Blade-Coated Porous 3D Carbon Composite Electrodes Coupled with Multiscale Interfaces for Highly Sensitive All-Paper Pressure Sensors

Flexible and wearable pressure sensors hold immense promise for health monitoring,covering disease detection and postoperative rehabilitation.Developing pressure sensors with high sensitivity,wide detection range,and cost-effectiveness is paramount.By leveraging paper for its sustainability,biocompatibility,and inherent porous structure,herein,a solution-processed all-paper resistive pressure sensor is designed with outstanding performance.A ternary composite paste,comprising a compressible 3D carbon skeleton,conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate),and cohesive carbon nanotubes,is blade-coated on paper and naturally dried to form the porous composite electrode with hierachical micro-and nano-structured surface.Combined with screen-printed Cu electrodes in submillimeter finger widths on rough paper,this creates a multiscale hierarchical contact interface between electrodes,significantly enhancing sensitivity(1014 kPa-1)and expanding the detection range(up to 300 kPa)of as-resulted all-paper pressure sensor with low detection limit and power consumption.Its versatility ranges from subtle wrist pulses,robust finger taps,to large-area spatial force detection,highlighting its intricate submillimetermicrometer-nanometer hierarchical interface and nanometer porosity in the composite electrode.Ultimately,this all-paper resistive pressure sensor,with its superior sensing capabilities,large-scale fabrication potential,and cost-effectiveness,paves the way for next-generation wearable electronics,ushering in an era of advanced,sustainable technological solutions.

Effects of temperature gradient on the interface microstructure and diffusion of diffusion couples:Phase-field simulation

The temporal interface microstructures and diffusions in the diffusion couples with the mutual interactions of the temperature gradient, concentration difference and initial aging time of the alloys are studied by phase-field simulation, and the diffusion couples are produced by the initial aged spinodal alloys with different compositions. Temporal composition evolution and volume fraction of the separated phase indicate the element diffusion direction through the interface under the temperature gradient. The increased temperature gradient induces a wide single-phase region on two sides of the interface.The uphill diffusion proceeds through the interface, no matter whether the diffusion direction is up or down with respect to the temperature gradient. For an alloy with short initial aging time, phase transformation accompanying the interdiffusion results in the straight interface with the single-phase regions on both sides. Compared with the temperature gradient,composition difference of diffusion couple and initial aging time of the alloy show greater effects on diffusion and interface microstructure.

THE BOUNDARY LAYER SOLUTIONS OF THE INTERFACE PROBLEM CONSIDERING THE STRAIN GRADIENT

Acoording to the classical elastic theory, there is always adiscontinuity of rotation angle on the interface different materials.This illogic result can be overcome by the strain gradient plasticitytheory. In the light of this theory, there is a group of boundarylayer solutions near the in- terface, which have made importantadjustment of the classical results.

Research on changes of hydrodynamics and ion-exchange adsorption in Brackish-Water Interface

In light of multiple field experiments in typical tidal areas with active sea-land interaction, corresponding analysis through hydrodynamic simulation and of ion composition evolution all insist on following conclusions. Due to the tide, the groundwater level is basically in line with its level but with a slight lag. Moreover, smaller amplitude of such changes were always accompanied by greater distance from shores. In this paper, two salt-freshwater interfaces were identified, namely, a large wedge-shaped interface and an inverted U-shaped one located at K5 (monitoring point). The critical hydraulic gradient of saltwater intrusion was between 0.0345 and 0.0377. Apart from that, mathematical and physical models were adopted to measure the influence of tides, showing a inverse proportion to the hydraulic gradient In addition, characteristics of ionic components can prove that K^+ was adsorbed and Ca^2+ was displaced during saline intrusion, while a reverse process was witnessed during desalting. In summary, cation exchange adsorption plus other complex physical chemical effects would take place during saltwater intrusion.

