Plasma Surface Modification of Li_(2)TiSiO_(5)Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Solving intrinsic structural problems such as low conductivity is the main challenge to promote the commercial application of Li_(2)TiSiO_(5).In this study,Li_(2)TiSiO_(5)is synthesized by the sol-gelmethod,and the surface modification of Li_(2)TiSiO_(5)is carried out at different temperatures using low-temperature plasma to enhance its lithium storage performance.The morphological structure and electrochemical tests demonstrate that plasma treatment can improve the degree of agglomeration.The peak position of the plasma-treated Li_(2)TiSiO_(5)is shifted to a lower angle,and the shift angle increases with increasing sputtering power.Li_(2)TiSiO_(5)after 300 W bombardment shows excellent capacity(144.7 mA·hg^(−1)after 500 cycles at 0.1 Ag^(−1))and rate performance(140 mA·hg^(−1)at 5 Ag^(−1)).Electrochemical analysis indicates that excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the enhancement of electronic and ionic conductivity by plasma bombardment.

Surface-modified Ag@Ru-P25 for photocatalytic CO_(2) conversion with high selectivity over CH_(4) formation at the solid–gas interface

Systematic optimization of the photocatalyst and investigation of the role of each component is important to maximizing catalytic activity and comprehending the photocatalytic conversion of CO_(2) reduction to solar fuels.A surface-modified Ag@Ru-P25 photocatalyst with H_(2)O_(2) treatment was designed in this study to convert CO_(2) and H_(2)O vapor into highly selective CH4.Ru doping followed by Ag nanoparticles(NPs)cocatalyst deposition on P25(TiO_(2))enhances visible light absorption and charge separation,whereas H_(2)O_(2) treatment modifies the surface of the photocatalyst with hydroxyl(–OH)groups and promotes CO_(2) adsorption.High-resonance transmission electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,X-ray absorption near-edge structure,and extended X-ray absorption fine structure techniques were used to analyze the surface and chemical composition of the photocatalyst,while thermogravimetric analysis,CO_(2) adsorption isotherm,and temperature programmed desorption study were performed to examine the significance of H_(2)O_(2) treatment in increasing CO_(2) reduction activity.The optimized Ag1.0@Ru1.0-P25 photocatalyst performed excellent CO_(2) reduction activity into CO,CH4,and C2H6 with a~95%selectivity of CH4,where the activity was~135 times higher than that of pristine TiO_(2)(P25).For the first time,this work explored the effect of H_(2)O_(2) treatment on the photocatalyst that dramatically increases CO_(2) reduction activity.

Development of Superhydrophobic Nano-SiO_(2)and Its Field Application in Low-permeability,High-temperature,and High-salinity Oil Reservoirs

In this study,to meet the stringent requirements on the hydrophobicity of nano-SiO_(2)particles for use in depressurization and enhanced injection operations in high-temperature and high-salinity oil reservoirs,secondary chemical grafting modification of nano-SiO_(2)is performed using a silane coupling agent to prepare superhydrophobic nano-SiO_(2) particles.Using these superhydrophobic nano-SiO_(2)particles as the core agent,and liquid paraffin or diesel as the dispersion medium,a uniform dispersion of nano-SiO_(2)particles is achieved under high-speed stirring,and a chemically enhanced water injection system with colloidal stability that can be maintained for more than 60 d is successfully developed.Using this system,a field test of depressurization and enhanced injection is carried out on six wells in an oilfield,and the daily oil production level is increased by 11 t.The cumulative increased water injection is 58784 m^(3),the effective rate of the measures was 100%,and the average validity period is 661 d.

Effects of Ce content on the modification of Mg_(2)Si phase in Mg-5Al-2Si alloy

The effect of Ce content(0–1.6 wt.%)on the modification of Mg_(2)Si phase in the as-cast Mg-5Al-2Si alloy was investigated.The original Chinese script type Mg_(2)Si phase was refined distinctly and transformed to dispersive block shape gradually by adding Ce element.The length of Chinese script type Mg_(2)Si phase was reduced from 110 to 50μm with increasing Ce content to 1.6 wt.%.The results calculated by Pandat software indicated that the added Ce element first combined with Si to form CeSi_(2)phase,which could serve as the heterogeneous nucleation of Mg_(2)Si phase due to the small lattice mismatch of 7.97%.The modification of Mg_(2)Si phase was mainly attributed to the facts that Ce changed the growth steps of Mg_(2)Si phase and CeSi_(2)promoted the nucleation of Mg_(2)Si phase.With increasing Ce content from 0 wt.%to 1.6 wt.%,the YS,UTS and EL at 150℃were improved from 67.7 MPa,91.2 MPa and 1.6%to 84.2 MPa,128 MPa and 7.5%,respectively.

