Effects of Ethanol Condensation Reflux Extraction and Ultrasound-assisted Extraction on the Content of Total Flavonoids of Pueraria edulis

With Pueraria edulis from different habitats in Yunnan Province,Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region as materials,the medicinal materials of P.edulis were extracted by ethanol condensation reflux extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction,and the effects of different extraction methods the contents of total flavonoids in P.edulis from different areas were compared.The results showed that the best extraction time for P.edulis in Yunnan Province was 20 min,and that for Guangdong and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was 30 min.The yield of total flavonoids from P.edulis extracted by the condensation reflux extraction method was relatively better.The content of total flavonoids in P.edulis in Yunnan was the highest with an average content of 0.2557%,while the average content of total flavonoids in P.edulis in Guangdong was the lowest with an average content of 0.2108%.

Protective Effect and Mechanism of n-butanol Extract from Diploclisia glaucescens(B1.)Diels on Rats with Adjuvant Arthritis

[Objectives]To study the protective effect and mechanism of n-butanol extract of Diploclisia glaucescens(B1.)Diels on rats with adjuvant arthritis.[Methods]A rat adjuvant arthritis(AA)model with similarities to a clinical RA(rheumatoid arthritis)patient was used,and the model was made by injection of Complete Freund s adjuvant(CFA).Body mass and joint swelling degree were used as indicators,and the organ index was calculated and the synovial tissue of rats was examined under microscope to evaluate the protective effect of n-butanol extract on arthritis.The effects of n-butanol extract on TNF-α,IL-1βand PGE_(2)contents in rat serum were detected by ELISA kit.[Results]Arthritic rats experienced significant weight loss;the n-butanol extract reduced the joint swelling in rats.It exerted an effect on rat organs and reduced the contents of TNF-α,IL-1βand PGE_(2) in rat serum,and also reduced synovial inflammation in rats.[Conclusions]The n-butanol extract of D.glaucescens can protect rats with adjuvant arthritis by reducing the content of inflammatory factors.

Reflux extraction and analysis of polyethylene wax in soil

An efficient reflux extraction of polyethylene wax(PEW) in soil is presented, followed by molecular structure characterization methods to explore its degradation mechanism. To more realistically simulate the actual degradation of PE film powders in soil, low density PE(M=5 000) powders, being used as simulated PEW residue sample, were uniformly mixed with soil and then recovered by reflux extraction with decahydronaphthalen(decalin) at 90 ?C for 60 min. The average recovery of PEW from fortified soils was 96.5% with the developed reflux extraction procedure. The recovered PEW residue samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy(IR), element analysis(EA), X-ray fluorescence(XFR), and high-temperature gel permeation chromatography(GPC). The results from spectra analysis show that there were no significant changes in molecular structures and molecular mass distribution of PEW samples after the reflux extraction, which demonstrate the reliability of this method. These results also indicate that the reflux extraction procedure and analytical methods of characterization could serve as a novel measurement technique to evaluate the degradation of low-density PE powders in soil over time.

Underlying mechanism of protection from hypoxic injury seen with n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. in hippocampal neurons

The alcohol and n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. significantly protects myocardium from acute ischemic injury. However, its effects on rat hippocampal neurons and the mechanism of protection remain unclear. In this study, primary cultured hippocampal neurons from neonatal rats were incubated in 95% N2 and 5% CO2 for 4 hours. Results indicated that hypoxic injury decreased the viability of neurons, increased the expression levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3 mRNA, as well as cytochrome c, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 protein. Pretreatment with 0.25, 0.062 5, 0.015 6 mg/mL n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. led to a significant increase in cell viability. Expression levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3 mRNA, as well as cytochrome c, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 protein, were attenuated. The neuroprotective effect of n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. was equivalent to tanshinone IIA. Our data suggest that the n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. could protect primary hippocampal neurons from hypoxic injury by deactivating mitochondrial cell death.

