Study on the Hierarchy and Structure of Tourist Landscape Appreciation

Basic attributes of landscape appreciation were summarized as interaction between appreciation subjects and objects,cultural identity and stability,symbolic meaning,preference of subjects,and unification of subjective and objective structures.On this basis,hierarchy and prefe-rence of tourist landscape appreciation were analyzed,classification of cultural groups and their cultural rules would promote landscape appreciation researches,while heterogeneous cultures of tourist landscapes were motives of tourist landscape appreciation,and structural optimization of tourist landscape appreciation would improve the quality of tourist landscape appreciation.Structure of tourist landscape appreciation was discussed according to aesthetic characteristics of tourist landscapes,and three dimensions were included in the structure:"space-scale","time-history" and "mechanism-function".Guided by structuralism aesthetics,planning principles of tourist landscapes were proposed from the perspectives of dimension structure and cultural preference,aesthetic standard of the public and market orientation,symbolism and cultural value.

Chemical Structural Formulas of Single-Bonded Ions Using the “Even-Odd” Rule Encompassing Lewis’s Octet Rule: Application to Position of Single-Charge and Electron-Pairs in Hypo- and Hyper-Valent Ions with Main Group Elements

Lewis developed a 2D-representation of molecules, charged or uncharged, known as structural formula, and stated the criteria to draw it. At the time, the vast majority of known molecules followed the octet-rule, one of Lewis’s criteria. The same method was however rapidly applied to represent compounds that do not follow the octet-rule, i.e. compounds for which some of the composing atoms have greater or less than eight electrons in their valence shell. In a previous paper, an even-odd rule was proposed and shown to apply to both types of uncharged molecules. In the present paper, the even-odd rule is extended with the objective to encompass all single-bonded ions in one group: Lewis’s ions, hypo- and hypervalent ions. The base of the even-odd representation is compatible with Lewis’s diagram. Additionally, each atom is subscripted with an even number calculated by adding the valence number, the number of covalent bonds of the element, and its electrical charge. This paper describes how to calculate the latter number and in doing so, how charge and electron-pairs can actually be precisely localized. Using ions known to be compatible with Lewis’s rule of eight, the even-odd rule is compared with the former. The even-odd rule is then applied to ions known as hypo- or hypervalent. An interesting side effect of the presented rule is that charge and electron-pairs are unambiguously assigned to one of the atoms composing the single-charged ion. Ions that follow the octet rule and ions that do not, are thus reconciled in one group called “electron-paired ions” due to the absence of unpaired electrons. A future paper will focus on the connection between the even-odd rule and molecules or ions having multiple bonds.

Implicit modeling of complex orebody with constraints of geological rules

To dynamically update the shape of orebody according to the knowledge of a structural geologist’s insight,an approach of orebody implicit modeling from raw drillhole data using the generalized radial basis function interpolant was presented.A variety of constraint rules,including geology trend line,geology constraint line,geology trend surface,geology constraint surface and anisotropy,which can be converted into interpolation constraints,were developed to dynamically control the geology trends.Combined with the interactive tools of constraint rules,this method can avoid the shortcomings of the explicit modeling method based on the contour stitching,such as poor model quality,and is difficult to update dynamically,and simplify the modeling process of orebody.The results of numerical experiments show that the 3D ore body model can be reconstructed quickly,accurately and dynamically by the implicit modeling method.

The Even-Odd Rule on Single Covalent-Bonded Structural Formulas as a Modification of Classical Structural Formulas of Multiple-Bonded Ions and Molecules