Enhancing m^(6)A modification in the motor cortex facilitates corticospinal tract remodeling after spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury typically causes corticospinal tract disruption. Although the disrupted corticospinal tract can self-regenerate to a certain degree, the underlying mechanism of this process is still unclear. N6-methyladenosine(m^(6)A) modifications are the most common form of epigenetic regulation at the RNA level and play an essential role in biological processes. However, whether m^(6)A modifications participate in corticospinal tract regeneration after spinal cord injury remains unknown. We found that expression of methyltransferase 14 protein(METTL14) in the locomotor cortex was high after spinal cord injury and accompanied by elevated m^(6)A levels. Knockdown of Mettl14 in the locomotor cortex was not favorable for corticospinal tract regeneration and neurological recovery after spinal cord injury. Through bioinformatics analysis and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we found that METTL14 regulated Trib2 expression in an m^(6)A-regulated manner, thereby activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and promoting corticospinal tract regeneration. Finally, we administered syringin, a stabilizer of METTL14, using molecular docking. Results confirmed that syringin can promote corticospinal tract regeneration and facilitate neurological recovery by stabilizing METTL14. Findings from this study reveal that m^(6)A modification is involved in the regulation of corticospinal tract regeneration after spinal cord injury.

Surface hydrophobic modification of MXene to promote the electrochemical conversion of N_(2) to NH_(3)

Hydrophobic treatment of the catalyst surfaces can suppress the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) during the nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR).In this work,the surface of Ti_(3)C_(2)Ti_(x) MXene is modified by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB) and trimethoxy(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-trideca fluorooctyl) silane(FOTS) to increase the hydrophobicity of MXenes.The ammonia(NH_(3)) production rate and faradaic efficiency(FE) are improved from 37.62 to 54.01 μg h^(-1)mg_(cat)^(-1).and 5.5% to 18.1% at-0.7 V vs.RHE,respectively after surface modification.^(15)N isotopic labeling experiment confirms that nitrogen in produced ammonia originates from N_(2) in the electrolyte.The excellent NRR activity of surface hydrophobic MXenes is mainly due to surfactant molecules,which inhibit the entry of water molecules and the competitive HER,which have been verified by in situ FT-IR,DFT and molecular dynamics calculations.This strategy provides an ingenious method to design more active NRR electrocatalysts.

Successful lifestyle modifications may underlie umbilical cordmesenchymal stromal cell effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a lifelong condition and a grave threat to human health.Innovative efforts to relieve its detrimental effects are acutely needed.The sine qua non in T2DM management is consistent adherence to a prudent lifestyle and nutrition,combined with aerobic and resistance exercise regimens,together repeatedly shown to lead to complete reversal and even longterm remission.Non-adherence to the above lifestyle adjustments condemns any treatment effort and ultimately the patient to a grim fate.It is thus imperative that every study evaluating the effects of innovative interventions in T2DM objectively compares the novel treatment modality to lifestyle modifications,preferably through double-blind controlled randomization,before claiming efficacy.

Boosting High-Voltage and Ultralong-Cycling Performance of Single-Crystal LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)O_(2) Cathode Materials via Three-in-One Modification

LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)O_(2) is extensively researched as one of the most widely used commercially materials for Li-ion batteries at present.However,the poor high-voltage performance(≥4.3 V)with low reversible capacity limits its replacement for LiCoO_(2) in high-end digital field.Herein,three-in-one modification,Na-doping and Al_(2)O_(3)@Li_(3)BO_(3) dual-coating simultaneously,is explored for single-crystalline LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)O_(2)(N-NCM@AB),which exhibits excellent high-voltage performance.N-NCM@AB displays a discharge-specific capacity of 201.8 mAh g^(−1) at 0.2 C with a high upper voltage of 4.6 V and maintains 158.9 mAh g^(−1) discharge capacity at 1 C over 200 cycles with the corresponding capacity retention of 87.8%.Remarkably,the N-NCM@AB||graphite pouch-type full cell retains 81.2% of its initial capacity with high working voltage of 4.4 V over 1600 cycles.More importantly,the fundamental understandings of three-in-one modification on surface morphology,crystal structure,and phase transformation of N-NCM@AB are clearly revealed.The Na+doped into the Li–O slab can enhance the bond energy,stabilize the crystal structure,and facilitate Li+transport.Additionally,the interior surface layer of Li^(+)-ions conductor Li_(3)BO_(3) relieves the charge transfer resistance with surface coating,whereas the outer surface Al_(2)O_(3) coating layer is beneficial for reducing the active materials loss and alleviating the electrode/electrolyte parasite reaction.This three-in-one strategy provides a reference for the further research on the performance attenuation mechanism of NCM,paving a new avenue to boost the high-voltage performance of NCM cathode in Li-ion batteries.