Isocoreopsin: An active constituent of n-butanol extract of Butea monosperma flowers against colorectal cancer(CRC)

The herb Butea monosperma constitutes several human health beneficial components, which are mostly studied for their anticancer effects. In this study, the activity of n-butanol fractions of B. monosperma floral extract was examined on inhibiting aberrant crypt foci(ACF) formation in azoxymethane induced Wistar albino rats. The n-butanol extracts(150 mg/kg) decreased the ACF formation(per rat) by 92% and78% in short- and long-term in vivo treatments, respectively. All the compounds in the n-butanol extract were isolated and purified using column and reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography(HPLC).Their structures were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and electrospray–ionisation mass spectrometry(ESI–MS) to determine important flavonoids, namely isocoreopsin, butrin and isobutrin. These compounds were studied for their free radical scavenging and anticancer activities. The compound isocoreopsin showed significantly greater efficacy in cell death on human colon and liver cancer cell lines(50 μg/m L in HT-29 and 100 μg/m L in Hep G2) than butrin(100 μg/m L in HT-29 and 500 μg/m L in Hep G2) and isobutrin(80 μg/m L in HT-29 and 150 μg/m L in Hep G2). These results suggest that isocoreopsin, butrin and isobutrin are the important key compounds for the chemoprevention of colon cancer and isocoreopsin can be considered as a promising novel drug.

Extraction of Effective Ingredient from Pomegranate Peels and Its Whitening Effect

[ Objective] This study aimed to extract the effective ingredient of pomegranate peels and explore its whitening effect. [ Method] Pomegranate peels were used as materials for single factor experiment to determine the optimal technique for effective ingredient extraction from pomegranate peels and explore the inhibition of the extracts on tyrosinase and whitening effect of the effective ingredient of pomegranate peels. [ Result] The optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of effective ingredient in pomegranate peels were： liquid-to-solid ratio of 1：20 with 60% ethanol, extraction temperature of 60℃, ultrasonic intensity of 7 and pro- cessing time of 40 min, which led to relatively strong inhibition effect of pomegranate peel extracts on tyrosinase. The inhibition rate of extracts obtained with com- mon solvent reflux extraction method was only around 60%, while the inhibition rate of extracts obtained with ultrasound-assisted extraction method on tyrosinase ac- tivity had achieved around 90%, showing a very significant the difference, which indicated that during the process of extraction of effective ingredient from pome- granate peels, appropriate ultrasound-assistance was advantageous to the extraction of active ingredients; in addition, the inhibition effect of extracts on tyrosinase had increased with the increasing concentration of extracts, and the inhibition rate could achieve 100%. [ Condusion] This study provided a certain theoretical ba- sis for the utilization of pomegranate peels as natural green materials to develop whitening cosmetics.

Schisandra N-butanol extract improves synaptic morphology and plasticity in ovarectomized mice

Preliminary work by our research team revealed that Schisandra, a renowned traditional Chinese medicine, causes learning and memory improvements in ovariectomized mice. This activity was attributed to active ingredients extracted with N-butyl alcohol, named Schisandra N-butanol extract. In this study, ovariectomized mice were pretreated with Schisandra N-butanol extract given by intragastric administration. This treatment led to the enhancement of learning, and an increase in hippocampal CA1 synaptic, surface and postsynaptic density. A decrease in the average size of the synaptic active zone was also observed. These experimental findings showing that Schisandra N-butanol extract improved synaptic morphology indicate an underlying mechanism by which the ability of learning is enhanced in ovariectomized mice.

Study on the Extraction Techniques of Impatiens balsamina(Tougucao)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the extraction method of Impatiens balsamina L.(Tougucao),and to optimize the extraction process conditions and parameters.[Methods]Different ethanol concentrations,ethanol amounts and extraction time were investigated by an orthogonal test L_(9)(3^(4))and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),and the extraction process parameters were evaluated by the yield of extract and the content of quercetin.[Results]Under the three optimal extraction conditions of impregnation,heating reflux and ultrasound,the extract yield and quercetin contents of I.balsamina were 8.27%,9.50%,7.09%and 1.60,3.05,3.03μg/g,respectively.Heating reflux extraction and ultrasonic extraction showed higher extract yields and quercetin contents of I.balsamina,while the values were lower under the impregnation extraction conditions.The primary and secondary factors were:ethanol amount(C)>ethanol concentration(A)>extraction time(B).The optimal extraction process of I.balsamina was as follows:adding 10 times of 60%ethanol and ultrasonically extracting for 30 min.[Conclusions]The method is simple,convenient,accurate and reliable,and provides a scientific basis for the research on the extraction process of I.balsamina and its preparations.

