The surface structures of four types of triaminotrinitrobenzene(TATB) prepared by different methods,whose particle size is different,were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Fourier transform infrared photoa...The surface structures of four types of triaminotrinitrobenzene(TATB) prepared by different methods,whose particle size is different,were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy(FTIR-PAS) and x-ray photoelectric spectroscopy(XPS).The results show that coarse TATB has more surface defects and holes.Fine TATB has some surface defects and cavities.Submicron scale TATBs have smooth surfaces with less defects.The surface element compositions of four types of TATB are different,the amount of nitro-group and amino-group is different except coarse TATB.At the same time the viberation of benzene ring and C=C shift to higher wave number as the particle size of TATB is reduced.展开更多
The present paper has disseminated the design approach, project implementation, and economics of a nano-grid system. The deployment of the system is envisioned to acculturate the renewable technology into Indian socie...The present paper has disseminated the design approach, project implementation, and economics of a nano-grid system. The deployment of the system is envisioned to acculturate the renewable technology into Indian society by field-on-laboratory demonstration (FOLD) and ''bridge the gaps between research, develop-ment, and implementation.The system consists of a solar photovoltaic (PV)(2.4 kWp), a wind turbine (3.2 kWp), and a battery bank (400 Ah). Initially, a prefeasibility study is conducted using the well-established HOMER (hybrid optimization model for electric renewable) software developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA. The feasibility study indicates that the optimal capacity for the nano-grid system consists of a 2.16 kWp solar PV, a 3 kWp wind turbine, a 1.44 kW inverter, and a 24 kWh battery bank. The total net present cost (TNPC) and cost of energy (COE) of the system are US$20789.85 and US$0.673/kWh,respectively. However, the hybrid system consisting of a 2.4 kWp of solar PV,a 3.2 kWp of wind turbine, a 3 kVA of inverter, and a 400 Ah of battery bank has been installed due to unavailability of system components of desired values and to enhance the reliability of the system.The TNPC and COE of the system installed are found to be US$20073.63 and US$0,635/kWh, respectively and both costs are largely influenced by battery cost. Besides, this paper has illustrated the installation details of each component as well as of the system. Moreover, it has discussed the detailed cost breakup of the system. Furthermore, the performance of the system has been investigated and validated with the simulation results. It is observed that the power generated from the PV system is quite significant and is almost uniform over the year. Contrary to this, a trivial wind velocity prevails over the year apart from the month of April,May,and June,so does the power yield. This research demonstration provides a pathway for future planning of scaled-up hybrid energy systems or microgrid in this region of India or regions of similar topography.展开更多
This manuscript reports results of combined computational chemistry and batch adsorption investigation of insensitive munition compounds, 2,4-dinitroanisole（DNAN）, triaminotrinitrobenzene（TATB）, 1,1-diamino-2,2-di...This manuscript reports results of combined computational chemistry and batch adsorption investigation of insensitive munition compounds, 2,4-dinitroanisole（DNAN）, triaminotrinitrobenzene（TATB）, 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene（FOX-7） and nitroguanidine（NQ）, and traditional munition compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene（TNT） on the surfaces of cellulose, cellulose triacetate, chitin and chitosan biopolymers. Cellulose,cellulose triacetate, chitin and chitosan were modeled as trimeric form of the linear chain of4 C1 chair conformation of β-D-glucopyranos, its triacetate form, β-N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucosamine, respectively, in the 1 ？ 4 linkage. Geometries were optimized at the M062 X functional level of the density functional theory（DFT） using the 6-31 G（d,p） basis set in the gas phase and in the bulk water solution using the conductor-like polarizable continuum model（CPCM） approach. The nature of potential energy surfaces of the optimized geometries were ascertained through the harmonic vibrational frequency analysis. The basis set superposition error（BSSE） corrected interaction energies were obtained using the 6-311 G（d,p）basis set at the same theoretical level. The computed BSSE in the gas phase was used to correct interaction energy in the bulk water solution. Computed and experimental results regarding the ability of considered surfaces in adsorbing the insensitive munitions compounds are discussed.展开更多
文摘The surface structures of four types of triaminotrinitrobenzene(TATB) prepared by different methods,whose particle size is different,were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy(FTIR-PAS) and x-ray photoelectric spectroscopy(XPS).The results show that coarse TATB has more surface defects and holes.Fine TATB has some surface defects and cavities.Submicron scale TATBs have smooth surfaces with less defects.The surface element compositions of four types of TATB are different,the amount of nitro-group and amino-group is different except coarse TATB.At the same time the viberation of benzene ring and C=C shift to higher wave number as the particle size of TATB is reduced.
文摘The present paper has disseminated the design approach, project implementation, and economics of a nano-grid system. The deployment of the system is envisioned to acculturate the renewable technology into Indian society by field-on-laboratory demonstration (FOLD) and ''bridge the gaps between research, develop-ment, and implementation.The system consists of a solar photovoltaic (PV)(2.4 kWp), a wind turbine (3.2 kWp), and a battery bank (400 Ah). Initially, a prefeasibility study is conducted using the well-established HOMER (hybrid optimization model for electric renewable) software developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA. The feasibility study indicates that the optimal capacity for the nano-grid system consists of a 2.16 kWp solar PV, a 3 kWp wind turbine, a 1.44 kW inverter, and a 24 kWh battery bank. The total net present cost (TNPC) and cost of energy (COE) of the system are US$20789.85 and US$0.673/kWh,respectively. However, the hybrid system consisting of a 2.4 kWp of solar PV,a 3.2 kWp of wind turbine, a 3 kVA of inverter, and a 400 Ah of battery bank has been installed due to unavailability of system components of desired values and to enhance the reliability of the system.The TNPC and COE of the system installed are found to be US$20073.63 and US$0,635/kWh, respectively and both costs are largely influenced by battery cost. Besides, this paper has illustrated the installation details of each component as well as of the system. Moreover, it has discussed the detailed cost breakup of the system. Furthermore, the performance of the system has been investigated and validated with the simulation results. It is observed that the power generated from the PV system is quite significant and is almost uniform over the year. Contrary to this, a trivial wind velocity prevails over the year apart from the month of April,May,and June,so does the power yield. This research demonstration provides a pathway for future planning of scaled-up hybrid energy systems or microgrid in this region of India or regions of similar topography.
文摘This manuscript reports results of combined computational chemistry and batch adsorption investigation of insensitive munition compounds, 2,4-dinitroanisole（DNAN）, triaminotrinitrobenzene（TATB）, 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene（FOX-7） and nitroguanidine（NQ）, and traditional munition compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene（TNT） on the surfaces of cellulose, cellulose triacetate, chitin and chitosan biopolymers. Cellulose,cellulose triacetate, chitin and chitosan were modeled as trimeric form of the linear chain of4 C1 chair conformation of β-D-glucopyranos, its triacetate form, β-N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucosamine, respectively, in the 1 ？ 4 linkage. Geometries were optimized at the M062 X functional level of the density functional theory（DFT） using the 6-31 G（d,p） basis set in the gas phase and in the bulk water solution using the conductor-like polarizable continuum model（CPCM） approach. The nature of potential energy surfaces of the optimized geometries were ascertained through the harmonic vibrational frequency analysis. The basis set superposition error（BSSE） corrected interaction energies were obtained using the 6-311 G（d,p）basis set at the same theoretical level. The computed BSSE in the gas phase was used to correct interaction energy in the bulk water solution. Computed and experimental results regarding the ability of considered surfaces in adsorbing the insensitive munitions compounds are discussed.