Etching characteristics and surface modification of InGaSnO thin films under Cl_(2)/Ar plasma

Indium gallium tin oxide(IGTO)thin films have the potential for high mobility and lowtemperature processing,which makes them suitable for applications such as display backplanes and high-voltage switching devices.However,very few studies have investigated the plasmaetching characteristics of IGTO and changes in its properties after etching.In this study,the etching characteristics of IGTO were investigated using Cl_(2)/Ar plasma,and changes in surface properties were analyzed.Results showed that the etch rate increased with an increase in the proportion of Cl_(2),with the highest etch rate observed at 69 nm min^(-1)in pure Cl_(2)plasma with a gas flow rate of 100 sccm.Furthermore,increased radio-frequency power caused a rise in the etch rate,while a process pressure of 15 m Torr was optimal.The primary etching mechanism for IGTO thin films under Cl_(2)plasma was a chemical reaction,and an increased work function indicated the occurrence of defects on the surface.In addition,the etching process reduced the surface roughness of Cl_(2)-containing plasma,whereas the etching process in pure Ar plasma increased surface roughness.This study contributes to a better understanding of the plasmaetching characteristics of IGTO and changes in its properties after etching,providing valuable insights for IGTO-based applications.

Easily Obtaining Excellent Performance High-voltage LiCoO_(2)via Pr_(6)O_(11)Modification

Developing an effective method to synthesize high-performance high-voltage LiCoO_(2) is essential for its industrialization in lithium batteries(LIBs).This work proposes a simple mass-produced strategy for the first time,that is,negative temperature coefficient thermosensitive Pr_(6)O_(11) nanoparticles are uniformly modified on LiCoO_(2) to prepare LiCoO_(2)@Pr_(6)O_(11)(LCO@PrO)via a liquid-phase mixing combined with annealing method.Tested at 274 mA g−1,the modified LCO@PrO electrodes deliver excellent 4.5 V high-voltage cycling performance with capacity retention ratios of 90.8%and 80.5%at 25 and 60℃,being much larger than those of 22.8%and 63.2%for bare LCO electrodes.Several effective strategies were used to clearly unveil the performance enhancement mechanism induced by Pr_(6)O_(11) modification.It is discovered that Pr_(6)O_(11) can improve interface compatibility,exhibit improved conductivity at elevated temperature,thus enhance the Li^(+)diffusion kinetics,and suppress the phase transformation of LCO and its resulting mechanical stresses.The 450 mAh LCO@PrO‖graphite pouch cells show excellent LIB performance and improved thermal safety characteristics.Importantly,the energy density of such pouch cell was increased even by~42%at 5 C.This extremely convenient technology is feasible for producing high-energy density LIBs with negligible cost increase,undoubtedly providing important academic inspiration for industrialization.

Modification of Mg_2Si in Mg-Si alloys with neodymium

The modification effect of neodymium （Nd） on Mg2Si in the hypereutectic Mg-3%Si （mass fraction） alloy was investigated by optical microcopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the morphology of the primary Mg2Si transforms from coarse dendrite into fine polygon with increasing Nd content. The average size of the primary Mg2Si significantly decreases to about 10 ~ma with increasing Nd content up to 1.0%, and then becomes coarser again. The modification and refinement of the primary Mg2Si are mainly attributed to the poisoning effect. The NdMg2 phase in the primary Mg2Si transforms into NdSi and NdSi2 compounds as the Nd content exceeds 3.0%. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the proper Nd （1.0%） addition can effectively modify and refine the primary Mg2Si.

Morphology modification of Mg_2Si by Sr addition in Mg-4%Si alloy

A modification of Mg2Si in the hypereutectic Mg-4%Si alloy（mass fraction） with Sr was investigated.Two types of Mg2Si in the alloys were found：polygonal primary Mg2Si and Chinese script type eutectic Mg2Si.Adding Al-10% Sr master alloy to the Mg-4%Si alloy clearly reduced the average size of primary Mg2Si and changed the morphology of eutectic Mg2Si from Chinese script type to polyhedral or fine fibre shape.The refinement of primary Mg2Si is mainly attributed to the heterogeneous nucleation mechanism induced by the Sr-rich particles.The modification of eutectic Mg2Si results from the dissolved Sr,which alters the preferred growth manner of the eutectic.