In organic chemistry, as defined by Abegg, Kossel, Lewis and Langmuir, compounds are normally represented using structural formulas called Lewis structures. In these structures, the octet rule is used to define the number of covalent bonds that each atom forms with its neighbors and multiple bonds are frequent. Lewis’ octet rule has unfortunately shown limitations very early when applied to non-organic compounds: most of them remain incompatible with the “rule of eight” and location of charges is uncertain. In an attempt to unify structural formulas of octet and non-octet molecules or single-charge ions, an even-odd rule was recently proposed, together with a procedure to locate charge precisely. This even-odd rule has introduced a charge-dependent effective-valence number calculated for each atom. With this number and the number of covalent bonds of each element, two even numbers are calculated. These numbers are both used to understand and draw structuralformulas of single-covalent-bonded compounds. In the present paper, a procedure is proposed to adjust structural formulas of compounds that are commonly represented with multiple bonds. In order to keep them compatible with the even-odd rule, they will be represented using only single covalent bonds. The procedure will then describe the consequences of bond simplification on charges locations. The newly obtained representations are compared to their conventional structural formulas, i.e. single-bond representation vs. multiple-bond structures. Throughout the comparison process, charges are precisely located and assigned to specific atoms. After discussion of particular cases of compounds, the paper finally concludes that a rule limiting representations of multiplecovalent bonds to single covalent bonds, seems to be suitable for numerous known compounds.

Optimal Structural Design of the Midship of a VLCC Based on the Strategy Integrating SVM and GA

In this paper a hybrid process of modeling and optimization, which integrates a support vector machine （SVM） and genetic algorithm （GA）, was introduced to reduce the high time cost in structural optimization of ships. SVM, which is rooted in statistical learning theory and an approximate implementation of the method of structural risk minimization, can provide a good generalization performance in metamodeling the input-output relationship of real problems and consequently cuts down on high time cost in the analysis of real problems, such as FEM analysis. The GA, as a powerful optimization technique, possesses remarkable advantages for the problems that can hardly be optimized with common gradient-based optimization methods, which makes it suitable for optimizing models built by SVM. Based on the SVM-GA strategy, optimization of structural scantlings in the midship of a very large crude carrier （VLCC） ship was carried out according to the direct strength assessment method in common structural rules （CSR）, which eventually demonstrates the high efficiency of SVM-GA in optimizing the ship structural scantlings under heavy computational complexity. The time cost of this optimization with SVM-GA has been sharply reduced, many more loops have been processed within a small amount of time and the design has been improved remarkably.

Coherence of the Even-Odd Rule with an Effective-Valence Isoelectronicity Rule for Chemical Structural Formulas: Application to Known and Unknown Single-Covalent-Bonded Compounds

Ions or molecules are said to be isoelectronic if they are composed of different elements but have the same number of electrons, the same number of covalent bonds and the same structure. This criterion is unfortunately not sufficient to ensure that a chemical structure is a valid chemical compound. In a previous article, a procedure has been described to draw 2D valid structural formulas: the even-odd rule. This rule has been applied first to single-bonded molecules then to single-charged single-bonded ions. It covers hypovalent, hypervalent or classic Lewis’ octet compounds. The funding principle of the even-odd rule is that each atom of the compound possesses an outer-shell filled only with pairs of electrons. The application of this rule guarantees validity of any single-covalent-bond chemical structure. In the present paper, this even-odd rule and its electron-pair criterion are checked for coherence with an effective-valence isoelectronic rule using numerous known compounds having single-covalent-bond connections. The test addresses Lewis’ octet ions or molecules as well as hypovalent and hypervalent compounds. The article concludes that the even-odd rule and the effective-valence isoelectronicity rule are coherent for known single-covalent-bond chemical compounds.

Two theorems on cosymplectic hypersurfaces of six-dimensional Hermitian submanifolds of Cayley algebra

Proves that cosymplectic hypersurfaces of six dimensional Hermitian submanifolds of the octave algebra are ruled manifolds and establishes a necessary and sufficient condition for a cosymplectic hypersurface of Hermitian M 6 O  to be a minimal submanifold of M 6.

