Influence of liquid film shape on evaporation performance of agitated thin film evaporator

The agitated thin film evaporator(ATFE),which is known for its high efficiency,force the material to form a film through the scraping process of a scraper,followed by evaporation and purification.The complex shape of the liquid film inside the evaporator can significantly affect its evaporation capability.This work explores how change in shape of the liquid films affect the evaporation of the materials with non-Newtonian characteristics,achieved by changing the structure of the scraper.Examining the distribution of circumferential temperature,viscosity,and mass transfer of the flat liquid film shows that the film evaporates rapidly in shear-thinning region.Various wavy liquid films are developed by using shear-thinning theory,emphasizing the flow condition in the thinning area and the factors contributing to the exceptional evaporation capability.Further exploration is conducted on the spread patterns of the wavy liquid film and flat liquid film on the evaporation wall throughout the process.It is noted that breaking the wavy liquid film on the evaporating wall during evaporation is challenging due to its film-forming condition.For which the fundamental causes are demonstrated by acquiring the data regarding the flow rate and temperature of the liquid film.The definitive findings of the analysis reveal a significant improvement in the evaporation capability of the wavy liquid film.This enhancement is attributed to increasing the shear-thinning areas and maintaining the overall shape of the film throughout the entire evaporation process.

Pressure Drop of Liquid–Solid Two-Phase Flow in the Vertical Tube Bundle of a Cold-Model Circulating Fluidized Bed Evaporator

A cold-model vertical multi-tube circulating fluidized bed evaporator was designed and built to conduct a visualization study on the pressure drop of a liquid–solid two-phase flow and the corresponding particle distribution.Water and polyformaldehyde particle(POM)were used as the liquid and solid phases,respectively.The effects of operating parameters such as the amount of added particles,circulating flow rate,and particle size were systematically investigated.The results showed that the addition of the particles increased the pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle.The maximum pressure drop ratios were 18.65%,21.15%,18.00%,and 21.15%within the experimental range of the amount of added particles for POM1,POM2,POM3,and POM4,respectively.The pressure drop ratio basically decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate but fluctuated with the increase in the amount of added particles and particle size.The difference in pressure drop ratio decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate.As the amount of added particles increased,the difference in pressure drop ratio fluctuated at low circulating flow rate but basically decreased at high circulating flow rate.The pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle accounted for about 70%of the overall pressure drop in the up-flow heating chamber and was the main component of the overall pressure within the experimental range.Three-dimensional phase diagrams were established to display the variation ranges of the pressure drop and pressure drop ratio in the vertical tube bundle corresponding to the operating parameters.The research results can provide some reference for the application of the fluidized bed heat transfer technology in the industry.

Study on dryout point and heat transfer in subcooled flow boiling through vertical narrow annular channels

The purpose of this study is to conduct the dryout point and heat transfer correlation for subcooled boiling flow in narrow annuli. First, the dryout point of subcooled flow boiling of water was measured in narrow annular channels under the working condition of pressure ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 MPa and low mass flow rate from 6 to 60 kgm^-2 s^-1. Experimental test channels were annular and heated bilaterally with the channel gap of lmm and 1.5mm, and heated length of 1500mm.The location of the dryout was observed and measured by experiment with investigating the various system parameter effects on dryout point, and the results show that the location of dryout point is basically stable and repeating and the heat transfer coefficient increased with heat flux, mass flux and pressure, however, decreases with the gap size. Next, new correlations of CHF and critical vapor quality for narrow annular channels was proposed and calculation results shown a good agreement with the experimental data.

Experimental investigation of liquid metal alloy based mini-channel heat exchanger for high power electronic devices

There is currently a growing demand for developing efficient techniques for cooling integrated electronic devices with ever increasing heat generation power. To better tackle the high-density heat dissipation difficulty within the limited space, this paper is dedicated to clarify the heat transfer behaviors of the liquid metal flowing in mini-channel exchangers with different geometric configurations. A series of comparative experiments using liquid metal alloy Ga68%In20%Sn12% as coolant were conducted under prescribed mass flow rates in three kinds of heat exchangers with varied geometric sizes. Meanwhile, numerical simulations for the heat exchangers under the same working conditions were also performed which well interpreted the experimental measurements. The simulated heat sources were all cooled down by these three heat dissipation apparatuses and the exchanger with the smallest channel width was found to have the largest mean heat transfer coefficient at all conditions due to its much larger heat transfer area. Further, the present work has also developed a correlation equation for characterizing the Nusselt number depending on Peclet number, which is applicable to the low Peclet number case with constant heat flux in the hydrodynamically developed and thermally developing region in the rectangular channel. This study is expected to provide valuable reference for designing future liquid metal based mini-channel heat exchanger.