响应面法优化两面针中三种生物碱的回流提取工艺

以两面针为试材,采用响应面法,研究了回流提取时间、提取溶剂浓度和料液比对氯化两面针碱、白屈菜红碱和血根碱提取得率的影响,以期获得两面针中3种生物碱的最佳回流提取工艺,为深入开发利用两面针中的生物碱提供参考依据。结果表明:3种生物碱的最优回流提取条件为提取时间2.4 h·次^(-1)(重复提取2次)、提取溶剂67%乙醇、料液比1∶20 g·mL^(-1),此时氯化两面针碱、白屈菜红碱和血根碱的得率分别为0.381%、0.560%、0.058%。该结果与响应面法预测值接近,说明该研究拟合的3种生物碱响应面回归模型可靠。优化后氯化两面针碱、白屈菜红碱和血根碱的得率分别提高了14%、95%、23%,优化工艺提取效率高,可用于两面针中3种生物碱的制备。

探索回流法提取绿原酸的最佳工艺

目的:为了获得回流法提取金银花中绿原酸的最佳工艺参数。方法:设计了回流法提取金银花中绿原酸的单因素实验和正交实验,单因素实验采用固定四个因素中的三个因素不变,先后分别只改变A(回流温度)、B(回流时间)、C(乙醇浓度)和D(液料比)这四个因素中的一个因素的水平的方法,探索单因素对绿原酸提取效果的影响。再在单因素实验的基础之上进行回流法正交实验设计先后考查回流温度(℃)、回流提取时间(h)、乙醇浓度(%)和液料比(倍)对绿原酸提取率的影响,研究回流法提取贵州金银花中绿原酸的最佳工艺参数。结果:回流提取单因素实验结果显示,回流法提取金银花中绿原酸的最佳温度是70℃,最佳时间是1.5 h,最佳乙醇浓度为70%,最佳液料比为10倍。正交实验中影响因素大小为B>D>A>C。结论:回流提取绿原酸的最佳提取工艺参数为A1B2C2D2,回流提取温度为70℃,提取时间为1.5 h,乙醇浓度为70%,液料比为10倍。本工艺参数的优化为回流提取单因素实验和正交实验提取贵州金银花中的绿原酸提供了理论依据和数据支持。

苦荞的多糖与黄酮回流提取工艺优化及其配制酒的体外抗氧化性

为配合苦荞配制酒产品开发,以多糖、黄酮提取率为考察指标,在单因素实验基础上,利用响应面法优化回流提取苦荞多糖、黄酮的工艺条件,并对苦荞配制酒与回流提取物的抗氧化活性进行研究。结果表明:苦荞粗多糖和总黄酮最佳提取条件为提取温度82℃、提取时间123 min、液料比12∶1(m L∶g),苦荞多糖、黄酮提取率分别为0.1840%、6.6911%,与模型预测值基本相符。将回流提取物与基酒进行勾调、过滤、分装,得到苦荞配制酒。体外抗氧化实验表明:苦荞配制酒的DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力和总抗氧化能力分别为36.53%、32.71%、1.46 U·mL^(-1);苦荞回流提取物对DPPH和ABTS自由基的清除作用显著,清除率分别为90.01%、35.65%,总抗氧化活力为3.61 U·mL^(-1),表明苦荞配制酒和回流提取物均具有一定的抗氧化活性。

