Ambient-Condition Strategy for Production of Hollow Ga_(2)O_(3)@rGO Crystalline Nanostructures Toward Efficient Lithium Storage

Crystallineγ-Ga_(2)O_(3)@rGO core-shell nanostructures are synthesized in gram scale,which are accomplished by a facile sonochemical strategy under ambient condition.They are composed of uniformγ-Ga_(2)O_(3)nanospheres encapsulated by reduced graphene oxide(rGO)nanolayers,and their formation is mainly attributed to the existed opposite zeta potential between the Ga_(2)O_(3)and rGO.The as-constructed lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)based on as-fabricatedγ-Ga_(2)O_(3)@rGO nanostructures deliver an initial discharge capacity of 1000 mAh g^(-1)at 100 mA g^(-1)and reversible capacity of 600 mAh g^(-1)under 500 mA g^(-1)after 1000 cycles,respectively,which are remarkably higher than those of pristineγ-Ga_(2)O_(3)with a much reduced lifetime of 100 cycles and much lower capacity.Ex situ XRD and XPS analyses demonstrate that the reversible LIBs storage is dominant by a conversion reaction and alloying mechanism,where the discharged product of liquid metal Ga exhibits self-healing ability,thus preventing the destroy of electrodes.Additionally,the rGO shell could act robustly as conductive network of the electrode for significantly improved conductivity,endowing the efficient Li storage behaviors.This work might provide some insight on mass production of advanced electrode materials under mild condition for energy storage and conversion applications.

Mass-Based Environmental Factor and Energy Assessment of Microwave-Assisted Synthesized Transition Metal Nanostructures

This paper describes mass-based energy phase-space projection of microwave-assisted synthesis of transition metals (zinc oxide, palladium, silver, platinum, and gold) nanostructures. The projection uses process energy budget (measured in kJ) on the horizontal axes and process density (measured in kJg−1) on the vertical axes. These two axes allow both mass usage efficiency (Environmental-Factor) and energy efficiency to be evaluated for a range of microwave applicator and metal synthesis. The metrics are allied to the: second, sixth and eleventh principle of the twelve principle of Green Chemistry. This analytical approach to microwave synthesis (widely considered as a useful Green Chemistry energy source) allows a quantified dynamic environmental quotient to be given to renewable plant-based biomass associated with the reduction of the metal precursors. Thus allowing a degree of quantification of claimed “eco-friendly” and “sustainable” synthesis with regard to waste production and energy usage.

Vertical 3D Nanostructures Boost Efficient Hydrogen Production Coupled with Glycerol Oxidation Under Alkaline Conditions

Hydrogen production from electrolytic water is an important sustainable technology to realize renewable energy conversion and carbon neutrality.However,it is limited by the high overpotential of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)at the anode.To reduce the operating voltage of electrolyzer,herein thermodynamically favorable glycerol oxidation reaction(GOR)is proposed to replace the OER.Moreover,vertical Ni O flakes and NiMoNH nanopillars are developed to boost the reaction kinetics of anodic GOR and cathodic hydrogen evolution,respectively.Meanwhile,excluding the explosion risk of mixed H_2/O_(2),a cheap organic membrane is used to replace the expensive anion exchange membrane in the electrolyzer.Impressively,the electrolyzer delivers a remarkable reduction of operation voltage by 280 mV,and exhibits good long-term stability.This work provides a new paradigm of hydrogen production with low cost and good feasibility.

Tailored BiVO_(4)/In_(2)O_(3)nanostructures with boosted charge separation ability toward unassisted water splitting

The development of new heterostructures with high photoactivity is a breakthrough for the limitation of solar-driven water splitting.Here,we first introduce indium oxide(In_(2)O_(3))nanorods(NRs)as a novel electron transport layer for bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))with a short charge diffusion length.In_(2)O_(3)NRs reinforce the electron transport and hole blocking of BiVO_(4),surpassing the state-of-the-art photoelectrochemical performances of BiVO_(4)-based photoanodes.Also,a tannin-nickel-iron complex(TANF)is used as an oxygen evolution catalyst to speed up the reaction kinetics.The final TANF/BiVO_(4)/In_(2)O_(3)NR photoanode generates photocurrent densities of 7.1 mAcm^(−2) in sulfite oxidation and 4.2 mA cm^(−2) in water oxidation at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode.Furthermore,the“artificial leaf,”which is a tandem cell with a perovskite/silicon solar cell,shows a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 6.2%for unbiased solar water splitting.We reveal significant advances in the photoactivity of TANF/BiVO_(4)/In_(2)O_(3)NRs from the tailored nanostructure and band structure for charge dynamics.

