Protective Effect and Mechanism of n-butanol Extract from Diploclisia glaucescens(B1.)Diels on Rats with Adjuvant Arthritis

[Objectives]To study the protective effect and mechanism of n-butanol extract of Diploclisia glaucescens(B1.)Diels on rats with adjuvant arthritis.[Methods]A rat adjuvant arthritis(AA)model with similarities to a clinical RA(rheumatoid arthritis)patient was used,and the model was made by injection of Complete Freund s adjuvant(CFA).Body mass and joint swelling degree were used as indicators,and the organ index was calculated and the synovial tissue of rats was examined under microscope to evaluate the protective effect of n-butanol extract on arthritis.The effects of n-butanol extract on TNF-α,IL-1βand PGE_(2)contents in rat serum were detected by ELISA kit.[Results]Arthritic rats experienced significant weight loss;the n-butanol extract reduced the joint swelling in rats.It exerted an effect on rat organs and reduced the contents of TNF-α,IL-1βand PGE_(2) in rat serum,and also reduced synovial inflammation in rats.[Conclusions]The n-butanol extract of D.glaucescens can protect rats with adjuvant arthritis by reducing the content of inflammatory factors.

Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Oxygenated Diesel in DI Engines: A Critical Review

The transition from non-renewable to renewable energy sources is a significant challenge of our time. In the fuel industry, oxygenated additives such as butanol are transforming conventional fuels into renewable biofuels. This technology has been utilized in reciprocating engines for decades. This paper reviews the viability of using an n-butanol blend as a short-term replacement for diesel by analyzing its physical and chemical properties, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics in compression ignition (CI) engines under various conditions, including variable load, speed, acceleration, and both stationary and transient cycles. N-Butanol exhibits higher viscosity, better lubricity, higher heating value, improved blend stability, enhanced cold-flow properties, and higher density. These factors influence spray formation, injection timing, atomization, and combustion characteristics. Its higher oxygen content improves the diffusion combustion stage and efficiency. Adding 5% and 10% n-butanol to diesel increases pressure and apparent heat release rate, slightly reduces temperature, and improves thermal efficiency, with mixed effects on CO and THC emissions and a notable decrease in particulate matter emissions. Fuel consumption increases, while the impact on NOx emissions varies. A 10% butanol blend is considered optimal for enhancing performance and reducing particulate emissions without significantly affecting NOx emissions. Blending up to 40% butanol with diesel does not require engine modifications or ECU recalibrations in engines calibrated for pure diesel. Due to its advantageous properties and performance, n-butanol is recommended as a superior alcohol-diesel blend than ethanol for short-term diesel replacement.

One-step Synthesis of n-Butanol from Ethanol Condensation over Alumina-supported Metal Catalysts

One-step synthesis of n-butanol from bimolecular condensation of ethanol was firstlyachieved over nickel supported gamma alumina catalyst. A mechanism of dehydration path for thegrowth of carbon chain by eliminating a hydroxy group from one ethanol molecule with a α-H ofother ethanol molecule rather than aldol condensation was verified.

Active and stable Cu doped NiMgAlO catalysts for upgrading ethanol to n-butanol

Upgrading ethanol to n-butanol is an attractive way for renewable n-butanol production. Herein, Cu was selected to modify NiMgAlO catalysts for improving ethanol conversion and n-butanol selectivity. Over the optimized 2%Cu-NiMgAlO catalyst, ethanol conversion and n-butanol selectivity were enhanced to 30.0% and 64.2%, respectively, in 200 h time on stream at 523 K. According to physicochemical characterizations and theoretical calculations, the key role of multiple active sites in this reaction was extensively investigated. The plate-like structure of hydrotalcite was maintained over 2%Cu-NiMgAlO catalysts, with an average Ni particle size of ca. 5.4 nm. The presence of Cu species created CuNi alloy sites and Lewis acid-base pairs, and increased hydrogen transfer and condensation reactions, resulting in elevated ethanol conversion and n-butanol selectivity. Additionally, CuNi alloy had a strong interaction with CuNiMgAl oxides, forming homogeneous boundary due to their close ionic radius and lattice matching, and afforded the long time stability in the ethanol to n-butanol reaction.

