Viscosity of Nanofluids. Why It Is Not Described by the Classical Theories

Transport properties of nanofluids are extensively studied last decade. This has been motivated by the use of nanosized systems in various applications. The viscosity of nanofluids is of great significance as the application of nanofluids is always associated with their flow. However, despite the fairly large amount of available experimental information, there is a lack of systematic data on this issue and experimental results are often contradictory. The purpose of this review is to identify the typical parameters determining the viscosity of nanofluids. The dependence of the nanofluid viscosity on the particles concentration, their size and temperature is analyzed. It is explained why the viscosity of nanofluid does not described by the classical theories. It was shown that size of nanoparticles is the key characteristics of nanofluids. In addition the nanofluid is more structural liquid than the base one.

Visual experimental study of nanofluids application to promote CO_(2) absorption in a bubble column

The addition of dispersed-phase nanoparticles in the liquid phase can enhance the gas-liquid transfer process as the suspended nanoparticles affect the transfer process inside the fluid through microdisturbance or micro-convection effects.In this article,a high-speed digital camera was used to visualize the bubble behavior of CO_(2) in pure water and nanofluids to examine the effects of CO_(2) gas flow rate,nanoparticle solid content and type on the bubble behavior in the fluids.The CO_(2) absorption performance in three water-based nanofluids were compared in a bubbler.And the mass transfer characteristics during CO_(2) bubble absorption and the reasons for the enhanced gas-liquid mass transfer effect of nanoparticles were analyzed.The results showed that the presence of nanoparticles affected the formation process of bubbles in the fluid,shortened the bubble detachment time,reduced the detachment diameter,effectively increased the gas-liquid contact area,and improved the bubbles detachment frequency.The system with MCM-41 corresponded to a higher overall mass transfer coefficient.Uncalined MCM-41 contained surfactant that enhanced foaming behavior in water.This prevented the transfer of CO_(2) to some extent,and the CO_(2) absorption by uncalined MCM-41/H_(2)O was 5.34%higher than that by pure water.Compared with SiO_(2) nanoparticles with the same particle size and the same composition,MCM-41 had a higher adsorption capacity and better hydrophilicity due to its larger specific surface area and rich porous structure,which was more favorable to accelerate the collision between nanoparticles and CO_(2) bubbles to cause micro-convection.Under the condition of 0.1%(mass)solid content,the enhancement of CO_(2) absorption process by MCM-41 nanoparticles was more significant and improved by 16.9%compared with pure water.

Exact solutions for magnetohydrodynamic nanofluids flow and heat transfer over a permeable axisymmetric radially stretching/shrinking sheet

We report on the magnetohydrodynamic impact on the axisymmetric flow of Al_(2)O_(3)/Cu nanoparticles suspended in H_(2)O past a stretched/shrinked sheet.With the use of partial differential equations and the corresponding thermophysical characteristics of nanoparticles,the physical flow process is illustrated.The resultant nonlinear system of partial differential equations is converted into a system of ordinary differential equations using the suitable similarity transformations.The transformed differential equations are solved analytically.Impacts of the magnetic parameter,solid volume fraction and stretching/shrinking parameter on momentum and temperature distribution have been analyzed and interpreted graphically.The skin friction and Nusselt number were also evaluated.In addition,existence of dual solution was deduced for the shrinking sheet and unique solution for the stretching one.Further,Al_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O nanofluid flow has better thermal conductivity on comparing with Cu/H_(2)O nanofluid.Furthermore,it was found that the first solutions of the stream are stable and physically realizable,whereas those of the second ones are unstable.

