Electrooxidation of Ferrocene in Nano-emulsion

Nano-emulsion,a kinetically stable system of nanosized oil droplets in water has been numerously used as a medium for biological and medicinal processes.It is also used as a solubilizing medium for compounds or molecules that are insoluble or poorly soluble in aqueous medium in addition to its use as a penetration enhancer in dermatological processes.Ferrocene,a metallocene that is known to be quite insoluble in aqueous medium is liberally soluble in the prepared oil-in-water nano-emulsion.In this medium,ferrocene undergoes a quasi-reversible reaction process and its relevant electrochemical kinetic parameters such as the heterogeneous rate constant,ko,the formal redox potential,Eo,the half-wave potential,E1/2,the electron transfer coefficient,α,and its diffusion coefficient,D,are determined in this medium.These important electrochemical parameters including the observed current function have been used to formulate a plausible mechanism for the oxidation of ferrocene in the formulated nano-emulsion.

Digestion performance improvement of tributyrin through nano-emulsion preparation technology

The current research aimed to optimize the preparation technology of tributyrin nano-emulsion(TBNE)to improve its digestion properties, which were investigated through digestion models in vitro and in vivo. The content of each component of TBNE was optimized by response surface methodology(RSM) to improve the z-average particle size and stability of TBNE. The optimized TBNE was evaluated for its digestion properties by in vitro and in vivo models. The preparation conditions of TBNE optimized by RSM were as follows: 61.3% of sorbitol, 32.7% of tributyrin, and 6.0% of modified phospholipid(MP). The predicted z-average particle size of TBNE was(246.02 ± 18.10) nm. The results of the verification test showed that the z-average particle size, zeta potential, conductivity, emulsification activity index, and emulsification stability index of TBNE were(250.02 ± 7.18) nm,(-40.23 ± 0.76) m V,(31.80 ± 2.09) μS/cm,(848.00 ± 84.53) min and(1.14 ± 0.02) m^(2)/g, respectively. The in vitro digestion experiment results showed that the TBNE remained stable in the stomach and was released in the intestine, while the size of TBNE in the gastrointestinal tact was significantly smaller than that of tributyrin(P < 0.05), which made it easier to be digested and absorbed. Compared with tributyrin treatment, TBNE significantly promoted the average body weight at the 7th day, average daily feed intake,average daily gain, feed/gain, ileum weight, and organ index of ileum of Hy-Line BROWN chicks(P < 0.05), and the butyric acid content in the ileal chyme from TBNE and tributyrin treatment were172.18 mg/m L and 100.85 mg/m L(P < 0.01). Therefore, the established TBNE technology in this study could be supposed to improve the digestion properties of tributyrin.

MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION IN PTFE AS A FUNCTION OF MELT TIME AND TEMPERATURE——Ⅰ.HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT SINGLE-AND MULTI-MOLECULE FOLDED CHAIN SINGLE CRYSTALS AND BAND STRUCTURES

The effect of sintering dispersed dispersion and nano-emulsion particles of high molecular weightpolytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)on a substrate as a function of“melt”time and temperature is described.Folded chain singlecrystals parallel to the substrate and as ribbons on-edge(with double striations),as well as bands,are produced for longersintering times;particle merger and diffusion of individual molecules,crystallizing as folded chain,single(or few)molecule,single crystals when“trapped”on the substrate by cooling occur for shorter sintering times.It is suggested the observedstructures develop with sintering time,in a mesomorphic melt.The structure of the nascent particles is also discussed.

MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION IN PTFE AS A FUNCTION OF MELT TIME AND TEMPERATURE——Ⅱ.LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT FOLDED CHAIN SINGLE CRYSTALS AND BAND STRUCTURES

The effect of sintering dispersed and bulk,low molecular weight(M_n=50,000 Da),nano-emulsionpolytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)particles near their melting point is described.With the nascent particles consisting of ca.75 nm diameter,hexagonal,single crystals,sintering at,e.g.,350℃,results,initially,in merger of neighboring particles,followed by individual molecular motion on the substrate and the formation of folded chain,lamellar single crystals andspherulites,and on-edge ribbons.It is suggested these structures develop,with time,in the mesomorphic“melt”.Sintering ofthe bulk resin yields extended chain,band structures,as well as folded chain lamellae;end-surface to end-surface merger,possibly by end-to-end polymerization,occurs with increasing time.

Formulation and pharmacokinetics of the parenteral fat nano-emulsion of ubenimex

The fat nano-emulsion, which has been used as a drug carrier, especially for the poorly water soluble drug, has drawn favorable attention recently. Ubenimex is a poorly soluble drug with no parenteral treatment available for patients. This study was aimed at the manufacture of a ubenimex loaded fat nano-emulsion for intravenous delivery by SolEmuls~ technology. The formulation and the process parameters were optimized by single-factor design and the obtained ubenimex loaded fat nano-emulsion was stable even after autoclaving. The average particle size was near 200 nm with narrow size distribution and a negative zeta potential of -44 mV. The in vitro release behavior of ubenimex from the fat nano-emulsion could be described by the double phase kinetics model and expressed by the following equation： 100 - Q = 75.27e^-0.369t ＋ 15.94e^-0.0324t, Rα = 0.9863, Rβ = 0.9878. The pharmacokinetic study showed that the pharmacokinetic curves of both the ubenimex fat nano-emulsion and the i.v. ubenimex suspension, were similar and the main parameters showed no significant difference except t1/2. In conclusion, the fat nano-emulsion with ubenimex has potential as a safe and effective parenteral delivery system for poorly water soluble anti-cancer drugs.

Stability assessment of emulsion of carotenoids extracted from carrot bio-waste in flaxseed oil and its application in food model system

The research was conducted on the stability assessment of emulsion of carotenoids extracted from carrot-pomace in omega-3 rich flaxseed oil,followed by converting this emulsion into freeze-dried powder,and its application as natural functional colorant in the preparation of flavored milk.The study indicated that emulsion was stable over a range of pH (5–9),temperature (forewarming to HTST pasteurization) and ionic strength (0.1–0.75 M NaCl) except at pH 4,sterilization temperature and 1.0 M NaCl based on zeta potential and particle size of emulsion analysed at these conditions.Ten percent (out of 8,10 and 12%) of freeze-dried emulsion was selected for addition as a natural functional ingredient in flavored milk on the basis of organoleptic evaluation.The fat,protein,total solids,total carotenoid content and antioxidant value (in terms of ABTS and reducing power assay) of developed product were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than control.The whiteness index of control was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the developed product,while reverse was true for yellowness index.However,both the products showed total color difference of 34.65.The research concludes that carotenoid-rich emulsion can be efficiently freeze-dried and used as a functional natural colorant in flavored milk for providing it better bio-functional attributes over control.