Surface modification with SiO_2 coating on biomedical TiNi shape memory alloy by sol-gel method

The effect of heat treatment on the transformation temperature of Ti?52.2%Ni (mole fraction) alloy was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The transformation temperatures of the alloy can be adjusted effectively by heat treatment. Dense and stable SiO2 coatings were deposited on the surface of the pre-oxidized TiNi alloy by sol?gel method. The bonding strength of films and matrix was (65.9±1.5) N. The electrochemical corrosion test shows that the TiNi alloy with SiO2 coating has excellent corrosion resistance in the Hank’s simulated body fluid. The release behaviors of Ni ion of the alloy with and without SiO2 coating implanted in the acoustic vesicle of guinea pig were studied by EDS testing, which was inhibited effectively by the dense and stable SiO2 coating on the alloy.

SiO_(2)高效节能气凝胶隔热材料的制备及性能研究

以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为干燥剂,通过常压干燥法制备了SiO_(2)气凝胶隔热材料,研究了正硅酸乙酯和水的摩尔比对SiO_(2)气凝胶形貌、物相结构、孔径分布、力学性能和导热性能的影响。结果表明,SiO_(2)气凝胶隔热材料为典型的非晶结构,具有有序的介孔孔道,随着水摩尔比的增大,气凝胶的孔道结构有序度逐渐提高,宏观形貌更加完整且致密,摩尔比n(TEOS)∶n(水)=1∶30制备出的气凝胶的多孔网格结构最为致密。随着水摩尔比的增大,SiO_(2)气凝胶的比表面积、抗压强度先增大后降低,导热系数先降低后增大。当摩尔比n(TEOS)∶n(水)=1∶30时,气凝胶比表面积最大为441 m^(2)/g,对应的孔体积为0.414 cm^(3)/g,孔径分布为3.75 nm,抗压强度最大为29.79 kPa,导热系数最低为0.022 W/(m·K),保温性能最优。以TMCS和正己烷对SiO_(2)气凝胶进行疏水改性,体积比V(TMCS)∶V(正己烷)=1∶10时,SiO_(2)气凝胶表面的接触角达到最大值139.6°,疏水性能最佳,热稳定性也得到改善。

NH_(3)SO_(3)改性稀土尾矿催化剂NH_(3)-SCR脱硝活性及SO_(2)/H_(2)O耐受性能研究

采用球磨、微波焙烧方法制备了不同质量分数NH_(3)SO_(3)改性稀土尾矿NH_(3)-SCR脱硝催化剂。通过BET、SEM-EDS、XRD、NH_(3)-TPD、H_(2)-TPR分析了催化剂脱硝活性及SO_(2)/H_(2)O耐受性能。结果表明:NH_(3)SO_(3)改性使催化剂脱硝活性得到了显著提高,10%NH_(3)SO_(3)改性催化剂在300~350℃脱硝活性可达90%左右。SO_(2)/H_(2)O共同作用可将10%NH_(3)SO_(3)改性催化剂脱硝活性提高至97%,其促进作用保持了良好的稳定性,且具有可逆性。NH_(3)SO_(3)改性稀土尾矿后,催化剂比表面积、酸性位点及强度增加,表面活性物质分散度更高,弱化了尾矿矿物晶型,提高了催化剂吸附能力和氧化还原能力,从而提高催化脱硝活性,同时具备优良的SO_(2)/H_(2)O耐受性。

纳米ZrO_(2)的改性及其对硅烷防腐涂层的影响

硅烷材料作为一种绿色环保材料受到了广泛的关注。然而采用溶胶-凝胶法制备的硅烷涂层存在涂层厚度薄、脆性大、交联密度低等缺点,难以为金属材料提供有效的防腐保护,严重限制了硅烷涂层在防腐领域的应用。本研究采用3-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570)对平均晶粒尺寸约为20 nm的纳米氧化锆(ZrO_(2))进行了改性,探究了改性对ZrO_(2)粉体晶粒尺寸以及晶型的影响。此外,研究了改性ZrO_(2)添加量对硅烷涂层微观形貌以及防腐性能的影响。根据动电位极化曲线的结果,改性ZrO_(2)的加入可以显著提高硅烷涂层的防腐性能。采用X射线衍射、动态光散射、透射电镜、热重分析和扫描电镜对改性后的ZrO_(2)进行了表征。当改性ZrO_(2)的添加量为10%时,ZrO_(2)/硅烷复合涂层的腐蚀电位从未添加改性ZrO_(2)时的-0.591 V显著提升至-0.149 V。