Mechanism of Thermally Radiative Prandtl Nanofluids and Double-Diffusive Convection in Tapered Channel on Peristaltic Flow with Viscous Dissipation and Induced Magnetic Field

The application of mathematical modeling to biological fluids is of utmost importance, as it has diverse applicationsin medicine. The peristaltic mechanism plays a crucial role in understanding numerous biological flows. In thispaper, we present a theoretical investigation of the double diffusion convection in the peristaltic transport of aPrandtl nanofluid through an asymmetric tapered channel under the combined action of thermal radiation andan induced magnetic field. The equations for the current flow scenario are developed, incorporating relevantassumptions, and considering the effect of viscous dissipation. The impact of thermal radiation and doublediffusion on public health is of particular interest. For instance, infrared radiation techniques have been used totreat various skin-related diseases and can also be employed as a measure of thermotherapy for some bones toenhance blood circulation, with radiation increasing blood flow by approximately 80%. To solve the governingequations, we employ a numerical method with the aid of symbolic software such as Mathematica and MATLAB.The velocity, magnetic force function, pressure rise, temperature, solute (species) concentration, and nanoparticlevolume fraction profiles are analytically derived and graphically displayed. The results outcomes are compared withthe findings of limiting situations for verification.

Improving Heat Transfer in Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors by Magnetic Nanofluids

A parabolic trough solar collector(PTSC)converts solar radiation into thermal energy.However,low thermal efficiency of PTSC poses a hindrance to the deployment of solar thermal power plants.Thermal performance of PTSC is enhanced in this study by incorporating magnetic nanoparticles into the working fluid.The circular receiver pipe,with dimensions of 66 mm diameter,2 mm thickness,and 24 m length,is exposed to uniform temperature and velocity conditions.The working fluid,Therminol-66,is supplemented with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles at concentrations ranging from 1%to 4%.The findings demonstrate that the inclusion of nanoparticles increases the convective heat transfer coefficient(HTC)of the PTSC,with higher nanoparticle volume fractions leading to greater heat transfer but increased pressure drop.The thermal enhancement factor(TEF)of the PTSC is positively affected by the volume fraction of nanoparticles,both with and without a magnetic field.Notably,the scenario with a 4%nanoparticle volume fraction and a magnetic field strength of 250 G exhibits the highest TEF,indicating superior thermal performance.These findings offer potential avenues for improving the efficiency of PTSCs in solar thermal plants by introducing magnetic nanoparticles into the working fluid.

Tribological Performance of Different Concentrations of Al_(2)O_(3)Nanofluids on Minimum Quantity Lubrication Milling

Nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication(NMQL)is a green processing technology.Cottonseed oil is suitable as base oil because of excellent lubrication performance,low freezing temperature,and high yield.Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles improve not only the heat transfer capacity but also the lubrication performance.The physical and chemical proper-ties of nanofluid change when Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles are added.However,the effects of the concentration of nanofluid on lubrication performance remain unknown.Furthermore,the mechanisms of interaction between Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparti-cles and cottonseed oil are unclear.In this research,nanofluid is prepared by adding different mass concentrations of Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles(0,0.2%,0.5%,1%,1.5%,and 2%wt)to cottonseed oil during minimum quantity lubrication(MQL)milling 45 steel.The tribological properties of nanofluid with different concentrations at the tool/workpiece interface are studied through macro-evaluation parameters(milling force,specific energy)and micro-evaluation parameters(surface roughness,micro morphology,contact angle).The result show that the specific energy is at the minimum(114 J/mm^(3)),and the roughness value is the lowest(1.63μm)when the concentration is 0.5 wt%.The surfaces of the chip and workpiece are the smoothest,and the contact angle is the lowest,indicating that the tribological proper-ties are the best under 0.5 wt%.This research investigates the intercoupling mechanisms of Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles and cottonseed base oil,and acquires the optimal Al_(2)O_(3)nanofluid concentration to receive satisfactory tribological properties.

Experimental Evaluation of Thermal Conductivity and Other Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids Based on Functionalized (-OH) Mwcnt Nanoparticles Dispersed in Distilled Water

A possible way to increase thermal conductivity of working fluids, while keeping pressure drop at acceptable levels, is through nanofluids. Nanofluids are nano-sized particles dispersed in conventional working fluids. A great number of materials have potential to be used in nanoparticles production and then in nanofluids;one of them is Multi-Walled Carbon Nano Tubes (MWCNT). They have thermal conductivity around 3000 W/mK while other materials used as nanoparticles like CuO have thermal conductivity of 76.5 W/mK. Due to this fact, MWCNT nanoparticles have potential to be used in nanofluids production, aiming to increase heat transfer rate in energy systems. In this context, the main goal of this paper is to evaluate from the synthesis to the experimental measurement of thermal conductivity of nanofluid samples based on functionalized (-OH) MWCNT nanoparticles. They will be analyzed nanoparticles with different functionalization degrees (4% wt, 6% wt, and 9% wt). In addition, it will be quantified other thermophysical properties (dynamic viscosity, specific heat and specific mass) of the synthetized nanofluids. So, the present work can contribute with experimental data that will help researches in the study and development of MWCNT nanofluids. According to the results, the maximum increment obtained in thermal conductivity was 10.65% in relation to the base fluid (water).