AN ANALYSIS OF INTERFACE BOUNDARY LAYERS BASED ON THE COUPLE STRESS THEORY

Investigated in this paper are the effects of strain gradients onthe stress distribution near an interface. The quasi-axis-symmetryinterface problem is solved by using the couple stress theory and theper- turbation method. The results show that a boundary layer existsnear an interface or a fixed boundary, where the shear stressperpendicular to the interface is significantly different from thatobtained from the classical elasticity theory.

Phase field modeling of ferroelastic variant switching in yttria-stabilized t'zirconia with strain gradient elasticity and interface tension

The 6–8 wt%yttria-stabilized zirconia with a tetragonal structure(t’-YSZ)is extensively employed in thermal barrier coatings.The exceptional fracture toughness of t’-YSZ can be attributed to its distinctive ferroelastic toughening mechanism.Microstructure and interface tension play a critical role in ferroelastic variant switching at the micro-and nano-scale.This paper presents an original thermodynamically consistent phase field(PF)theory for analyzing ferroelastic variant switching at the micro-and nano-scale of t’-YSZ.The theory incorporates strain gradient elasticity using higher-order elastic energy and interface tension tensor via geometric nonlinearity to represent biaxial tension resulting from interface energy.Subsequently,a mixed-type formulation is employed to implement the higher-order theory through the finite element method.For an interface in equilibrium,the effects of strain gradient elasticity result in a more uniform distribution of stresses,whereas the presence of interface tension tensor significantly amplifies the stress magnitude at the interface.The introduction of an interface tension tensor increases the maximum value of stress at the interface by a factor of 4 to 10.The nucleation and evolution of variants at a pre-existing crack tip in a mono-phase t’-YSZ have also been studied.The strain gradient elasticity is capable of capturing the size effect of ferroelastic variant switching associated with microstructures in experiments.Specifically,when the grain size approaches that of the specimen,the critical load required for variant switching at the crack tip increases,resulting in greater dissipation of elastic energy during ferroelastic variant switching.Moreover,the interface tension accelerates the evolution of variants.The presented framework exhibits significant potential in modeling ferroelastic variant switching at the micro-and nano-scale.

Theoretical simulation of the effect of deformation on local gravity in a density gradient zone

We modeled the effect of the deformation of a Density Gradient Zone （DGZ） on a local gravity field using a cubical model and introduced a new method to simulate a complex DGZ （CDGZ）. Then, we analyzed the features of the model for the influence of the deformation of the DGZ on the local gravity field. We concluded that land-based gravity is not sensitive to the thickness of the DGZ and that the magnitude of the contribution of the DGZ is one order less than that of the volume strain with the same displacement.

Role of temperature gradient in liquid/solid phase solution-diffusion bonding

The liquid-film solution-diffusion bonding of ZCuBe2.5 alloys was conducted using Cu-based alloy powders. The tensile strength of the joint is up to 318 MPa. With the increase of temperature gradient, the bonding time decreases and the interface migration velocity increases remarkably. The appropriate temperature gradient is 5-40 K/cm. Under fixed bonding time, the thickness of diffusion layer increases with the increase of temperature gradient, and this tendency becomes more remarkable with the prolonging of bonding time.

A MATLAB-Based Numerical and GUI Implementation of Cross-Gradients Joint Inversion of Gravity and Magnetic Data

The cross-gradients joint inversion technique has been applied to multiple geophysical data with a significant improvement on compatibility, but its numerical implementation for practical use is rarely discussed in the literature. We present a MATLAB-based three-dimensional cross-gradients joint inversion program with application to gravity and magnetic data. The input and output information was examined with care to create a rational, independent design of a graphical user interface (GUI) and computing kernel. For 3D visualization and data file operations, UBC-GIF tools are invoked using a series of I/O functions. Some key issues regarding the iterative joint inversion algorithm are also discussed: for instance, the forward difference of cross gradients, and matrix pseudo inverse computation. A synthetic example is employed to illustrate the whole process. Joint and separate inversions can be performed flexibly by switching the inversion mode. The resulting density model and susceptibility model demonstrate the correctness of the proposed program.