Kinetic Study of Esterification of Lactic Acid with Isobutanol and n-Butanol Catalyzed by Ion-exchange Resins

The esterification reactions of lactic acid with isobutanol and n-butanol have been studied in the presence of acid ion-exchange resin Weblyst D009. The influences of catalyst loading, stirrer speed, catalyst particle size, initial reactant molar ratio and temperature on the reaction rate have been examined. Experimental kinetic data were correlated by using the pseudo-homogeneous, Langnluir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal models. Nonideality of the liquid phase was taken into account by using activities instead of molar fractions. The activity coefficients were calculated according to the group contribution method UNIFAC. Provided that the nonideality of the liquid is taken into account, the esterification kinetics of lactic acid with isobutanol and n-butanol catalyzed by the acid ion-exchange resin can be described using all threemodels with reasonable errors.

Performance Characteristics of n-Butanol-Diesel Fuel Blend Fired in a Turbo-Charged Compression Ignition Engine

In this study, n-butanol-diesel blends were burned in a turbo-charged, direct injection diesel engine where the brake thermal efficiency, (BTE) or brake specific fuel consumption, (BSFC) was compared with that of ethanol-diesel or methanol-diesel blends in another study by other authors. The test blends used were B5, B10 and B20 (where B5 is 5% n-butanol by volume and 95% diesel fuel-DF). In this study, the BTE was higher and the BSFC improved more than in the other study. Because of improved BTE with increasing brake mean effective pressure, BMEP, the BSFC reduced, however the increased shared volume of n-butanol in DF increased BSFC. Adding n-butanol in DF slightly derated the torque, brake power output with increasing speed, and caused a fall in exhaust gas temperatures, (EGT) which improves the volumetric efficiency and reduces compression work. Therefore, a small-shared volume of n-butanol in DF fired in a turbo-charged diesel engine performs better in terms of BTE and BSFC than that of ethanol or methanol blending in DF.

Underlying mechanism of protection from hypoxic injury seen with n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. in hippocampal neurons

The alcohol and n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. significantly protects myocardium from acute ischemic injury. However, its effects on rat hippocampal neurons and the mechanism of protection remain unclear. In this study, primary cultured hippocampal neurons from neonatal rats were incubated in 95% N2 and 5% CO2 for 4 hours. Results indicated that hypoxic injury decreased the viability of neurons, increased the expression levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3 mRNA, as well as cytochrome c, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 protein. Pretreatment with 0.25, 0.062 5, 0.015 6 mg/mL n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. led to a significant increase in cell viability. Expression levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3 mRNA, as well as cytochrome c, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 protein, were attenuated. The neuroprotective effect of n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. was equivalent to tanshinone IIA. Our data suggest that the n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. could protect primary hippocampal neurons from hypoxic injury by deactivating mitochondrial cell death.

Design and Control of Self-Heat Recuperative Distillation Process for Separation of Close-Boiling Mixtures: n-Butanol and iso-Butanol

In order to explore the advantages of self-heat recuperative distillation(SHRD) process, the design and control of the SHRD process was studied for the separation of n-butanol and iso-butanol mixtures. The economic superiority of SHRD process is presented when a comparison on the total annual cost(TAC) of the conventional distillation process, the vapor recompression distillation process and the SHRD process was made. For the SHRD process, 37.74% and 11.35% savings of TAC can be achieved as compared to the conventional distillation process and vapor recompression distillation process, respectively. The dynamic characteristics of this promising SHRD sequence had been studied, and the dynamic responses demonstrated that 10% changes in both feed flow rate and feed composition can be well handled by the control strategy with dual-temperature control. It is proven that the SHRD system not only can provide economical savings but also can operate normally with good controllability.

Isocoreopsin: An active constituent of n-butanol extract of Butea monosperma flowers against colorectal cancer(CRC)

The herb Butea monosperma constitutes several human health beneficial components, which are mostly studied for their anticancer effects. In this study, the activity of n-butanol fractions of B. monosperma floral extract was examined on inhibiting aberrant crypt foci(ACF) formation in azoxymethane induced Wistar albino rats. The n-butanol extracts(150 mg/kg) decreased the ACF formation(per rat) by 92% and78% in short- and long-term in vivo treatments, respectively. All the compounds in the n-butanol extract were isolated and purified using column and reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography(HPLC).Their structures were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and electrospray–ionisation mass spectrometry(ESI–MS) to determine important flavonoids, namely isocoreopsin, butrin and isobutrin. These compounds were studied for their free radical scavenging and anticancer activities. The compound isocoreopsin showed significantly greater efficacy in cell death on human colon and liver cancer cell lines(50 μg/m L in HT-29 and 100 μg/m L in Hep G2) than butrin(100 μg/m L in HT-29 and 500 μg/m L in Hep G2) and isobutrin(80 μg/m L in HT-29 and 150 μg/m L in Hep G2). These results suggest that isocoreopsin, butrin and isobutrin are the important key compounds for the chemoprevention of colon cancer and isocoreopsin can be considered as a promising novel drug.