Piezoresistive behavior of elastomer composites with segregated network of carbon nanostructures and alumina

Electrically conductive elastomer composites(CECs)with segregated networks of conductive nanofillers show high potential in stretchable strain sensors due to balanced mechanical and electrical properties,yet the sensitivity at low strain is generally insufficient for practical application.Herein,we report an easy and effective way to improve the resistive response to low strain for CECs with segregated network structure via adding stiff alumina into carbon nanostructures(CNS).The CEC containing 0.7 wt%CNS and 5 wt%Al_(2)O_(3) almost sustains the same elasticity(elongation at break of~900%)and conductivity(0.8 S/m)as the control,while the piezoresistive sensitivity is significantly improved.Thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)composites with a segregated network of hybrid nanofillers(CNS and Al_(2)O_(3))show much higher strain sensitivity(Gauge factor,GF-566)at low strain(45%strain)due to a local stress concentration effect,this sensitivity is superior to that of TPU/CNS composites(GF-11).Such a local stress concentration effect depends on alumina content and its distribution at the TPU particle interface.In addition,CECs with hybrid fillers show better reproducibility in cyclic piezoresistive behavior testing than the control.This work offers an easy method for fabricating CECs with a segregated filler network offering stretchable strain sensors with a high strain sensitivity.

Morphological features and nanostructures generated during SiC graphitization process

Surface morphological features and nanostructures generated during SiC graphitization process can significantly affect fabrication of high-quality epitaxial graphene on semiconductor substrates.In this work,we investigate the surface morphologies and atomic structures during graphitization process of 4H-SiC(0001) using scanning tunneling microscopy.Our high-magnified scanning-tunneling-microscope images exhibit the appearance and gradual developments of SiC(1 × 1)nanostructures after 1100℃ cleaning treatments,irregularly distributed among carbon nanocaps and(√3×√3) reconstruction domains.A model for the formation and growth progression of SiC(1 × 1) nanostructures has been proposed.When post-annealing temperature reaches 1300 ℃,the nanoholes and nanoislands can be observed on the surface,and multilayer graphene is often detected lying on the top surface of those nanoislands.These results provide profound insights into the complex evolution process of surface morphology during SiC thermal decomposition and will shed light on fabrication of SiC nanostructures and graphene nanoflakes.

Generating micro/nanostructures on magnesium alloy surface using ultraprecision diamond surface texturing process

The lightness and high strength-to-weight ratio of the magnesium alloy have attracted more interest in various applications.However,micro/nanostructure generation on their surfaces remains a challenge due to the flammability and ignition.Motivated by this,this study proposed a machining process,named the ultraprecision diamond surface texturing process,to machine the micro/nanostructures on magnesium alloy surfaces.Experimental results showed the various microstructures and sawtooth-shaped nanostructures were successfully generated on the AZ31B magnesium alloy surfaces,demonstrating the effectiveness of this proposed machining process.Furthermore,sawtooth-shaped nanostructures had the function of inducing the optical effect and generating different colors on workpiece surfaces.The colorful letter and colorful flower image were clearly viewed on magnesium alloy surfaces.The corresponding cutting force,chip morphology,and tool wear were systematically investigated to understand the machining mechanism of micro/nanostructures on magnesium alloy surfaces.The proposed machining process can further improve the performances of the magnesium alloy and extend its functions to other fields,such as optics.

Green Chemistry Allometry Test of Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Transition Metal Nanostructures

Microwave irradiation is considered an important approach to Green Chemistry, because of its ability to rapidly increase the internal temperature of polar-organic compounds that lead to synthesis times of minutes rather than hours when compared to conventional thermal heating. This works describes a dual allometry test for the discrimination between the solvents and reagents used in the microwave-assisted synthesis of transition metal (zinc oxide, palladium silver, platinum, and gold) nanostructures. The test is performed in log-log process energy phase-space projection, where the synthesis data (kJ against kJ·mol-1) has a power-law signature. The test is shown to discriminate between recommended Green Chemistry, problematic Green Chemistry, and Green Chemistry hazardous solvents. Typically, recommended Green chemistry exhibits a broad y-axes distribution within an upper exponent = 1 and lower exponent = 0.5. Problematic Green Chemistry exhibits a y-axes narrower distribution with an upper exponent = 0.94 and lower exponent = 0.64. Non-Green Chemistry hazardous data exhibits a further narrowing of the y-axes distribution within upper exponent = 0.87 and lower exponent = 0.66. In all three cases, the y-axes is aligned to original database power-law signature. It is also shown that in the x-axes direction (process energy budget) the grouped order of magnitude decreases from four orders for recommended Green Chemistry solvent and reagent data, through two orders for non-Green Chemistry hazardous material and down to one order for problematic Green Chemistry.