In-situ constructed SnO_(2) gradient buffer layer as a tight and robust interphase toward Li metal anodes in LATP solid state batteries

Li_(1.3)Al_(0.3)Ti_(1.7)(PO_(4))_(3)(LATP),of much interest owing to its high ionic conductivity,superior air stability,and low cost,has been regarded as one of the most promising solid-state electrolytes for next-generation solid-state lithium batteries(SSLBs).Unfortunately,the commercialization of SSLBs is still impeded by severe interfacial issues,such as high interfacial impedance and poor chemical stability.Herein,we proposed a simple and convenient in-situ approach to constructing a tight and robust interface between the Li anode and LATP electrolyte via a SnO_(2)gradient buffer layer.It is firmly attached to the surface of LATP pellets due to the volume expansion of SnO_(2)when in-situ reacting with Li metal,and thus effectively alleviates the physical contact loosening during cycling,as confirmed by the mitigated impedance rising.Meanwhile,the as-formed SnO_(2)/Sn/LixSn gradient buffer layer with low electronic conductivity successfully protects the LATP electrolyte surface from erosion by the Li metal anode.Additionally,the LixSn alloy formed at the Li surface can effectively regulate uniform lithium deposition and suppress Li dendrite growth.Therefore,this work paves a new way to simultaneously address the chemical instability and poor physical contact of LATP with Li metal in developing low-cost and highly stable SSLBs.

原位覆盖控制沉积物磷释放效果的验证评估

文章通过覆盖材料(方解石、湖沙或方解石+湖沙)对底泥磷释放的阻控实验以及利用梯度扩散薄膜(DGT)的底泥原位测试,验证评估覆盖剂对呼伦湖沉积物磷的生态修复效果。结果发现:(1)方解石、方解石+湖沙或湖沙能有效降低表层沉积物的DGT-P浓度(CDGT(PO_(4)^(3-)-P)),沉积物/水界面扩散通量和上覆水溶解反应性磷;方解石、方解石+湖沙覆盖的表层沉积物的CDGT(PO_(4)^(3-)-P)峰值或平均值明显低于对照样;方解石、方解石+湖沙的上覆水DRP的去除率分别超过78%和81%;方解石+湖沙可以将沉积物/水界面无机磷扩散通量降低至负值;(2)方解石和方解石+湖沙能明显地降低表层沉积物总磷(TP)、活性磷(NH_(4)Cl-P和BD-P)含量及其占TP的百分比,沉积物反应性磷再补给系数r减少而惰性成份(NaOH_(85)-P和Ca-P)及其占TP的百分比增加;(3)方解石+湖沙覆盖的表层沉积物TP变化范围:-45~-30 mg/kg;磷提取相(NH_(4)Cl-P、BD-P、Ca-P和NaOH_(85)-P)含量变化值,磷提取相变化量占对照沉积物对应提取成份的百分比分别为-17~-10 mg/kg (-38.46%~-29.31%);-23~-16 mg/kg (-46.15%~-32.86%);10~15 mg/kg (2.41%~3.63%)和8~14 mg/kg(3.20%~3.99%);r降低范围:0.02~0.19。综上,方解石的吸附或阻隔作用能降低沉积物总磷和活性磷,降低沉积物磷再补给能力;NH_(4)Cl-P和BD-P被转化为情性成份(NaOH_(85)-P和Ca-P),磷迁移性降低。覆盖剂对沉积物磷内源负荷控制效果为方解石+湖沙>方解石>湖沙。方解石+湖沙的磷阻控机制是方解石对磷的吸附,磷和方解石的共沉淀以及湖沙的物理阻隔;方解石+湖沙的多层覆盖是一种应用价值较高的沉积物原位修复技术。