Computational-Analysis of the Non-Isothermal Dynamics of the Gravity-Driven Flow of Viscoelastic-Fluid-Based Nanofluids Down an Inclined Plane

The paper explores the gravity-driven flow of the thin film of a viscoelastic-fluid-based nanofluids(VFBN)along an inclined plane under non-isothermal conditions and subjected to convective cooling at the free-surface.The Newton’s law of cooling is used to model the convective heat-exchange with the ambient at the free-surface.The Giesekus viscoelastic constitutive model,with appropriate modifications to account for non-isothermal effects,is employed to describe the polymeric effects.The unsteady and coupled non-linear partial differential equations(PDEs)describing the model problem are obtained and solved via efficient semi-implicit numerical schemes based on finite difference methods(FDM)implemented in Matlab.The response of the VFBN velocity,temperature,thermal-conductivity and polymeric-stresses to variations in the volume-fraction of embedded nanoparticles is investigated.It is shown that these quantities all increase as the nanoparticle volume-fraction becomes higher.

Prediction and Optimization of the Thermal Properties of TiO_(2)/Water Nanofluids in the Framework of a Machine Learning Approach

In this study,comparing multiple models of machine learning,a multiple linear regression(MLP),multilayer feed-forward artificial neural network(BP)model,and a radial-basis feed-forward artificial neural network(RBF-BP)model are selected for the optimization of the thermal properties of TiO_(2)/water nanofluids.In particular,the least squares support vector machine(LS-SVM)method and radial basis support vector machine(RB-SVM)method are implemented.First,curve fitting is performed by means of multiple linear regression in order to obtain bivariate correlation functions for thermal conductivity and viscosity of the nanofluid.Then the aforementioned models are used for a predictive analysis of the dependence of its thermal conductivity and viscosity on temperature and volume fraction.The results show that the least squares support vector machine(LS-SVM)has a prediction accuracy higher than the other models.The model predicts the thermal conductivity of TiO_(2)/water MSE=1.0853×10^(-6),R2=0.99864,MAE=0.00092,RMSE=0.00104,and the viscosity of TiO_(2)/water MSE=8.1397×10^(-6),R2=0.99995,MAE=0.00074,RMSE=0.0009.

Evaluation of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Performance by Using ZnO/Water Nanofluids

To examine and investigate the impact of nanofluid on heat exchanger performance,including the total heat transfer,the effect of friction factor,the average Nusselt number,and the thermal efficiency,the output heat transfers of a shell and tube heat exchanger using ZnO nanoparticles suspended in water has been conducted numerically.The governing equations were solved using finite volume techniques and CFD simulations with ANSYS/FLUENT Solver 2021.The nanoparticles volume fractions adopted are 0.2%and 0.35%that used in numerical computations under 200 to 1400 Reynolds numbers range.The increasing of temperature is approximately 13%from the bottom to the top of heat exchanger,while the maximum enhancement of Nusselt number is about 10%,19%for volume fractions 0.2%and 0.35%respectively.The elevated values of the friction factor at the volumetric ratios of 0.2%and 0.35%are 0.25%and 0.47%respectively.The findings demonstrate that the performance efficiency of shell and tube heat exchanger is enhanced due to the increase in Nusselt number.