基于热障涂层的La_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)材料改性研究进展

随着航空发动机不断向高推重比、高性能方向发展,传统、单一的热障涂层(Thermal barrier coating,TBC)已经不能满足热端部件严苛的服役要求。锆酸镧(La_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7))具有熔点高、高温下结构稳定、低热导率等优点,具有极好的隔热性能,有望成为新一代热障涂层候选材料,但在实际应用中仍存在两大关键问题,即热膨胀系数低和断裂韧性差。因此,La_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)材料在服役过程中会因热失配而造成局部热应力集中,导致涂层过早剥落失效,严重影响涂层的服役寿命。国内外研究表明,对La_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)材料进行改性可以有效解决上述问题。为此,系统分析了关于La_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)材料改性的研究工作,将La_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)材料改性总结为4类:第二相复合、稀土掺杂、纳米化和高熵化。重点介绍了4种不同改性方式对La_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)材料热导率、热膨胀系数的影响及增韧机理,并对La_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)材料改性研究工作进行总结和展望,以为La_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)材料在热障涂层领域的应用提供理论支撑。

外电场作用下纳米结构表面润湿转变机理研究

采用分子动力学模拟方法,研究了外电场作用下液膜在带有纳米凹槽的疏水表面处由Cassie态向Wenzel态的润湿态转变过程,并分析了其转变机理。结果表明,润湿状态转变所需时长并不随着电场强度的增大而降低,而是存在一个促进润湿状态转变的最佳电场强度。基于电场作用下的液滴润湿角及液柱极化应力的计算分析表明,一方面外电场可以增强表面润湿性,有利于Cassie态向Wenzel态的润湿态转变,另一方面,液膜受电场极化的影响而沿电场方向伸长,从而减缓了液膜向纳米凹槽的渗入。因此,随着电场强度的增大,液膜润湿状态转变时长呈现先减小后增大的趋势。本研究揭示了外电场作用下纳米结构表面的润湿态转变的机理,有助于深入理解微纳米结构表面的电润湿现象。

界面效应在锰氧化物修饰的CeO_(2)纳米立方甲苯氧化中的作用

本研究通过水热-浸渍两步法成功制备了不同Mn负载量的二元xMn/Ce(xMnOx/CeO_(2))催化剂,并评估了催化剂在甲苯催化氧化反应中的性能。研究结果表明,引入MnOx能显著提高催化剂的甲苯氧化活性。特别是当Mn负载量为10%(10Mn/Ce)时,在气体空速为60000 mL/(g·h)的条件下,t90(甲苯转化率达到90%时的温度)仅为233℃,显示出最优的甲苯催化氧化活性。这一结果说明,适量加入MnOx能够显著提高催化剂的催化性能。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段,发现MnOx的加入在MnOx与CeO_(2)之间形成了界面效应,这显著改变了Mn/Ce催化剂的物理化学性质。由于界面效应的作用,不仅提高了10 Mn/Ce催化剂中Ce3+、Mn3+离子的浓度以及氧空位的浓度,而且还降低了催化剂表面Ce−O键强度,使得表面晶格氧更易于参与甲苯的催化氧化,提升了催化剂的氧化还原性能,从而促进了甲苯的催化氧化。本研究不仅成功制备了具有优异甲苯氧化活性的Mn/Ce催化剂,而且揭示了其背后的界面效应机制,为VOCs高效氧化催化剂设计与制备提供了简单有效的方法与思路。

小角中子散射谱仪放射性样品测量装置研制

辐照试样研究对评估材料性能具有重要意义。因其带有放射性,常规表征手段受到一定限制,而小角中子散射(Small-Angle Neutron Scattering,SANS)技术几乎不受γ、β等射线的影响,且制样简单。依托中国先进研究堆小角中子散射谱仪,研发了一台放射性样品测量装置,用于放射性试样内部纳米结构的测量分析。装置的屏蔽厚度利用蒙特卡罗模拟进行优化,结合自动换样和远程控制功能,提高了实验效率和安全性。利用该装置成功开展了A508-Ⅲ钢辐照监督试样的小角中子散射实验,结果表明低剂量长周期辐照对压力容器钢纳米结构影响较小。该装置和相关技术方法可用于放射性试样的纳米结构表征。

