Objective: To investigate the effect of nano hydroxyapatite/collagen (nHA/collagen) composite as a graft extender and enhancer when combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP 2) on lumbar inte...Objective: To investigate the effect of nano hydroxyapatite/collagen (nHA/collagen) composite as a graft extender and enhancer when combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP 2) on lumbar intertransverse fusion in rabbits. Methods: Sixty four adult female New Zealand white rabbits, aged 1 year and weighing 3.5 4.5 kg, underwent similar posterolateral intertransverse process arthrodesis and were randomly divided into 4 groups based on different grafts: autogenous cancellous bone alone (ACB group), nHA/collagen alone (HAC group), half autogenous cancellous bone and half nHA/collagen (ACB+HAC group) and nHA/collagen combined with rhBMP 2 (HAC+BMP group). The fusion masses were analyzed by manual palpation, radiography, biomechanical testing and histological examination. Results: Fusion was observed in 4 cases in the 6th week and in 5 cases in the 10th week after surgery in ACB group. No case showed fusion in HAC group. In ACB+HAC group, there was fusion in 3 cases in the 6th week and in 4 cases in the 10th week after surgery. In HAC+BMP group, fusion in 1 case was found in the 4th week, in 5 cases in the 6th week and in 6 cases in the 10th week after surgery. It suggested that ACB, ACB+HAC and HAC+BMP groups showed similar fusion ratio and mechanical strength in the 6th and 10th week after surgery. According to the microstructure analysis of the samples, nHA/collagen had no negative effect when implanted together with ilium autograft. In HAC+BMP group, new bone like tissue was observed in the 2nd week postoperatively, and nearly all of the implanted composites were replaced by mature bone matrix and new bones in 10th week postoperatively. Conclusions: The nHA/collagen, especially combined with rhBMP 2, is a promising bone substitute, for it has quick biodegradation, fine bone bending ability, and high osteoconductivity on posterolateral spinal fusion in rabbits.展开更多
Nowadays,magnesium alloys are emerging in biomedical implants for their similar properties to natural bones.However,the rapid degradation of magnesium alloys in biological media hinders successful implantation.Refinem...Nowadays,magnesium alloys are emerging in biomedical implants for their similar properties to natural bones.However,the rapid degradation of magnesium alloys in biological media hinders successful implantation.Refinement of microstructure,as well as reinforcement particles can significantly improve the degradation rate.In this work,multi-pass friction stir processing(FSP)was proposed to synthesize WE43/nano-hydroxyapatite(n HA)surface composite,the microstructure,reinforced particle distribution,micro-hardness,corrosion behavior and in-vitro bioactivity were studied.The subsequent FSP passes of WE43 alloy and WE43/n HA composite refined the grain size which was reduced by 94.29%and 95.92%(2.63 and 1.88μm,respectively)compared to base metal after three passes.This resulted in increasing the microhardness by 120%(90.86 HV0.1)and 135%(105.59 HV0.1)for the WE43 and WE43-n HA,respectively.It is found that increasing FSP passes improved the uniform distribution of n HA particles within the composite matrix which led to improved corrosion resistance and less degradation rate.The corrosion rate of the FSPed WE43/n HA composite after three passes was reduced by 38.2%(4.13 mm/year)and the degradation rate was reduced by 69.7%(2.87 mm/y).This is attributed to secondary phase(Mg24Y5and Mg41Nd5)particle fragmentation and redistribution,as well as a homogeneous distribution of n HA.Additionally,the growing Ca-P and Mg(OH)2layer formed on the surface represented a protective layer that reduced the degradation rate.The wettability test revealed a relatively hydrophilic surface with water contact angle of 49.1±2.2°compared to 71.2±2.1°for base metal.Also,biomineralization test showed that apatite layer grew after immersion 7d in simulated body fluid with atomic ratio of Ca/P 1.60 approaching the stoichiometric ratio(1.67)indicating superior bioactivity of FSPed WE43/n HA composite after three passes.These results raise that the grain refinement by FSP and introduction of n HA particles significantly improved the degradation rate and in-vitro bioactivity of WE43 alloy for biomedical applications.展开更多