水基炭黑-胶原蛋白纳米流体制备及稳定性实验

纳米流体由于其优异的光热转换性能,已成为新型太阳能集热介质的研究重点;但因其稳定性差、制备工艺复杂,未能在实际应用中得到推广。本文以去离子水为基液,通过两步法制备炭黑-胶原蛋白纳米流体。探究了材料添加顺序、胶原蛋白种类、超声时间、材料配比以及溶液pH等对纳米流体稳定性的影响。结果表明,制备水基炭黑-胶原蛋白纳米流体时,先分散炭黑再加入胶原蛋白可以提高其稳定性;猪皮胶原蛋白更适用于炭黑-胶原蛋白纳米流体的制备;超声45min,炭黑胶原蛋白质量配比为1/20,悬浮液pH在6.5~7.5之间制备得到的纳米流体稳定性较好。本研究有助于今后水基炭黑-胶原蛋白纳米流体产业化应用于太阳能光热转换领域。

基于GA-BP神经网络模型预测水基炭黑-胶原蛋白纳米流体热导率和黏度

纳米流体由于其独特的强化传热性能,已广泛应用于各个领域。而热导率和黏度直接影响纳米流体在实际工程中的适用性,因此在考察纳米流体的强化传热特性前首先要分析研究其热导率和黏度。本研究利用炭黑和胶原蛋白,采用两步法制备了水基炭黑胶原蛋白纳米流体。实验分析了炭黑和胶原蛋白质量分数、温度对纳米流体热导率和黏度的影响。采用灰色关联方法对这些参数的权重进行了数学计算,基于实验数据建立了三输入两输出的BP神经网络预测模型,并利用遗传算法(GA)对BP模型进行优化。结果表明,遗传算法优化后的BP神经网络模型对预测输出具有更高的准确性和更好的稳定性,回归系数和最大偏差分别为0.99918和0.002。本研究不仅对于理解和控制水基炭黑-胶原蛋白纳米流体的热物理性能有重要意义,而且为工程设计和材料科学等方面的应用提供了新思路。

钠基纳米流体中钠原子吸附行为特性模拟计算

钠基纳米流体利用过渡金属纳米颗粒吸附钠原子的性质,有效降低了钠原子的反应性,进而有效抑制钠火及钠水事故严重性,但目前相关吸附行为及规律尚不明确。研究基于密度泛函理论和电子结构分析,计算分析了钛、铁和铜纳米团簇(TM_(n),TM=Ti、Fe、Cu,n=2~13)及其与钠原子间形成复合物(Na-TM_(n))的结构和性质,分析了TM_(n)的稳定性以及其与Na原子间相互作用。结果表明,Ti_(n)具有最高的稳定性,但其吸附钠原子的能力低于Fe_(n)和Cu_(n)。钠原子主要通过范德华作用吸附于TM_(n)表面,且两者间的电荷转移行为使得TM_(n)带负电荷。

石墨烯/铜混合纳米流体对微量润滑车削304不锈钢的影响

为了揭示纳米粒子的协同作用机理,以少层石墨烯为载体,纳米铜作为负载金属粒子,在可生物降解润滑油基础上,分别采用分子水平混合和机械混合方法制备了石墨烯/铜混合纳米流体。在确定的石墨烯/铜比例及纳米粒子的质量分数条件下,进行了微量润滑切削AISI 304不锈钢的单因素试验研究。结果表明,配方合适的分子水平混合纳米流体协同润滑作用优于机械混合纳米流体,MQL加工时可降低切削温度,提高表面质量,减小刀具磨损。

不同分数导数下Maxwell杂化纳米流体流动和传热变化的灵敏度分析

研究多孔介质中垂直拉伸板引起的分数阶Maxwell杂化纳米流体流动与传热现象,并考虑二阶滑移边界条件.利用分数阶剪应力和分数阶Fourier定律构建边界层控制方程.然后采用有限差分结合L1算法进行数值求解,并详细讨论分数导数参数增大时,各物理参数对该流体流动与传热影响的灵敏度变化.结果表明,Darcy数和滑移参数对平均表面摩擦系数的影响,以及滑移参数对平均Nusselt数的影响,对速度分数导数比对温度分数导数更敏感.Darcy数对平均Nusselt数的影响只对温度分数导数敏感,与速度分数导数几乎无关.此外,一阶滑移参数比二阶滑移参数对流动和传热的影响更大.