The Even-Odd and the Isoelectronicity Rules Applied to Single Covalent Bonds in Ionic, Double-Face-Centered Cubic and Diamond-Like Crystals

Although atom configuration in crystals is precisely known thanks to imaging techniques, there is no experimental way to know the exact location of bonds or charges. Many different representations have been proposed, yet no theory to unify conceptions. The present paper describes methods to derive bonds and charge location in double-face-centered cubic crystals with 4 and 6 atoms per unit cell using two novel rules introduced in earlier works: the even-odd and the isoelectronicity rules. Both of these rules were previously applied to ions, molecules and some solids, and the even-odd rule was also tested on two covalent crystal structures: centered-cubic and single-face-centered cubic crystals. In the present study, the diamond-like structure was subjected to the isoelectronicity rule in order to derive Zinc-blende structures. Rock-salt-like crystals were derived from each other using both rules. These structures represent together more than 230 different crystals. Findings for these structures are threefold: both rules describe a very sure method to obtain valid single covalent-bonded structures;single covalent structures can be used in every case instead of the classical ionic model;covalent bonds and charges positions do not have any relation with the valence number given in the periodic table.

Applying Petri-Net-Based Reduction Approach for Verifying the Correctness of Workflow Models

The correctness of workflow models is one of the major challenges in context of workflow analysis. The aim of this paper is to provide an improved Petri net-based reduction approach for verifying the correctness of workflow models. To the end, how to represent well-behaved building blocks and control structures of business processes by Petri nets is given at first, and then how to build well-structured process nets is presented. According to the structural characteristics of well-structured process nets, a set of legacy reduction rules are improved and extended, and then a complete Petri-net-based verification approach is proposed. The sound ness and the complexity with polynomial time for the improved re duction method are also proven.

Effects of Ultrasonic Field on Microstructures and Properties of Semi-solid AZ91D Magnesium Alloy

The microstructure distribution rule of semi-solid AZ91D alloy treated by ultrasonic was researched, and mechanical properies of specimens before and after ultrasonic treatment were investigated further.Semi-solid AZ91D melt specimens were processed by ultrasonic under different powers, and its microstructures and mechanical properties at different sampling points in specimens were obtained. The experimental results show that the microstructure of AZ91D alloy at different sampling points under the same ultrasonic power is different in grain size and shape, and there is also great difference among their microstructures at the same sampling point under different ultrasonic powers. AZ91D alloy treated by ultrasonic can obtain increment in both tensile strength and plasticity. Under same ultrasonic power, mechanical properties of specimen at different sampling points have obvious difference, and regularity for change of mechanical properties everywhere is similar to regularity for change of grain size and shape everywhere.

Contests for State Power： An Examination of the Consequences of Variations in Electoral Systems in Contemporary Africa

The choice of electoral system determines how the entire electoral process will be run. It can affect not only the size of electoral districts and the ballot structures but also who can vote and how their votes can be counted （Reynolds, 2009; Reynolds, Reilly, ＆ Ellis, 2008）. Conflicts are more likely to arise if an electoral system is perceived as a system of ＂pick and choose＂. Some electoral systems may be less prone to post-election conflicts than others; and to some extent such electoral systems may also be more helpful in promoting democracy than others. In addition, studies have shown that many African countries that hold elections inherited their political systems from their former European colonial powers （Reynolds, 2009; Blanton, Mason, ＆ Athow, 2001; Young, 1986）. Such systems are less likely to work on African terrains. Therefore, designing an electoral system that can help minimize frequent occurrences of political conflict requires not only an in-depth knowledge of party systems in Africa but also a deep understanding of electoral rules of the game. This paper covers two interrelated topics： African models of electoral systems with a particular emphasis on electoral rules and democracy promotion, and elections and party systems.

Damage Assessment of Existing Transmission Structures Using ANFIS （Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference） Model

This paper introduces a new methodology for the damage assessment of existing-transmission structures using six layers, zero order Sugeno model. The model is a hybrid fuzzy-neural system that combines the power of neural networks and fuzzy systems. It is a learning expert system that finds the parameters of the fuzzy sets and fuzzy rules by exploiting approximation techniques from neural networks. The condition ratings of the structural components are determined based on visually observed deterioration-symptoms and the severity of those symptoms. A supervised learning process using training data and expert opinions is used to develop the expert system rules and determine the ratings of the structural components. For the learning from training data, the model uses a combination of least-square estimator and gradient descent method. A sequential least square algorithm is used to determine the weighting factors that minimized the errors. A test case is given to illustrate the power of the proposed fuzzy-neural system. It is concluded that the Sugeno model＇s ability to tune the parameters based on the training data makes it superior to the rules produced by an expert in the conventional fuzzy logic systems.