Phase separation of ploy(ethylene glycol) + n-butanol mixture induced by supercritical CO_2

The phase behavior of supercritical (SC) CO2 + PEG 1000 (PEG with average molecular weight of 1000 g/mol) + n-butanol system was studied. It was demonstrated that SC CO2 could induce phase separation of PEG 1000 + n-butanol system under suitable conditions. This hints that SC CO2 has potential applications in the separation of mixtures of PEG + organic compound.

Oxidation of n-Butanol and 2-Pentanol with Molecular Oxygen in Supercritical CO2

Oxidation of n-butanol and 2-pentanol using molecular oxygen in supercritical (SC) CO2 with and without co-solvent is investigated. The results showed that the reaction selectivity is high when the reaction is carried out in SC CO2. It has been observed that co-solvent affects conversion and selectivity of the reaction considerably.

Conversion of n-Pentanol and n-Butanol over Cu/AC Catalyst

It is already well known that availability of petroleum oil, as a world energy source, is running low. Much work has been done by experts to produce renewable energy, especially using vegetable oil as a raw material. Accordingly, this paper presents preparation and activity test of Cu catalyst using coconut shell activated carbon （AC） as a support, for conversion of n-pentanol and n-butanol to their alkenes as the first step of conversion of ethanol to biogasoline. This conversion is interesting due to any agriculture product containing sugar or starch can be converted to ethanol. Activated carbon was used as a catalyst support because this material is inert; hence, it would not yield unexpected side product, and pollution of environment with the used catalyst can be prevented because the used catalytic metal can easily be recovered. Results of the work showed that coconut shell carbon contained some metals, which disturbed in preparation catalyst by cation exchange process. Washing the carbon with ammonium acetate or HCI solution could reduce the metals content more compared to using water, with optimum concentration for ammonium acetate solution was 1.25 M. Application of Cu/AC in converting n-pentanol and n-butanol, based on qualitative analysis to the products using GLC, GC-MS, and FTIR, when n-pentanol and nitrogen gas were flowed into a reactor filled with Cu/AC catalyst, it could be converted to n-pentene with 200 ℃ as the optimal temperature. While when n-butanol and nitrogen gas were flowed into a reactor filled with more Cu/AC catalyst, the product was supposed to contain its aldehyde and butyl vinyl ether.

Characteristics of Diesel/N-Butanol Blend on a Common Rail Diesel Engine with Exhaust Gas Recirculation

20%n-butanol is blended in diesel by volume(noted as D80B20)and experiment has been carried out to study the effect on the combustion and emission characteristics based on a common rail diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)system.The results reveal thatD80B20 has longer ignition delay,shorter combustion duration and higher maximumin-cylinder temperature than pure diesel(noted as D100).Further,the number concentration and volume concentration of ultrafine particles decrease significantly while NO_(X) emissions increase a little with the addition of n-butanol.When the exhaust gas is induced into cylinder,NO_(X) emissions significantly decrease and ultrafine particles emissions increase.The number geometric mean diameters and volume geometricmean diameters of ultrafine particles increase withEGR ratio.Compared toD100 without EGR,D80B20 with 20%EGR ratio can reduce both NO_(X) and ultrafine particles emissions at 0.14MPa BMEP and 0.56MPa BMEP.

Metabolic Engineering of <i>Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum</i>for Increased n-Butanol Production

Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum shows promise as a host for n-butanol production since it natively has the required genes involved in the n-butanol biosynthetic pathway. Overexpression of the natively occurring bcs operon containing the genes thl, hbd, crt, bcd, etfA, and etfB responsible for the formation of butyryl CoA increased the n-butanol production by 180% compared to the wild type from a n-butanol titer of 1.8 mM to 5.1 mM. The deletion of one of the six alcohol dehydrogenase genes confirmed that it was the primary gene responsible for ethanol and n-butanol production from acetyl CoA and butyryl CoA respectively.