Evaporation of a Thin Binary Liquid Film by Forced Convection into Air and Superheated Steam

This paper deals with a numerical analysis of the evaporation of a thin binary liquid film by forced convection inside a channel constituted by two plates.The first plate is externally insulated and wetted by a thin water ethylene glycol film while the second is dry and isothermal.The first part is concerned with the effects of inlet ambiance conditions and the liquid concentration of ethylene glycol on the distribution of the velocity,temperature,concentrations profiles and the axial variation of the evaporation rate.The second part is focused on the inversion temperature point of the evaporation of binary liquid film.Results show that the inversion temperature phenomenon for the evaporation of binary liquid mixture is observed for high liquid concentration of ethylene glycol.The present results show that in the inlet temperature range considered here,the inversion temperature does not exit for the evaporation of pure ethylene glycol.

PREDICTION OF HEAT TRANSFER OF AIR-WATER TWO PHASE FLOW IN A SMALL TUBE

Theoretical and experimental study has been performed on heat transfer of airwater two phase laminar annular flow through a uniformly heated vertical small tube. Analysis ascertains that the mechanism of heat transfer is the evaporation of a very thin liquid film attached on the tube wall. The predictions of analytical solutions are quite good compared with the experimental results.

A Review on Thermal Design of Liquid Droplet Radiator System

Liquid Droplet Radiator (LDR) system is regarded as a quite promising waste heat rejection system for aerospace engineering.A comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art of LDR system was carried out.The thermal design considerations of crucial components such as working fluid,droplet generator and collector,intermediate heat exchanger,circulating pump and return pipe were reviewed.The state-of-the-art of existing mathematical models of radiation and evaporation characteristics of droplet layer from literatures were summarized.Furthermore,thermal designs of three LDR systems were completed.The weight and required planform area between the rectangular and triangular LDR systems were respectively compared and the evaporation models for calculating the mass loss were evaluated.Based on the review,some prospective studies of LDR system were put forward in this paper.

Heat transfer characteristics in a narrow confined channel with discrete impingement cooling

Heat transfer characteristics in a narrow confined channel with discrete impingement cooling were investigated using thermal infrared camera. Detailed heat transfer distributions and comparisons on three surfaces with three impact diameters were experimentally studied in the range of Reynolds number of 3000 to 30000. The experimental results indicated that the strong impingement jet leaded to a high strength heat transfer zone in the ΔX=±2.5D;range of the impact center,which was 1.3–2.5 times of the average heat transfer value of the impingement wall. With the same coolant mass flow rate, small diameter case had lower heat transfer coefficient on both inner wall and outside wall, while the impingement wall was insensitive to the impact diameter. The surface averaged Nusselt number of inner wall was only 43%–57% of impingement wall, while the outside wall can reach up to 80%–90%. The larger the diameter, the higher heat transfer enhancement and the smaller the channel flow resistance was observed in term of Reynolds number. The surface averaged Nusselt numbers were developed as the function of Reynolds number and the impingement height-to-diameter for further engineering applications.

THREE-PHASE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED EVAPORATOR FOR WHEAT STRAW BLACK LIQUOR EVAPORATION

A novel vapor-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed evaporator, meaning for enhancing heat transfer and preventing fouling, is applied to wheat straw black liquor, which is the primary pollutant in China’s papermaking industry. It is treated by alkali recovery, in which evaporation is a key process. The experimental results show that the vapor-liquid-solid three-phase boiling heat transfer coefficient is enhanced by 20%～40% than that of vapor-liquid two-phase boiling flow, also, the novel evaporator exhibits an excellent function of fouling prevention.