Innovative Solutions for High-Performance Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries:Overcoming Challenges and Real-World Applications

Silicon(Si)has emerged as a potent anode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),but faces challenges like low electrical conductivity and significant volume changes during lithiation/delithiation,leading to material pulverization and capacity degradation.Recent research on nanostructured Si aims to mitigate volume expansion and enhance electrochemical performance,yet still grapples with issues like pulverization,unstable solid electrolyte interface(SEI)growth,and interparticle resistance.This review delves into innovative strategies for optimizing Si anodes’electrochemical performance via structural engineering,focusing on the synthesis of Si/C composites,engineering multidimensional nanostructures,and applying non-carbonaceous coatings.Forming a stable SEI is vital to prevent electrolyte decomposition and enhance Li^(+)transport,thereby stabilizing the Si anode interface and boosting cycling Coulombic efficiency.We also examine groundbreaking advancements such as self-healing polymers and advanced prelithiation methods to improve initial Coulombic efficiency and combat capacity loss.Our review uniquely provides a detailed examination of these strategies in real-world applications,moving beyond theoretical discussions.It offers a critical analysis of these approaches in terms of performance enhancement,scalability,and commercial feasibility.In conclusion,this review presents a comprehensive view and a forward-looking perspective on designing robust,high-performance Si-based anodes the next generation of LIBs.

原子尺度断裂模拟进展

材料/结构的断裂是一个多尺度过程,绝大多数断裂过程都涉及到原子键的断裂,因此原子尺度的演化对材料的宏观断裂行为有重要影响.随着实验技术的飞速进步,高清电子显微镜已经可以观察到原子尺度的裂纹,而计算能力的日渐强大使得原子尺度模拟成为揭示实验现象背后的断裂机制、研究众多典型纳米结构材料断裂行为的有力工具.在本综述文章中,首先介绍了原子尺度断裂模拟的加载方法,包括均匀加载、速度梯度加载、K场加载和静水应力加载,并综合对比了上述加载方法的适用范围,然后给出了基于原子尺度信息定量计算断裂韧性的方法,包括能量释放率法、线下面积积分法、临界应力强度因子法、原子尺度内聚力模型法和原子尺度J积分法.随后介绍了近年来有代表性的不同类型的纳米结构材料(包括单晶、多晶、孪晶等晶体结构,非晶结构,异质界面结构)断裂行为模拟研究,例如钝化处理的单晶硅太阳能电池裂纹抗力大大增加、锂离子电池中锂化浓度控制的硅电极韧脆转变、错配应力驱动界面自发分层一步制备大尺度纳米硅片.这些研究结果揭示了实验现象背后的机理,同时和实验结果的一致性也印证了原子尺度模拟的可靠性与准确性.最后强调了原子尺度模拟面临的一些问题和挑战,并对将来的发展方向进行了展望.

Triangular Au-Ag framework nanostructures prepared by multi-stage replacement and their spectral properties

Triangular Au-Ag framework nanostructures （TFN） were synthesized via a multi-step galvanic replacement reaction （MGRR） of single-crystalline triangular silver nanoplates in a chlorauric acid （HAuCl4） solution at room temperature. The morphological, compositional, and crystal structural changes involved with reaction steps were analyzed by using transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry （EDX）, and X-ray diffraction. TEM combined with EDX and selected area electron diffraction confirmed the replacement of Ag with Au. The in-plane dipolar surface plasmon resonance （SPR） absorption band of the Ag nanoplates locating initially at around 700 nm gradually redshifted to 1 100 nm via a multi-stage replacement manner after 7 stages. The adding amount of HAuCl4 per stage influenced the average redshift value per stage, thus enabled a fine tuning of the in-plane dipolar band. A proposed formation mechanism of the original Ag nanoplates developing pores while growing Au nanoparticles covering this underlying structure at more reaction steps was confirmed by exploiting surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS）.