液态CO_(2)-水循环作用下煤体的物理改性规律及增润减尘效应

煤层注水是预防煤矿粉尘危害的主动性、治本性措施,也是防治瓦斯突出、冲击地压等灾害的重要手段之一。但我国大量煤层具有高地应力、低孔隙率、低渗透性的特点,传统方法和技术面临水注入难、注水周期长、煤体假性润湿等瓶颈。为此,利用液态CO_(2)具有的低温冷冻、高渗透性、相变自增压、酸化解堵等优异特性,提出液态CO_(2)-水循环作用致裂增润煤体的新思路,研制了液态CO_(2)循环冷浸试验系统,联合低场核磁共振仪研究了液态CO_(2)-水循环作用对煤孔隙结构的影响规律,联用电液伺服压力实验机探究了循环作用对煤体力学特性的改变机理,运用截齿破碎煤岩产尘试验系统研究了循环作用后煤体破碎过程的产尘特性。结果表明:液态CO_(2)-水循环作用使煤体有效孔隙度(φ_(NF))增加,增幅与循环作用次数呈正相关,煤体内部束缚流体变少,自由流体增多,T2截止值(T_(2cutoff))随之降低,结合分形理论发现基于渗流孔隙的分形维数Ds具有明显的分形特征,煤体原生孔隙经历了“扩容”的过程,微裂隙与原始裂隙形成贯通,循环作用增强了有效渗流通道连通性,优化了煤的孔隙网络与渗流条件。随着循环次数的增加,煤的最大应力σ_(c)呈指数衰减至4.93 MPa,应变ε_(c)线性增加至2.29×10^(-2),煤的抗压强度减弱,变形能力增加,循环作用改变了煤基质间联结状态,产生的冻胀力对煤体施加挤压作用加剧了裂隙的扩展,脆性指数B5最大降幅为34.71%,显著减弱了煤体脆性,具有了更好的抗动载荷或冲击能力;煤体对外加能量的存储能力弱化,改变了煤在截割过程中的破坏形式,试验条件下煤体破碎过程全尘产尘率降低了74%,呼吸性粉尘占比下降至2%,大幅减弱了粉尘危害性。

原子层沉积Al_(2)O_(3)对尖晶石LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4)正极材料的影响机理

为提升尖晶石相LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4)正极材料在深度荷电状态下的界面稳定性,采用原子层沉积法在单晶LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4)正极材料表面可控沉积了纳米级Al_(2)O_(3)层。改性后的LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4)正极材料表现出优异的长循环耐腐蚀性能(1C电流密度下循环500次的容量保持率高达94.7%)。进一步的表界面解析结果表明:原子层沉积技术构建的纳米级Al_(2)O_(3)包覆层能够明显抑制材料本体与电解液的腐蚀反应,降低过渡金属离子的不可逆溶解与析出;另外,基于HF表面刻蚀产生的AlF_(3)具有增强的耐刻蚀性能,可显著提升LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4)正极材料在长循环及高电压下的服役性能。

多种构型超临界CO_(2)循环热力学解构分析与参数优化

新型超临界CO_(2)(S-CO_(2))循环可通过流程改良提高效率,构型复杂多样。为了直观阐明各种流程改良措施对循环效率提升的作用机制,本文将预压缩、后压缩、再压缩、间冷、再热等五种构型的S-CO_(2)循环解构为若干热功转换过程,建立各解构过程与循环效率之间的关联方程,进而开展流程参数优化。研究结果表明,预压缩、后压缩和再压缩方案均是通过增加压缩耗功,减少吸热量实现循环效率提升,其中再压缩方案效果最优,再压缩流量优化后循环效率提高5.1%;采用部分间冷方案,可有效降低压缩功耗,同时避免高品位热量贬值,间冷压力优化后循环效率提高2.2%;再热方案在不改变压缩耗功的前提下,增加透平出功,再热压力优化后循环效率提高1.9%;最后,循环联用再压缩、间冷和再热三种节能措施,可使效率提高9.3%。

富镍LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)正极材料改性研究进展

锂离子电池用富镍正极材料LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)具有高能量密度、高安全性等优点。受容量衰减、循环寿命和热稳定性等方面的限制,该材料进一步的改性成为当前研究的热点。针对LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)材料的改性研究主要集中在离子掺杂、表面包覆和结构设计等方面。离子掺杂能改善结构稳定性和电化学性能,特别是过渡金属离子的掺杂有助于延长循环寿命和提高结构稳定性;表面包覆改性可增强电化学稳定性和抗氧化性能,延长循环寿命和提高抗极化能力;结构设计可优化晶体结构、提高传导性能和缓解应力,提高循环稳定性、容量保持率和功率密度。