compared to the pure clay.Moreover,the increase in strength reached 8.53 times in specimens treated with guar gum.Besides,increasing water content caused more ductile behavior,thus increasing the axial deformation.

Effect of xanthan gum on the quality of low sodium salted beef and property of myofibril proteins

The effects of xanthan gum (0 % and 0.3 %) on the quality of low sodium (2.0 %, 2.4 %, 2.8 %, 3.2 %, 3.6 % and 4.0 %) salted beef and property of myofibril proteins (MP) extracted from salted beef were researched. Changes in the salting absorptivity, cooking loss, shear force, color and sensory analysis showed that xanthan gum had a positive effect on the quality of salted beef with low salinity (2.0 %, 2.4 % and 2.8 %). MP of salted beef treated with xanthan gum had higher solubility, lower hydrogen bond than that without it (P < 0.05). The decrease of surface hydrophobicity and intrinsic fluorescence intensity indicated that the chromophore of protein was brought into a hydrophobic environment in the presence of xanthan gum. The electrophoresis showed that xanthan gum could improve the concentration of myosin heavy chain, paramyosin and actin after tumble-salting. The data suggested that salted beef and its MP treated with xanthan gum and 2.8 % salt (XS3) had the best properties. Together, xanthan gum could be considered as a sodium salt substitute for the development of low sodium meat products.

Synthesis and Aqueous Solution Viscosity of Hydrophobically Modified Xanthan Gum

Two xanthan gum derivatives hydrophobically modified by 4 or 8 tetradecyl chains per 100 xanthan gum structure units were synthesized. The derivatives were studied by scanning electron microscope and pyrene fluorescence spectrometry. And the aqueous solution apparent viscosity of the derivatives was investi- gated. The results indicate that the network of the derivatives with more hydrophobic groups is closer and tighter. With increasing of alkyl chain substitution degree, the hydrophobically associating interactions enhance in aqueous solution. Aqueous solution apparent viscosity of the derivatives increases with increasing of polymer concentration and alkyl substitution degree, and decreases with the increase of temperature. In the brine solution, the strong viscosity enhancement phenomenon appears. The interaction between the derivatives and surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate is strong.

Di-(n-butyl)-phthalate-induced Oxidative Stress and Depression-like Behavior in Mice with or without Ovalbumin Immunization

Objective To investigate the relationship between atopic allergy and depression and the role of DBP in the development of depression. Methods BALB/c mice were randomly divided into eight groups：saline;ovalbumin （OVA）-immunized;saline＋DBP （0.45 mg/kg·183;d）; saline＋DBP （45 mg/kg·d）; DBP （0.45 mg/kg·d） OVA-immunized; DBP （45 mg/kg·d） OVA-immunized; saline＋hydrocortisone （30 mg/kg·d）; and hydrocortisone （30 mg/kg·d）-exposed OVA-immunized. Behavior （e.g. open-field, tail suspension, and forced swimming tests）, viscera coefficients （brain and spleen）, oxidative damage [e.g. reactive oxygen species （ROS）, malondialdehyde （MDA）, and glutathione （GSH）], as well as levels of IgE and IL-4, were then analyzed. Results In the saline and OVA groups, the degree of depression symptoms in mice increased with increasing DBP concentration. Additionally, the OVA-immunity groups were associated with more serious depressive behavior compared with the same exposure concentration in the saline group. Oxidative damage was associated with a dose-dependent increase in DBP in the different groups. IL-4 and IgE levels were associated with low-dose DBP stimulation, which changed to high-dose inhibition with increasing DBP exposure, possibly due to spleen injury seen at high DBP concentrations.Conclusion Development of an atopic allergy has the potential to increase the risk of depression in mice, and it seems that DBP helps OVA to exert its effect in our present model. Moreover, the results of our study implicate a certain connection between brain oxidative stress and depression, which deserves a further exploration.

Investigation of Adsorption of Xanthan Gum on Enamel by Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy

By using tapping mode atomic force microscopy(TMAFM), a polymer layer was found on the enamel surface after the exposure to xanthan gum solutions. The layer thickness is closely related to the exposure time and the concentration of xanthan gum solution. The thickness data were evaluated by a Kruskal-Wallis test and Box-Whisker Plot at a 95% confidence level(p<0.05), and a statistically significant difference among the thickness data groups was demonstrated. After the exposure to 1000, 400, 100 mg/L xanthan gum solutions, the mean of layer thickness at the adsorption equilibrium is in the ranges of 103.5_122.06, 82.4_88.94 and 45.27_55.55 nm, respectively. This phenomenon suggests that the viscosity modifying agents in the beverage might be adsorbed on the enamel surface during consumption, which may form a barrier that can protect the enamel from being attacked by acid and therefore reduce dental erosion.