A multi-layered composite scaffolds consisting of poly ( L- ne) ( P (LLA-CL) ), collagen (COL) and chitosan (CS) were fabricated by a bi-directional electrospinnlng method. Synthetic P (LLA-CL) was used as...A multi-layered composite scaffolds consisting of poly ( L- ne) ( P (LLA-CL) ), collagen (COL) and chitosan (CS) were fabricated by a bi-directional electrospinnlng method. Synthetic P (LLA-CL) was used as the middle layer to enhance the strength, while natural COL/CS blending (9: 1, v/v) was used as the bioactive surfaces (inner and outer layers ) to improve the biocompatibility. Each three transitional layers were set between inner/outer layer and middle layer for delamination resistance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the fiber morphology. The Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) spectra, X- ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TG) tests were used to analyze the physical properties of the scaffolds. The results showed that the modified clectrospinning method bad no negative effect on the components, crystal structure and thermostability of the scaffolds, but could effectively combine the mechanical property of synthetic material and biocompatibility of natural materials. Such method could be applied to the fabrication of composite scaffolds for vascular, skin. and nerve tissue engineering.展开更多
Extracellular matrices (ECMs) found in vertebrate tissues are fiber reinforced composite materials that prevent premature mechanical failure, store, transmit, and dissipate mechanical energy generated by the musculosk...Extracellular matrices (ECMs) found in vertebrate tissues are fiber reinforced composite materials that prevent premature mechanical failure, store, transmit, and dissipate mechanical energy generated by the musculoskeletal system. We have developed a new method using optical cohesion tomography and vibrational analysis to non-destructively and non-invasively measure the mechanical properties of composite tissues and polymeric materials. In addition, this method can be used to measure the moduli of individual components of composite materials and perform “mechanical spectroscopy” on materials. In addition, we propose that measurement of the resonant frequency of a material minimizes the viscoelastic behavior of a composite material. This approach simplifies the analysis of mechanical behavior of polymers and others materials that demonstrate time-dependence to their properties.展开更多
Ovine bones are the major by-products after slaughtered. The present study was conducted to extract and characterize acid soluble collagens (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagens (PSC) from ovine bones (Ujumuqin shee...Ovine bones are the major by-products after slaughtered. The present study was conducted to extract and characterize acid soluble collagens (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagens (PSC) from ovine bones (Ujumuqin sheep). Ovine bones collagen were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and liquid chromatography-tan- dem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as type I collagen. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis testified the existence of triple superhelical structure in both ASC and PSC, showing pepsin did not disrupt the triple helical structure of ovine bones collagen. Glycine, accounting for one-third of total amino acids, was the major amino acid for ovine bones collagen. Higher imino acid content was responsible for higher thermal denaturation temperature of ovine bones collagen compared to fish collagens. The isoelectric point of ASC was lower than PSC due to the higher content of acidic amino acids. Therefore, this study provides the potential reference for collagen extraction and application of ovine bones by-procduct.展开更多
Nano-ceramic particles can serve as reinforcing agents for metallic materials to improve their mechanical properties.However,it is important to ensure chemical compatibility between the matrix and particles.In the pre...Nano-ceramic particles can serve as reinforcing agents for metallic materials to improve their mechanical properties.However,it is important to ensure chemical compatibility between the matrix and particles.In the present study,magnesium composites with and without nano-hydroxyapatite(nHA)particles were fabricated for bone reconstruction applications.Two different techniques were used,Conventional Sintering(CS)of powder compacts and Spark Plasma Sintering(SPS)of pre-compacted powder.Results showed that a 10 wt%addition of nHA particles to magnesium,followed by SPS improved the compression strength by 27%.CS did not lead to any significant improvement compared to SPS processing.X-ray diffraction data after CS revealed the formation of unfavorable phases due to chemical reactions between nHA particles and the magnesium matrix,while these phases were absent after SPS processing.The mechanical properties of the specimens fabricated by CS were much inferior to those processed using SPS.The shorter processing time associated with SPS leaded to reduced interaction between nHA particles and the Mg-matrix,compared to CS.展开更多