Recent progress in thermodynamic and kinetics modification of magnesium hydride hydrogen storage materials

Hydrogen energy has emerged as a pivotal solution to address the global energy crisis and pave the way for a cleaner,low-carbon,secure,and efficient modern energy system.A key imperative in the utilization of hydrogen energy lies in the development of high-performance hydrogen storage materials.Magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials exhibit remarkable advantages,including high hydrogen storage density,cost-effectiveness,and abundant magnesium resources,making them highly promising for the hydrogen energy sector.Nonetheless,practical applications of magnesium hydride for hydrogen storage face significant challenges,primarily due to their slow kinetics and stable thermodynamic properties.Herein,we briefly summarize the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of MgH2,encompassing strategies such as alloying,nanoscaling,catalyst doping,and composite system construction to enhance its hydrogen storage performance.Notably,nanoscaling and catalyst doping have emerged as more effective modification strategies.The discussion focuses on the thermodynamic changes induced by nanoscaling and the kinetic enhancements resulting from catalyst doping.Particular emphasis lies in the synergistic improvement strategy of incorporating nanocatalysts with confinement materials,and we revisit typical works on the multi-strategy optimization of MgH2.In conclusion,we conduct an analysis of outstanding challenges and issues,followed by presenting future research and development prospects for MgH2 as hydrogen storage materials.

金属材料表面纳米化研究与进展

大多数金属材料的失效都是从其表面开始的,进而影响整个材料的整体性能。研究表明,在金属材料表面制备纳米晶,实现表面纳米化,可以提升材料的表面性能,延长其使用寿命。金属材料表面纳米化是指利用反复剧烈塑性变形让表层粗晶粒逐步得到细化,材料中形成晶粒沿厚度方向呈梯度变化的纳米结构层,分别为表面无织构纳米晶层、亚微米细晶层、粗晶变形层和基体层,这种独特的梯度纳米结构对金属材料表面性能的大幅度提升效果显著。根据国内外表面纳米化的研究成果,首先对表面涂层或沉积、表面自纳米化以及混合纳米化3种金属表面纳米化方法进行了简要概述,阐述了各自优缺点,总结了表面自纳米化技术的优势,在此基础上重点分析了位错和孪晶在金属材料表面自纳米化过程中所起的关键作用,提出了金属材料表面自纳米化机制与材料结构、层错能大小有着密不可分的联系,对金属材料表面自纳米化机制的研究现状进行了归纳;阐明了表面纳米化技术在金属材料性能提升上的巨大优势,主要包括对硬度、强度、腐蚀、耐磨、疲劳等性能的改善。最后总结了现有表面强化工艺需要克服的关键技术,对未来的研究工作进行了展望,并提出将表面纳米化技术与电镀、气相沉积、粘涂、喷涂、化学热处理等现有的一些表面处理技术相结合,取代高成本的制造技术,制备出价格低廉、性能更加优异的复相表层。

双氢氧化物修饰镍金属网提升电磁屏蔽性能

针对镍金属网在电磁屏蔽中的低吸收效能(SE_(A))和较高反射(SE_(R))问题,通过电沉积方法在镍金属网(NM)表面负载镍铁双氢氧化物(NiFe LDH)纳米片,旨在提升材料的以吸收为主的屏蔽性能。处理后材料的微观结构和电磁特性得到显著改善,尤其是在X波段内实现了优异的56 dB的SE_(A)和2 dB的SE_(R)。同时,NiFe LDH纳米片优化了介电常数、磁导率、衰减常数和阻抗匹配,证明其在电磁屏蔽领域的广泛应用前景,合成简单且成本效益高。

面向汗液的可穿戴柔性电化学传感器研究进展

汗液中含有人体诸多生理信息,如电解质、代谢物、激素、温度等。基于汗液的可穿戴式传感器可对多模态生物指标实现分子层面上的实时、连续、非侵入式监测,在运动感知、疾病预防以及健康管理等领域具有重大发展潜力,而被广泛研究。本文阐述了可穿戴汗液传感器集成结构中基底、集汗、传感、电源和决策五大模块,着重强调了纳米结构(如金属基、碳基等材料)在电化学传感敏感材料中表现出的优异性能及应用,最后讨论了可穿戴汗液传感器在微量汗液收集及多参数传感中物理化学变量的可变性等方面存在的挑战。针对汗液收集和实时校准两个关键问题,提出可穿戴汗液传感未来发展方向包括仿生微流控技术和多参数反馈调控方法,实现微量汗液高效收集及精确检测,将有效推动汗液传感在慢性重大疾病实时预警的应用和发展。

碳材料纳米结构的调控及吸附水中有毒污染物研究进展

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