纳米流体和两性表面活性剂改善钻井液性能实验研究

本文研究了碳化硅纳米流体和表面活性剂对水基钻井液物理和化学性质(热稳定性、黏度、表面张力和滤失特性)的影响。将碳化硅纳米流体、表面活性剂溶液和水基钻井液混合形成表面活性剂——碳化硅(Si C)钻井液,分别用流变仪、张力仪和压滤机对混合钻井液的黏度、表面张力和滤失性等性质进行了研究。实验结果表明,与常规表面活性剂相比,两性表面活性剂对钻井液黏度的增量最大,此外,混合钻井液具有更好的热稳定性,随着温度的升高,黏度平均变化率为9%,表面张力和滤失性分别下降了31.0%和22.2%。

微通道内单一/混合流体强化传热研究进展

介绍了近年来微通道换热器内冷却介质强化换热的研究进展。阐述了纳米流体、液态金属以及潜热型功能热流体强化传热的机理;探讨了影响纳米流体传热性能的因素,包括纳米颗粒的种类、体积分数和温度等;讨论了增大液态金属传热系数的方法;分析了微胶囊壁材、相变材料和微胶囊的质量分数等对潜热型功能热流体热容的影响。指出了3种冷却介质目前尚存在的缺陷及相应的改善措施,对高热流密度设备散热问题中冷却介质的选取具有一定的指导意义。

黏弹性纳米流体在垂直板上的自然对流与传热分析

基于分数阶Maxwell模型和分数阶Fourier定律构建黏弹性纳米流体在垂直板上的非定常二维边界层自然对流与传热控制方程,利用有限差分和L1算法获得数值稳定解,对不同物理参数下的速度、温度、平均表面摩擦系数和平均Nusselt数的变化趋势进行图形化分析。结果显示,速度和温度边界层均表现出短暂记忆和延迟特性;速度分数导数参数削弱了自然对流,而速度松弛时间的影响却相反;温度分数导数参数削弱了自然对流和热传导,而温度松弛时间的影响却相反。

MIL-101-OH纳米流体混基质膜的制备及其CO_(2)分离性能

随着温室效应导致的全球变暖和海平面上升等环境问题日益严峻,碳捕集利用与封存(CCUS)就显得尤为重要.金属有机框架(MOF)混合基质膜(MMMs)因具有分离效果好、渗透性高的特点而广受关注,但仍存在和聚合物基质相容性差等问题,降低了其潜在的应用价值.本研究采用共价键连接的方式,以MIL-101-OH为主体,以偶联剂KH560为连接层,以聚醚胺M2070为冠状层制备出MIL-101-OH无溶剂纳米流体(MIL-101-OH-M2070),并与Pebax1657制备混合基质膜,研究其CO_(2)分离性能.结果表明,MIL-101-OH和聚醚胺M2070间共价键的连接方式既解决了MOF界面相容性差的问题,同时也提高了聚醚胺机械性能、热稳定性.此外,MIL-101-OH-M2070凭借MIL-101-OH的优良孔隙率和M2070的CO_(2)亲和性,大幅提高了混合基质膜中CO_(2)的扩散系数和溶解系数.相较于Pebax1657纯膜,MIL-101-OH-M2070 MMMs的CO_(2)渗透系数可以达到Pebax1657纯膜的215%,且选择性基本不变.

缩口T型微通道内纳米流体吸收CO_(2)的流动与传质研究

构建了一种气相缩口的T型微通道,研究了二氧化硅(SiO_(2))纳米流体吸收CO_(2)过程的气液两相流动与传质性能。在实验范围内,观察到了泡状流、串珠流、紧密弹状流和弹状-环状流。随着气相流速的增加,泡状流的气泡生成频率f和比表面积a快速增大,串珠流的f和a变化很小,紧密弹状流的f和a逐渐减小。随着连续相和分散相流速的增大以及纳米颗粒浓度的升高,液侧体积传质系数均表现出增大的趋势。与等宽T型通道相比,缩口T型微通道的最大比表面积增幅达29.6%。结果表明气相入口的缩径效应可有效提高气液两相流的传质面积,有利于气液传质性能的改善和提高。