This paper aims to prepare a PVA-GAG-COL composite with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (COL) by the method of freeze drying and to investigate the feasibility as a tissue engineering sca...This paper aims to prepare a PVA-GAG-COL composite with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (COL) by the method of freeze drying and to investigate the feasibility as a tissue engineering scaffold for tissue or organ repairing. In this study, SEM was used to observe the morphology. Biocompatibility was tested by cell culture with the extracted fluid of composite materials. Different proportional scaffolds could be obtained with different concentrations and alcoholysis degree of PVA. Different proportional scaffolds also had different porous structures. SEM proved that large amount of porous structure could be formed. Biocompatibility test showed that the extracted fluid of composite materials was nontoxic, which could promote the adhesion and proliferation of the fibroblast. Fibroblast could grow on the scaffold normally.A porous scaffold for tissue engineering with high water content can be fabricated by PVA, GAG and COL, which has excellent cell biocompatibility. The porous structure shows potential in tissue engineering and cell culture.展开更多
A PVA- GAG- COL composite scaffold is fabricated by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (COL). Laser surface modification technology is used to make holes on the surface of the scaffolds. Ins...A PVA- GAG- COL composite scaffold is fabricated by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (COL). Laser surface modification technology is used to make holes on the surface of the scaffolds. Inside and outside interconnection microporous structure is obtained. Biocompatibility test of the scaffolds shows that PVA- GAG- COL scaffold can promote the adhesion and proliferation of the fibroblast. Also, fibroblast can grow normally on the scaffolds with pore diameter from 115 um to 255 um and pore distance from 500 um to 2000 um. PVA- GAG- COL scaffolds possess excellent cell biocompatibility. The porous structure is suitable for cell culture in tissue engineering.展开更多
Bone is consisted of bone matrix,cells and bioactive factors,and bone matrix is the combination of inorganic minerals and organic polymers.Type I collagen fibril made of five triple-helical collagen chains is the main...Bone is consisted of bone matrix,cells and bioactive factors,and bone matrix is the combination of inorganic minerals and organic polymers.Type I collagen fibril made of five triple-helical collagen chains is the main organic polymer in bone matrix.It plays an important role in the bone formation and remodeling process.Moreover,collagen is one of the most commonly used scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering due to its excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability.However,the low mechanical strength and osteoinductivity of collagen limit its wider applications in bone regeneration field.By incorporating different biomaterials,the properties such as porosity,structural stability,osteoinductivity,osteogenicity of collagen matrixes can be largely improved.This review summarizes and categorizes different kinds of biomaterials including bioceramic,carbon and polymer materials used as components to fabricate collagen based composite scaffolds for bone regeneration.Moreover,the possible directions of future research and development in this field are also proposed.展开更多
The use of various types of calcium phosphate has been reported in the preparation of repairing materials for bone defects.However,the physicochemical and biological properties among them might be vastly different.In ...The use of various types of calcium phosphate has been reported in the preparation of repairing materials for bone defects.However,the physicochemical and biological properties among them might be vastly different.In this study,we prepared two types of calcium phosphates,nano-hydroxyapatite(nHA)and natural bone ceramic(NBC),into 3D scaffolds by mixing with type I collagen(CoL),resulting in the nHA/CoL and NBC/CoL scaffolds.We then evaluated and compared the physicochemical and biological properties of these two calcium phosphates and their composite scaffold with CoL.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD)and compressive tests were used to,respectively,characterize the morphology,composition,distribution and the effect of nHA and NBC to collagen.Next,we examined the biological properties of the scaffolds using cytotoxicity testing,flow cytometry,immunofluorescence staining,biocompatibility testing,CCK-8 assays and RT-PCR.The results reflected that the Ca2t released from nHA and NBC could bind chemically with collagen and affect its physicochemical properties,including the infrared absorption spectrum and compression modulus,among others.Furthermore,the two kinds of scaffolds could promote the expression of osteo-relative genes,but showed different gene induction properties.In short,NBC/CoL could promote the expression of early osteogenic genes,while nHA/CoL could upregulate late osteogenic genes.Conclusively,these two composite scaffolds could provide MC3T3-E1 cells with a biomimetic surface for adhesion,proliferation and the formation of mineralized extracellular matrices.Moreover,nHA/CoL and NBC/CoL had different effects on the period and extent ofMC3T3-E1 cell mineralization.展开更多