液氧甲烷变推力发动机螺旋槽再生冷却传热特性研究

为探究宽工况范围下螺旋槽再生冷却的传热特性,基于微小通道内低温工质的相变传热模型,采用一维传热计算方法,对5 kN级液氧甲烷变推力发动机开展了螺旋槽再生冷却传热特性研究。结果表明:本文所采用的传热计算模型可用于传热预估,与试验结果相比,冷却剂温升误差为4.3%,压降误差为1.1%,喉部处外壁温误差为-11%,在工程计算可接受范围内;相比于直槽,螺旋槽再生冷却能有效降低燃气侧壁温,同时,在宽范围变推力条件下,实际功率水平越低,冷却剂温升、压降越小,喉部燃气侧壁温越低,但“传热恶化区”内的壁温最大值反而越高,当发动机推力由额定工况的75%调整至20%时,燃气侧壁温的最大值由1 351 K增大至1 399 K;综合考虑壁面温度及冷却剂的压力损失,本文对冷却通道开展优化设计,对比四种冷却通道方案的传热性能,其中,方案4为最优方案,20%额定功率水平工况时,冷却剂温升为491 K,压降为0.34 MPa,燃气侧壁温最大值也仅为1 297 K,较初始设计方案降低了102 K,远低于材料的极限温度。

基于Fluent的板管型蒸发式冷凝器的流动与换热研究

为了研究板管型蒸发式冷凝器的流动和传热特性,并优化其板片凹陷孔的结构,本研究采用商用软件Fluent对气液流动模型进行数值模拟。通过控制变量、逐层优化的方法,研究了各雷诺数(Re)下板片凹陷孔的不同深度(H)和小直径(D_(1))对板片流动与换热效率的影响。研究发现,在所有Re的条件下,努塞尔数(Nu)随着H的增大而增大,且存在一个最佳值——H=3 mm,当H继续增加时,Nu反而开始下降。在确定H的最佳值后,发现在所有Re的条件下,不同D_(1)对Nu的变化影响也存在一个最佳值D_(1)=6 mm,使得换热效果最好。通过实验验证,最佳尺寸下的数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。虽然Re越大,换热效果越好,但也带来了更高的能耗,因此在最佳结构下需要在能耗和效率之间做出取舍。

V形沟槽纳米线团簇表面的毛细抽吸-补液蒸发传热特性研究

利用V形沟槽纳米线团簇表面的毛细抽吸和补液特征,结合实验观测和建模分析对表面的薄液膜蒸发进行研究。探究了表面结构参数和沟槽液位对蒸发性能的影响,建立薄液膜蒸发模型求解纳米线团簇和V形沟槽中的液膜轮廓方程并分析传热性能。结果表明,随着纳米线直径减小和高度增大,薄液膜蒸发传热系数增大,最高可达369kW/(m_(2)·K)。团簇内液膜在毛细力驱动下具有极高的爬升速度,使得小持液量下液膜仍位于团簇顶端蒸发。沟槽液膜完全润湿沟槽且与团簇顶端液膜相连通,为团簇蒸发补液,沟槽液位下降不影响团簇顶端蒸发,能够延伸薄液膜长度并减薄沟槽侧壁液膜厚度,进一步强化传热。纳米线团簇中液膜宏观传热系数显著高于沟槽,证明了团簇在整体蒸发中的决定性贡献,阐明了V形沟槽纳米线团簇表面薄液膜蒸发微观机制。

窄缝通道内低雷诺数蒸汽流动换热特性数值模拟研究

为探究窄缝通道在大破口失水事故下再淹没过程中低雷诺数(Re_(in)=1 881~10 348)过热蒸汽的流动换热特性,采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)方法,基于优选出的湍流模型,探究加热面热流、压力条件和入口速度对低雷诺数过热蒸汽流动换热特性的影响规律。对比了Gnielinski关联式与Dittus-Boelter关联式,并对Dittus-Boelter经验关联式进行修正。计算结果表明:雷诺时均(Reynolds average Navier-Stokes, RANS)湍流模型中SST k-ω的模拟结果与大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES)的模拟结果最为接近,且计算量小;过热蒸汽对流换热能力随压力和入口流速的增加而增强,随加热面热流增加而减弱;相对于数值模拟结果,Dittus-Boelter和Gnielinski经验关联式预测的Nu数偏低,修正后的新关联式误差在15%以内,可为再淹没过程低雷诺数过热蒸汽的流动换热分析程序开发提供参考。