以丙酮为溶剂提取纯化槐米中芦丁的工艺研究

以丙酮作为有机溶剂,采用加热回流的方法对槐米中的芦丁进行提取纯化。并对工艺条件如水浴温度、水浴时间、丙酮浓度以及料液比四个因素进行单因素试验和四因素三水平响应面试验设计的优化。通过碱溶酸沉和丙酮挥发两次重结晶析出的方法进行粗芦丁的纯化,进而采用高效液相色谱和核磁氢谱检测纯化后的芦丁样品。结果表明,响应面优化试验结果极显著,提取工艺的最佳条件为水浴时间29 min、丙酮浓度54%、料液比8.6 g/L、水浴温度70.4℃,芦丁提取率为(79.17±0.91)%。芦丁样品和标品核磁氢谱图基本一致,芦丁纯化结果为纯度为(96±0.81)%,纯品得率为(71±2.49)%。

芪七连胶囊两种不同制备工艺对剂型成型的影响及药效评价研究

目的:改进芪七连胶囊的提取工艺和制备工艺,并进行药效学评价。方法:以粒度分布、休止角、吸湿率、胶囊的装量差异为评价指标,对比两种制备工艺(乙醇回流提取法和水煎法)对芪七连胶囊成型的影响,并以自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)为模型,对所得的芪七连胶囊成品的降压和血管内皮保护作用进行评价。结果:分别以10倍量、8倍量的50%乙醇回流提取方中黄芪、黄连、黄柏、蒲黄、杜仲、钩藤药材2次,第1次2 h,第2次1 h,减压干燥后加入三七细粉,制粒后填充胶囊。其粒度分布、休止角、吸湿率、胶囊的装量差异均优于原工艺(水煎法)。药效学实验表明,新工艺所制芪七连胶囊成品,给与临床使用量,可明显降低SHR大鼠的血压,且具有保护血管内皮细胞作用,其药效优于原工艺成品(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:新工艺的制备工艺可行、稳定,所制得成品具有明显的降压及保护血管内皮的作用。

迷迭香粗提物提取工艺优化及其抑菌活性

迷迭香具有抑菌、抗氧化等生物活性,为获得有效抑菌成分,该研究通过单因素试验结合响应面试验优化迷迭香粗提物提取工艺;利用牛津杯法和滤纸圆片法对迷迭香粗提物抑菌作用进行研究,并确定其最低抑菌浓度。研究结果表明:迷迭香粗提物提取最优工艺条件为液料比7∶1(mL/g)、提取温度78℃、提取时间62 min、乙醇浓度60%、提取次数3次,在此条件下,迷迭香粗提物得率为(32.40±0.52)%。抑菌试验结果表明,迷迭香粗提物对食品中常见致病菌(如大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌)均具有较好的抑制作用,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别为15.12、22.15、23.22、9.58 mm,最低抑菌浓度分别为50.0、12.5、25.0、25.0 mg/mL。

金芪降糖片组方中总黄酮提取工艺研究

本文采用乙醇回流提取法对金芪降糖片组方的总黄酮进行提取,将总黄酮提取量作为指标,通过单因素实验结果选取对金芪降糖片组方中总黄酮提取量影响较大的3个因素进行正交实验。得出最佳提取方案:乙醇体积分数为75%、料液比为1∶20(g∶mL)、浸泡时间为1.75h、提取时间为1.5h、提取温度为65℃,此时总黄酮提取量为8.303mg·g^(-1)。

Total phenolic content,in vitro antioxidant activity and chemical composition of plant extracts from semiarid Mexican region

Objective:To determine the extraction suitable conditions of total phenolic content(TPC) by heat-reflux system,antioxidant activities and HPLC characterization of the aqueous-ethanolic extracts of Jatropha dioica(J.dioica)(Dragon's blood).Flourensia cernua(F.cernua)(Tar bush).Eucalyptus camaldulensis(E.camaldulensis)(Eucalyptus) and Turnera diffusa(T.diffusa)(Damiana).Methods:TPC was evaluated by the well-known colorimetric assay using FolinCiocalteu reagent.The antioxidant activities were assayed by three methods based on scavenging of DPPH,ABTS and by lipid oxidation inhibition.The chemical composition of the extracts obtained was subject to HPLC analysis.Results:TPC in the plant extracts ranged from 2.3 to14.12 mg gallic acid equivalents/g for J.dioica and E.camaldulensis,respectively.The plant extracts of F.cernua,E.camaldulensis and T.diffusa showed similar strong antioxidant activities on scavenging of DPPH and lipid oxidation inhibition.In contrast,J.dioica extracts had lowest potential antioxidant in three assays used.HPLC assay showed the presence of several phenolic compounds in the extracts used.Conclusions:The results obtained suggest that F.cernua,E.camaldulensis and T.diffusa are potential sources to obtain bioactive phenolic compounds with high antioxidant properties which can be used in the factories as antioxidant agents or for treatments in diseases.