文摘Objective: To investigate the effect of nano hydroxyapatite/collagen (nHA/collagen) composite as a graft extender and enhancer when combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP 2) on lumbar intertransverse fusion in rabbits. Methods: Sixty four adult female New Zealand white rabbits, aged 1 year and weighing 3.5 4.5 kg, underwent similar posterolateral intertransverse process arthrodesis and were randomly divided into 4 groups based on different grafts: autogenous cancellous bone alone (ACB group), nHA/collagen alone (HAC group), half autogenous cancellous bone and half nHA/collagen (ACB+HAC group) and nHA/collagen combined with rhBMP 2 (HAC+BMP group). The fusion masses were analyzed by manual palpation, radiography, biomechanical testing and histological examination. Results: Fusion was observed in 4 cases in the 6th week and in 5 cases in the 10th week after surgery in ACB group. No case showed fusion in HAC group. In ACB+HAC group, there was fusion in 3 cases in the 6th week and in 4 cases in the 10th week after surgery. In HAC+BMP group, fusion in 1 case was found in the 4th week, in 5 cases in the 6th week and in 6 cases in the 10th week after surgery. It suggested that ACB, ACB+HAC and HAC+BMP groups showed similar fusion ratio and mechanical strength in the 6th and 10th week after surgery. According to the microstructure analysis of the samples, nHA/collagen had no negative effect when implanted together with ilium autograft. In HAC+BMP group, new bone like tissue was observed in the 2nd week postoperatively, and nearly all of the implanted composites were replaced by mature bone matrix and new bones in 10th week postoperatively. Conclusions: The nHA/collagen, especially combined with rhBMP 2, is a promising bone substitute, for it has quick biodegradation, fine bone bending ability, and high osteoconductivity on posterolateral spinal fusion in rabbits.
基金supported by the University Malaya(Grant code:FRGS/1/2022/TK10/UM/02/6)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51275414,No.51605387)Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through the Large Groups Project under grant number RGP.2/303/44。
文摘Nowadays,magnesium alloys are emerging in biomedical implants for their similar properties to natural bones.However,the rapid degradation of magnesium alloys in biological media hinders successful implantation.Refinement of microstructure,as well as reinforcement particles can significantly improve the degradation rate.In this work,multi-pass friction stir processing(FSP)was proposed to synthesize WE43/nano-hydroxyapatite(n HA)surface composite,the microstructure,reinforced particle distribution,micro-hardness,corrosion behavior and in-vitro bioactivity were studied.The subsequent FSP passes of WE43 alloy and WE43/n HA composite refined the grain size which was reduced by 94.29%and 95.92%(2.63 and 1.88μm,respectively)compared to base metal after three passes.This resulted in increasing the microhardness by 120%(90.86 HV0.1)and 135%(105.59 HV0.1)for the WE43 and WE43-n HA,respectively.It is found that increasing FSP passes improved the uniform distribution of n HA particles within the composite matrix which led to improved corrosion resistance and less degradation rate.The corrosion rate of the FSPed WE43/n HA composite after three passes was reduced by 38.2%(4.13 mm/year)and the degradation rate was reduced by 69.7%(2.87 mm/y).This is attributed to secondary phase(Mg24Y5and Mg41Nd5)particle fragmentation and redistribution,as well as a homogeneous distribution of n HA.Additionally,the growing Ca-P and Mg(OH)2layer formed on the surface represented a protective layer that reduced the degradation rate.The wettability test revealed a relatively hydrophilic surface with water contact angle of 49.1±2.2°compared to 71.2±2.1°for base metal.Also,biomineralization test showed that apatite layer grew after immersion 7d in simulated body fluid with atomic ratio of Ca/P 1.60 approaching the stoichiometric ratio(1.67)indicating superior bioactivity of FSPed WE43/n HA composite after three passes.These results raise that the grain refinement by FSP and introduction of n HA particles significantly improved the degradation rate and in-vitro bioactivity of WE43 alloy for biomedical applications.