On the metallogenesis of Dajing Cu-Sn-polymetallic ore deposit,Inner Mongolia,China

The Dajing Cu-Sn-polymetallic ore deposit is famous for its large scale, abundant associated elements, narrow and closely-spaced development of ore veins and high grade, but exploration within the mining district and its deeper parts has revealed no Yanshanian rockbody. Therefore, there have been proposed a diversity of hypotheses on the genesis of the deposit. The authors, from the angle of mantle-branch structure, provided evidence showing that the mining district is located in the core of the Da Hinggan Ling mantle-branch structure, the multi-stage evolution of mantle plume paved the way for the ascending of deep-source ore fluids and these fluids extracted part of the ore-forming materials. Then, these ore-forming materials were concentrated in the favorable structural loci (e.g. structural fissures) to form ores. The orientation of ore-forming and ore-controlling fissures is closely related to the regionally structural stress field at the metallogenic stage. The zonation of Sn, Cu, Au, Ag, Pb, and Zn within the mining district appears to be related to metallogenesis and the crystallization temperature of ore-forming materials. Mineralization of Sn, Cu, Au, etc. which require relatively high crystallization temperature and pressure is in most cases recognized in the central part of the mining district, while that of Ag, Pb, Zn, etc. which require relatively low crystallization temperature and pressure is, for the most part, produced in the periphery of the mining district.

烟丝加工过程中的破碎规律研究

为探索烟丝在加工过程中的破碎规律,设计不同切丝宽度和尺寸的烟丝,研究滚筒、流态化、机械输送等关键加工环节前后烟丝的结构变化规律。结果表明,随着烟丝加工进行,各规格烟丝不断破碎,烟丝的特征尺寸降低,破碎度升高,主要表现在>7.10 mm和4.50~7.10 mm等尺寸较长的烟丝质量分数不断降低,<2.00 mm的烟丝质量分数不断升高,不同处理间3.35~4.50 mm的烟丝质量分数变化差异最大。滚筒加工过程中烟丝质量分数的变化率整体较大,其中滚筒干燥过程最大,其次是振动输送、干燥后的提升输送和风送过程,风选和干燥前的提升等过程较小。加工后1.0 mm宽度烟丝、1.0 mm宽度断丝的烟丝、0.8 mm宽度烟丝和0.8 mm宽度断丝的烟丝特征尺寸变幅分别达到1.86 mm、1.09 mm、1.65 mm和1.08 mm,其破碎度分别达到33.51%、26.35%、33.39%和27.43%。综上,>7.10 mm和4.50~7.10 mm等特征尺寸较大及同一断丝或未断丝处理下宽度较窄的烟丝在加工过程中更易破碎,应根据加工的需求,关注特定尺寸的烟丝质量变化规律,在原料消耗允许的范围内,开展烟丝结构调控和工艺优化。

基于隐结构模型结合关联规则研究冠心病稳定型心绞痛中医证候特征

目的探讨冠心病稳定型心绞痛中医证候的分布及特征,为今后冠心病稳定型心绞痛的辨证论治提供客观可靠的依据。方法计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方(WanFang)、维普(VIP)等数据库内自建库以来至2022年1月的名老中医治疗冠心病稳定型心绞痛的医案及临床经验,采用孔明灯Lantern5.0软件,应用爬山法(LTM-EAST)算法建立症状隐结构模型并进行综合聚类分析;采用SPSS Modeler 15.1软件,用Apriori算法,对中医证素进行关联规则分析并绘制复杂网络图。结果①纳入的206例医案共涉及24个中医证候,其中频次较高(>5%)的分别为心血瘀阻证、痰瘀互结证、气滞血瘀证、痰湿阻滞证、气虚血瘀证、心阳虚证、气阴两虚证。②将共计121个症状作为显变量,应用LTM-EAST算法构建结构模型,得出30个隐变量,对得出的30个隐变量进行综合聚类,共得出9个综合聚类模型即9个中医证候,分别为气滞血瘀证、心血瘀阻证、气虚血瘀证、心阳虚证、气阴两虚证、痰瘀互结证、痰湿内阻证、痰热内闭证、心肾阳虚证。③对24个中医证候提取的17个证素进行关联规则分析,推导出7个中医证候,分别为心血瘀阻证、心阳虚衰证、痰瘀互结证、气阴两虚证、阳虚血瘀证、气虚血瘀证、气滞血瘀证。结论综合归纳,最终得出6个中医常见证候,分别为:气滞血瘀证、心血瘀阻证、气虚血瘀证、心阳虚证、气阴两虚证、痰瘀互结证。