不同提取方法对木瓜皮中齐墩果酸提取率的影响

目的:木瓜具有药用和食用价值,含有丰富的活性物质,齐墩果酸就是其中主要活性成分之一,在药理方面发挥极大的作用。为了木瓜资源得到有效的利用,本实验采用回流提取法和超声波法两种提取方法,探究对木瓜皮中的齐墩果酸提取率的影响。方法:在单因素实验的基础上进行正交实验,最后经过方差分析以及验证试验,来确认两种提取方法的最佳工艺。结果:用优化的回流提取法提取,测得的齐墩果酸提取率为0.247%,RSD值为1.28%。用优化的超声波提取法,得到的齐墩果酸提取率为0.448%,RSD值为0.97%。结论:由试验结果可知,超声波提取法提取结果优于回流提取法,且试验方法重复性和稳定性较好,可为木瓜皮的合理利用提供实验依据。

基于响应面法优化油菜籽饼粕缓蚀剂的提取制备工艺

采用响应面法以油菜籽饼粕缓蚀剂(RMI)的提取率Y和200 mg·L^(-1)RMI在H_(2)SO_(4)溶液中对冷轧钢的缓蚀率η_(w)为响应值,优化RMI的提取工艺。结果表明,液料比、提取剂浓度、回流温度3个因素对RMI的Y和η_(w)有显著的影响。通过分析预测得到最优提取工艺参数为液料比为41.59:1、提取剂浓度为43.61%、回流温度为76.89℃时,7与η_(w)均达到最高值,分别为:17.40%、88.50%。验证最佳提取工艺参数(液料比40:1、提取剂浓度40%、回流温度75℃),得到RMI的Y=17.09%和η_(w)=88.35%,与模型预测值高度接近。则采用响应面法对RMI的提取制备工艺参数进行优化得到的结果合理可行。

不同来源猫爪草总黄酮的提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

以猫爪草为原料,以猫爪草总黄酮得率为考核指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法优化猫爪草总黄酮的乙醇回流提取工艺,并比较不同来源猫爪草中总黄酮得率及其抗氧化活性。结果表明:最佳提取工艺为提取时间91 min、乙醇体积分数81%、液料比21∶1(mL/g),在此条件下的猫爪草总黄酮得率为0.19%;10个不同来源的猫爪草中总黄酮得率有所差异,其中以河南信阳淮滨地区野生的最高,云南昆明西畴地区的最低;不同地区的猫爪草均具有一定的抗氧化性,其中河南信阳淮滨地区野生的抗氧化活性最强,对DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率分别为81.79%、82.43%,IC_(50)分别为0.487、0.280 mg/mL。

肉苁蓉白酒调味液的工艺研究

为了提高肉苁蓉调味液中的活性物质含量,采用冷凝回流浸提工艺生产肉苁蓉白酒调味液。通过单因素和正交试验研究料液比、酒精浓度、浸提温度和浸提时间等因素对肉苁蓉活性成分提取效果的影响,获得了肉苁蓉白酒调味液的最佳浸提工艺条件为:料液比1∶50(g/L),酒精浓度50%,浸提温度60℃,浸提时间2 h,在此条件下肉苁蓉白酒调味液中松果菊苷的提取量可达37.4 mg/g。研究表明,采取冷凝回流浸提工艺生产肉苁蓉白酒调味液可有效提高肉苁蓉中活性物质的提取率。