基金"111 Project" Biomedical Textile Materials Science and Technology,China,National Natural Science Foundations of China,Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China,Ph.D.Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China
文摘A multi-layered composite scaffolds consisting of poly ( L- ne) ( P (LLA-CL) ), collagen (COL) and chitosan (CS) were fabricated by a bi-directional electrospinnlng method. Synthetic P (LLA-CL) was used as the middle layer to enhance the strength, while natural COL/CS blending (9: 1, v/v) was used as the bioactive surfaces (inner and outer layers ) to improve the biocompatibility. Each three transitional layers were set between inner/outer layer and middle layer for delamination resistance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the fiber morphology. The Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) spectra, X- ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TG) tests were used to analyze the physical properties of the scaffolds. The results showed that the modified clectrospinning method bad no negative effect on the components, crystal structure and thermostability of the scaffolds, but could effectively combine the mechanical property of synthetic material and biocompatibility of natural materials. Such method could be applied to the fabrication of composite scaffolds for vascular, skin. and nerve tissue engineering.
文摘Extracellular matrices (ECMs) found in vertebrate tissues are fiber reinforced composite materials that prevent premature mechanical failure, store, transmit, and dissipate mechanical energy generated by the musculoskeletal system. We have developed a new method using optical cohesion tomography and vibrational analysis to non-destructively and non-invasively measure the mechanical properties of composite tissues and polymeric materials. In addition, this method can be used to measure the moduli of individual components of composite materials and perform “mechanical spectroscopy” on materials. In addition, we propose that measurement of the resonant frequency of a material minimizes the viscoelastic behavior of a composite material. This approach simplifies the analysis of mechanical behavior of polymers and others materials that demonstrate time-dependence to their properties.
基金funded by the emarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-39)the National Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program
文摘Ovine bones are the major by-products after slaughtered. The present study was conducted to extract and characterize acid soluble collagens (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagens (PSC) from ovine bones (Ujumuqin sheep). Ovine bones collagen were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and liquid chromatography-tan- dem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as type I collagen. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis testified the existence of triple superhelical structure in both ASC and PSC, showing pepsin did not disrupt the triple helical structure of ovine bones collagen. Glycine, accounting for one-third of total amino acids, was the major amino acid for ovine bones collagen. Higher imino acid content was responsible for higher thermal denaturation temperature of ovine bones collagen compared to fish collagens. The isoelectric point of ASC was lower than PSC due to the higher content of acidic amino acids. Therefore, this study provides the potential reference for collagen extraction and application of ovine bones by-procduct.
基金This study was approved by Ethics Committee of National Institute of Medical Researches(IR.NIMAD.REC:1397.037)fully supported by the National Institute for Medical Research Development(Grant No.971416)。
文摘Nano-ceramic particles can serve as reinforcing agents for metallic materials to improve their mechanical properties.However,it is important to ensure chemical compatibility between the matrix and particles.In the present study,magnesium composites with and without nano-hydroxyapatite(nHA)particles were fabricated for bone reconstruction applications.Two different techniques were used,Conventional Sintering(CS)of powder compacts and Spark Plasma Sintering(SPS)of pre-compacted powder.Results showed that a 10 wt%addition of nHA particles to magnesium,followed by SPS improved the compression strength by 27%.CS did not lead to any significant improvement compared to SPS processing.X-ray diffraction data after CS revealed the formation of unfavorable phases due to chemical reactions between nHA particles and the magnesium matrix,while these phases were absent after SPS processing.The mechanical properties of the specimens fabricated by CS were much inferior to those processed using SPS.The shorter processing time associated with SPS leaded to reduced interaction between nHA particles and the Mg-matrix,compared to CS.