结构功能主义视角下新媒体推动乡村治理法治化研究

乡村治理体系的完善在国家治理体系现代化进程中有重要作用。随着互联网的快速普及,新媒体在乡村治理中的作用逐渐凸显。但是,新媒体融入乡村治理存在着基础规则匮乏、过程强调行政导向、协调机制不足、网络空间失序等困境。结构功能主义与乡村治理法治化深度嵌合,也为探索新媒体推动乡村治理法治化提出更加适配的研究视角。重视规范构造、牢固法治理念、建立协同参与机制、强化监管体系能够优化新媒体融入乡村治理法治化的适应、目标、整合和维模功能。

重大职务犯罪案件审判的内在结构与法治逻辑

重大职务犯罪案件审判是当今中国反腐败工作的重要组成部分。相较于普通刑事案件审判,重大职务犯罪案件审判在办案衔接、审判权归属、审判组织综合管理和最高人民法院具体指导等方面具有独特的运行特征,由此决定这类案件内部审判结构有着以下基本特性:内部审判组织架构的综合性,审判程序规范的适度灵活性,审判运行方式的安全有效性,审判形式上的严格性。在尊重重大职务犯罪案件审判内在固有结构的基础上,仍需从审判权力结构的调整、被告人基本诉讼权利的有效保障、庭前会议和庭审要素的把握和审判方式的灵活运用等方面,建构案件审判的法治逻辑,以体现审判应有的司法属性和程序价值。

基于深度学习算法的学科试卷知识点关联结构研究

机器学习可帮助教师挖掘试卷中知识点之间的关系,检测学生知识点掌握情况,为评价反馈提供支持。使用深度学习Apriori算法,通过模拟研究和实证研究,针对具有不同知识点结构的试卷进行挖掘分析。模拟研究发现:Apriori算法能针对知识点属性复杂的试题进行知识点间关联规则的挖掘,准确率较高;随着样本量的增加,挖掘的准确率增加。实证研究发现:Apriori算法可对中小学的语文、数学、小学科学、中学物理等学科的试卷进行知识点间关联规则挖掘,但学科间挖掘结果有差异。经过粒度优化、删除基础知识点后,Apriori算法可较好挖掘中小学语文、数学剩余知识点间的关联关系,但对跨学科的知识点关系挖掘有待提升。

我国既有多层住宅加装电梯费用分摊的合作博弈模型及其公理化刻画

本文结合我国当前城市既有多层住宅加装电梯费用分摊问题的实际,引入了具有联盟结构的赋权合作博弈模型。在该类博弈中,参与者将依据现实情况进行结盟,形成所谓的“优先联盟”。在此基础上,提出了被称为权分值的分摊规则,并证明了它可以由可加性、联盟内比例对称性、联盟间比例对称性和空化参与者性四个公理唯一确定。作为这个合作博弈模型的应用,本文将我国城市既有多层住宅加装电梯费用分摊问题可归结为具有联盟结构的赋权合作博弈模型,其中业主为参与者,而每一层的参与者们可看作一个优先联盟。当取适当的权值时,该分摊规则涵盖了我国大部分城市出台的既有多层住宅加装电梯业主费用分摊的指导标准,这为这些标准的完善、推广和实施提供了合理的理论依据。