坩埚底角形状对提拉法生长同成分铌酸锂晶体的影响

铌酸锂晶体集压电、非线性、电光、光折变等效应于一身,同时其物理化学性质稳定,在集成光学领域极具应用潜力。然而,大尺寸铌酸锂晶体生长的热场设计难度大,其中坩埚形状作为热场设计的重要因素,对晶体生长的影响显著。坩埚直径和高度受制于装料量和晶体直径等硬性约束,因此通常通过改变坩埚局部的形状以改善热场。针对坩埚底角形状对大尺寸同成分铌酸锂晶体生长的影响,本研究使用两种底角形状的坩埚进行了四英寸同成分铌酸锂晶体生长实验。通过数值模拟,分析了坩埚底角形状对固液界面附近晶体内和熔体内轴向温度梯度的影响,以及对固液界面下方熔体内温度分布的影响,进而结合晶体生长结果分析了坩埚底角形状对晶体生长的影响。研究表明:坩埚底角形状的变化会引起坩埚侧壁上温差的变化和熔体内温度梯度的变化,并改变熔体自然对流的强弱;与底部斜角坩埚相比,使用底部弧角坩埚时,固液界面附近晶体内和熔体内的轴向温度梯度较大,固液界面下方熔体内的轴向温度梯度较大,自然对流更强。这一研究结果有助于解决晶体生长脊展宽和胞状界面生长等问题。

激光熔覆铁铬梯度涂层界面调控与性能研究

为解决螺杆钻具磨损问题,通过激光熔覆技术在45钢基材上制备了铁铬梯度涂层。针对梯度涂层熔覆过程中常见的开裂问题,提出了调控熔覆层粉末成分的优化策略,采用不同碳含量的熔覆粉末构建了硬度梯度,并通过熔覆JG-3过渡层优化了界面结合。研究表明,梯度涂层硬度呈梯度上升,耐磨性逐步提升;JG-3过渡层可以促进基体与熔覆层之间的界面结合,有效连接了不同硬度的熔覆层,避免了裂纹产生;断口形貌分析表明,熔覆层呈现出典型的“河流花样”的解理断裂特征,不规则的金属氧化物可以撕裂熔覆层基体,显著降低其熔覆层性能,应对熔覆后的每层表面进行抛光处理,以保证完全清除界面间的氧化层。制备的铁铬梯度层的连接界面保持平整无裂纹。该研究结果为解决梯度涂层熔覆时的开裂问题提供了有效的解决方案与依据。

尺寸效应对坩埚下降法生长氟化钙晶体影响机制的数值模拟分析

高质量大尺寸氟化钙晶体是深紫外光刻、空天相机等高端应用不可或缺的光学材料,同时制备高质量大尺寸晶体也是晶体生长领域的难题。本文以数值手段分别模拟了3、7和20英寸(1英寸=2.54 cm)氟化钙晶体在不同生长阶段的传热、流动及相变过程。结果表明,晶体尺寸增加大幅加强熔体流动强度,而且造成坩埚外壁散热部分的面积急剧增加,由此引发固液界面局部凹陷、径向温差增大、晶体边缘-中心温差翻转、生长界面附近的轴向温梯大幅衰减等问题。此外,本文还就大尺寸氟化钙晶体生长中的坩埚下降速率和发热体功率的优化控制策略进行了探讨。

基于内聚力模型数值算法的无砟道床变形与损伤分析

针对高速铁路无砟道床层间黏结数值模拟问题,推导混合断裂模式双线性内聚力模型,提出有限元分析框架下的双线性内聚力模型(CZM)数值算法,通过与有限元软件计算结果对比,验证算法的正确性。基于所提出算法,以内聚力单元模拟层间界面,建立CRTSⅢ型板式无砟道床有限元模型,分析温度梯度荷载作用下结构变形与层间损伤规律。结果表明:所提出CZM数值算法与有限元软件计算结果一致,可以反映内聚力单元在受拉、受剪、受拉剪模式下的力学与损伤特性;在-50~100℃/m温度梯度范围内,正温度梯度荷载作用下轨道板垂向位移可达0509 mm,负温度梯度荷载作用下则可达0409 mm;轨道板与自密实混凝土层层间损伤受正温度梯度影响大,层间损伤萌生于板角并向板中发展,温度梯度为972℃/m时层间黏结局部失效。