基金National High-tech Reasearch and Development Program of China(863 Program)grant number:2077AA09Z436+1 种基金Guangdong Project '211'grant number:50621030
文摘This paper aims to prepare a PVA-GAG-COL composite with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (COL) by the method of freeze drying and to investigate the feasibility as a tissue engineering scaffold for tissue or organ repairing. In this study, SEM was used to observe the morphology. Biocompatibility was tested by cell culture with the extracted fluid of composite materials. Different proportional scaffolds could be obtained with different concentrations and alcoholysis degree of PVA. Different proportional scaffolds also had different porous structures. SEM proved that large amount of porous structure could be formed. Biocompatibility test showed that the extracted fluid of composite materials was nontoxic, which could promote the adhesion and proliferation of the fibroblast. Fibroblast could grow on the scaffold normally.A porous scaffold for tissue engineering with high water content can be fabricated by PVA, GAG and COL, which has excellent cell biocompatibility. The porous structure shows potential in tissue engineering and cell culture.
基金863 Program grant number: 2077AA09Z436+1 种基金Guangdong Province '211' Fund for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering grantnumber: 50621030
文摘A PVA- GAG- COL composite scaffold is fabricated by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (COL). Laser surface modification technology is used to make holes on the surface of the scaffolds. Inside and outside interconnection microporous structure is obtained. Biocompatibility test of the scaffolds shows that PVA- GAG- COL scaffold can promote the adhesion and proliferation of the fibroblast. Also, fibroblast can grow normally on the scaffolds with pore diameter from 115 um to 255 um and pore distance from 500 um to 2000 um. PVA- GAG- COL scaffolds possess excellent cell biocompatibility. The porous structure is suitable for cell culture in tissue engineering.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81672134)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.15441905300,17510710800,16DZ0503800).
文摘Bone is consisted of bone matrix,cells and bioactive factors,and bone matrix is the combination of inorganic minerals and organic polymers.Type I collagen fibril made of five triple-helical collagen chains is the main organic polymer in bone matrix.It plays an important role in the bone formation and remodeling process.Moreover,collagen is one of the most commonly used scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering due to its excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability.However,the low mechanical strength and osteoinductivity of collagen limit its wider applications in bone regeneration field.By incorporating different biomaterials,the properties such as porosity,structural stability,osteoinductivity,osteogenicity of collagen matrixes can be largely improved.This review summarizes and categorizes different kinds of biomaterials including bioceramic,carbon and polymer materials used as components to fabricate collagen based composite scaffolds for bone regeneration.Moreover,the possible directions of future research and development in this field are also proposed.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0108200,2018YFC116400)the International Cooperation Project of Hainan Province(KJHZ2015-30)Sci&Tech Program of Guangzhou of China(201803010086).
文摘The use of various types of calcium phosphate has been reported in the preparation of repairing materials for bone defects.However,the physicochemical and biological properties among them might be vastly different.In this study,we prepared two types of calcium phosphates,nano-hydroxyapatite(nHA)and natural bone ceramic(NBC),into 3D scaffolds by mixing with type I collagen(CoL),resulting in the nHA/CoL and NBC/CoL scaffolds.We then evaluated and compared the physicochemical and biological properties of these two calcium phosphates and their composite scaffold with CoL.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD)and compressive tests were used to,respectively,characterize the morphology,composition,distribution and the effect of nHA and NBC to collagen.Next,we examined the biological properties of the scaffolds using cytotoxicity testing,flow cytometry,immunofluorescence staining,biocompatibility testing,CCK-8 assays and RT-PCR.The results reflected that the Ca2t released from nHA and NBC could bind chemically with collagen and affect its physicochemical properties,including the infrared absorption spectrum and compression modulus,among others.Furthermore,the two kinds of scaffolds could promote the expression of osteo-relative genes,but showed different gene induction properties.In short,NBC/CoL could promote the expression of early osteogenic genes,while nHA/CoL could upregulate late osteogenic genes.Conclusively,these two composite scaffolds could provide MC3T3-E1 cells with a biomimetic surface for adhesion,proliferation and the formation of mineralized extracellular matrices.Moreover,nHA/CoL and NBC/CoL had different effects on the period and extent ofMC3T3-E1 cell mineralization.