Schisandra N-butanol extract improves synaptic morphology and plasticity in ovarectomized mice

Preliminary work by our research team revealed that Schisandra, a renowned traditional Chinese medicine, causes learning and memory improvements in ovariectomized mice. This activity was attributed to active ingredients extracted with N-butyl alcohol, named Schisandra N-butanol extract. In this study, ovariectomized mice were pretreated with Schisandra N-butanol extract given by intragastric administration. This treatment led to the enhancement of learning, and an increase in hippocampal CA1 synaptic, surface and postsynaptic density. A decrease in the average size of the synaptic active zone was also observed. These experimental findings showing that Schisandra N-butanol extract improved synaptic morphology indicate an underlying mechanism by which the ability of learning is enhanced in ovariectomized mice.

参附注射液对治疗急性重型脑外伤的临床观察

目的 观察参附注射液对重型脑外伤的临床疗效 ,探讨参附注射液对颅脑损伤的脑保护作用。方法 选择GCS5 - 8分患者 60例 ,根据同等伤情分为 2组 ,对照组 (Control) ,即单纯用一般的治疗方法 ;参附注射液治疗组 ,即在应用一般治疗同时 ,在患者入院后 2 4小时内通过静脉注射参附注射液 ,观察患者的临床症状体征、清醒时间、GCS评分、GOS预后评分、TCD血流速度改变和病死率等指标。结果 治疗组的症状体征较对照组改善明显 ,有效率明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 1) :清醒时间较对照缩短 (P <0 0 5 ) ,TCD显示MCA血流速度降低较多 (P <0 0 1) ;GCS评分和GOS预后积分均较对照组升高 (P <0 0 5或 0 0 1) ;病死率明显下降 ,对照组 40 % ,治疗组 2 0 %。结论参附注射液对重型颅脑损伤具有明显的脑保护作用 ,其疗效可靠 ,毒副作用较小 。

复方电解质洗涤回收红细胞对酸碱平衡和凝血功能的影响

目的 观察复方电解质洗涤回收红细胞对红细胞携氧能力、酸碱平衡和凝血功能等的影响.方法 40例手术患者随机分为两组,每组20例,分别采用复方电解质注射液（A组）和复方乳酸钠（R组）回收自体血,检测血液回收前、输注完毕动脉血pH值、乳酸（Lac）、血氧饱和度50%时的氧分压（P50）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）和纤维蛋白原（Fib）浓度.结果 自体血输注后15 min,R组pH值较输注前降低（P〈0.05）,R组Lac水平升高较A组更为显著（P〈0.05）,R组P50值明显升高（P〈0.05）.两组P50值与pH值输注前后变化有相关性（P〈0.05）.输注后15 min两组PT、APTT较输注前均延长;Fib明显降低（P〈0.05）.结论 复方电解质注射液洗涤回收红细胞有利于稳定酸碱平衡,防止血Lac水平升高,改善红细胞携氧能力,但对凝血功能的影响没有优势.

灰色线性规划及解的探讨

灰色线性规划 (GLP)是研究不确定性决策问题的一种灰色系统分析方法 ,它是传统线性规划 (TLP)方法的一个发展 .GLP方法的应用主要依赖于它的解处理的可行性 ,以前的方法主要是通过定义和测试“可信度”来求解 ,本文给出了解漂移型灰色线性规划的一种新方法 .

具变时滞细胞神经网络的周期解

利用拓扑度理论中的Mawhin延拓定理,得到了具变时滞细胞神经网络的周期解的充分条件,并改进推广了已有文献中的相应结论。

臭氧氧化结合碱液吸收法烟气脱硝的工艺研究

利用臭氧将烟气中溶解度较小的NO氧化成NO2,再结合尿素、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钙溶液吸收脱除臭氧氧化产物,重点考察了O3与NO反应的摩尔比、进口NO浓度、烟气中SO2浓度和相对湿度等工艺参数对NO氧化的影响,并探明不同的吸收液脱除臭氧氧化产物的特性。结果显示O3与NO反应的最佳摩尔比为1.02,随着进口NO浓度的增加氧化效率下降,而烟气中的SO2和相对湿度对NO氧化影响较小。通过对氢氧化钙吸收臭氧氧化产物的特性分析得出,碱液对NO的吸收率相对较小,而对NO2的吸收率达到80%以上。