Solvent switching and purification of colloidal nano- particles through water/oil Interfaces within a density gradient

Traditional post-treatment of colloidal nanoparticles （NPs） usually involves repeated centrifugation-wash-sonication processes to separate NPs from the original synthetic environment; however, such separation processes have either high energy cost or low efficiency and tend to cause aggregation. Here we show a general and scalable colloid post-processing technique based on density gradient centrifugation through water/oil interfaces. Such a one-step technique can switch the solvent in a colloid at almost any concentration without aggregation, and meanwhile purify colloidal nanoparticles by separating them from by-products and environmental impurities. Droplet sedimentation was shown to be the mechanism of this one-step concentration/purification process, and mathematical modeling was established to quantify the accumulation and sedimentation velocities of different NPs.

南四湖出湖口沉积物-水界面中营养盐分布特征分析及释放风险评估

为了解决南四湖出湖口沉积物-水界面中磷酸盐、氨氮和硝态氮等营养盐释放风险控制缺乏科学依据的问题,利用薄膜扩散梯度技术、高分辨率孔隙水采样技术分析南四湖出湖口沉积物-水界面中营养盐浓度的垂直剖面分布特征,并根据有效态磷、有效态氨氮和有效态硝态氮的浓度,计算三者的净扩散通量,评估三者的释放风险。结果表明:非泄洪期南四湖出湖口上覆水中的溶解态磷浓度低于孔隙水中的,表明沉积物孔隙水中的溶解态磷可能会因浓度梯度的存在而向上覆水中扩散;根据连续分级提取法,钙结合态磷是南四湖出湖口沉积物中磷元素的主要赋存形态,表层沉积物中的不稳定磷元素含量高于深层沉积物中的;有效态磷与有效态铁呈显著正相关,说明南四湖出湖口沉积物-水界面中有效态磷的释放受铁氧化物还原释放影响;有效态磷、有效态氨氮和有效态硝态氮的净扩散通量分别为17.58、1.16、-40.72 ng/(cm^(2)·d),说明有效态磷和有效态氨氮有从沉积物向上覆水中释放的潜在风险。

基于MATLAB改进Canny算子边缘检测路径提取立交桥曲线的研究

针对工程项目中涉及的遥感影像图、航摄正射影像图,基于MATLAB程序设计研究改进后的Canny算子在立交桥曲线提取的应用。通过图像增强、线性与非线性处理相结合、形态学处理以及梯度倒数加权平滑针对像素点创建结构元素修改边缘检测路径,较初始检测算法得到更具实用性的目标提取对象,改进的提取程序能有效滤除目标对象周围非目标提取物干扰,提取指向性显著提高。提出以像素点提取参考点范围坐标的思路,以点位中误差为基准计算提取精度,成果能满足工程中1∶1000比例尺下的生产应用,将程序封装在GUI界面中提供模块化处理和成果输出。

定向凝固技术与理论研究的进展

阐述了不同定向凝固方法的原理以及定向凝固技术的发展趋势。从定向凝固技术的演化过程看,是温度梯度不断提高、冷却速度不断加快的过程。从传统的定向凝固技术中逐渐演化出冷坩埚定向凝固技术、软接触陶瓷壳定向凝固技术、双频电磁约束成形定向凝固技术等。简述了单相合金成分过冷与界面稳定性理论,共晶合金、包晶合金以及偏晶合金的相选择及组织演化等。

重力垂直梯度的测定及其应用与潜力

近年来,随着重力垂直梯度测量精度的提高及间接推求方法的改善,它在地球科学的研究中的作用日益扩大,本文叙述了利用高精度重力仪直接测量垂直梯度的方法与注意事项,阐明了垂直梯度在地学研究中的意义与作用,其中包括(1)可以更精确测定大地水准面与正高;(2)可以更好探测地下的物质的分布及界面起伏;(3)可根据垂直梯度及形变资料反演场源及解释引起上述变化的动力机制.关于如何进一步发掘其潜力,这里也提出了建议.