蒸汽加热垂直矩形窄通道内流型与局部换热特性研究

为了明确竖直矩形窄通道内各阶段流动沸腾的换热特性,优化换热器性能,以去离子水为工质,对尺寸为1400 mm×250 mm×2.75 mm(高×宽×深)的蒸汽加热垂直矩形窄通道内流动沸腾流型与局部换热特性进行实验研究。将由实验数据得到的流型图与不同加热条件下的现有流型图进行了对比分析。结合流型变化分析了进口温度、质流密度、加热功率对局部换热特性的影响,并基于对实验数据的参数分析,得到适用于该实验工况下的新流动沸腾传热关联式。结果表明:入口温度的升高对提升核态沸腾段的换热有积极作用,而在进入搅拌流阶段后,其对局部传热系数的影响很小;质流密度增加会降低核态沸腾阶段的局部传热系数,提升液膜流动蒸发区的局部传热系数;随着加热功率的增加,局部传热系数的峰值呈现左移的趋势;新的传热关联式能很好地预测该实验工况下蒸汽加热垂直矩形窄通道内流动沸腾的局部传热系数。

水在竖直矩形窄通道内流动沸腾传热特性的数值研究

针对应用于升膜式换热器的竖直矩形窄通道内的流动沸腾传热特性进行了数值模拟研究,明确了通道内流动沸腾各阶段的传热特性,为设计高效的换热设备提供参考。建立了尺寸为1400 mm×250 mm×3 mm的竖直矩形窄通道模型,采用多相流VOF模型,获得了不同高度通道中的温度、汽相和流速分布。对两相流动划分了子区域,对气泡运动进行了分析。结合流型,对各子区域的传热特性及影响因素进行了定量分析。结果表明:流动沸腾过程中流型主要包括气泡流、弹状流、块状流和搅拌流;入口温度的提高可以加强部分发展的核态沸腾阶段的局部换热,而对于完全发展的核态沸腾阶段影响较小;质流密度的增大会削弱核态沸腾初始阶段的换热,但对于距离汽化核心较远的区域,换热则会增强;不同区域的传热特性随干度的变化趋势不同。

新型旋流布液器成膜性能实验研究

布液器是降膜蒸发器的关键部件。文章针对现有布液器存在的不足,开发了一种新型旋流布液器。该布液器为切向开槽结构,槽一侧与管内壁相切,另一侧延伸一定长度与管内壁形成导流结构,下端与换热管通过螺纹连接。在有机玻璃实验装置内对新型旋流布液器和切向槽型布液器形成液膜等性能进行了系统的对比研究。实验结果表明:只要合理控制流量,两种布液器均能连续稳定成膜,不会出现“干管”现象;新型旋流布液器的最小成膜流量更小,成膜的流量范围更广,说明其操作弹性更大;在相同流量下,新型旋流布液器比切向槽型布液器形成的液膜厚且流速小,因此液膜稳定性更好,同时液膜在换热管内的停留时间更长,换热效果更好。

薄壁颈管气相液氮罐设计漏热计算及验证

为适应生物样本低温储存的发展需求,试制了有效容积375 L、320 mm大口径偏口气相液氮罐。为降低漏热,达到蒸发率指标的设计要求,采用薄壁颈管结构的优化设计。根据设计结构,给出了固体导热、辐射传热及残余气体自由分子导热的漏热估算方法及结果,漏热设计计算符合国家标准规定的蒸发率指标。对一批试制品的初样产品的测试验证表明,其静态液氮蒸发率在(1.15~1.32)%/d,符合设计要求,产品主要性能指标满足要求。

狭缝通道两相流强化换热研究综述

在狭缝通道高速流体的冲刷下 ,狭缝不易产生杂质沉淀污染传热表面使传热工况恶化。狭缝两相流传热技术结构紧凑 ,具有显著的强化效果 ,是一种既经济又有效地强化传热方法 ,因此狭缝传热在航空航天、微电子和核反应堆等领域得到广泛应用。狭缝两相流强化传热的主导传热机理是受压变形气泡底部的微液膜蒸发机理。本文对狭缝通道内两相流强化换热的研究进展进行了一些介绍 。

板式蒸发式冷凝器传热传质的数值模拟

在考虑表面张力动量源项和气—液两相间传热传质源项的条件下,基于Volumeof Fluid算法,建立了板式蒸发式冷凝器气—液两相降膜流动传热传质的计算模型.利用该模型定量分析了壁面热流密度、液相进口温度和空气流速对竖直板面温度分布、气—液两相界面处潜热和显热传热热量密度的相对关系的影响.结果表明:液膜和空气内温度随壁面热流密度的增大而增大,在气—液两相界面处,温度梯度不连续;气—液两相界面处的传热形式以水蒸发传质引起的潜热传热为主、空气显热传热为辅,且传热热阻主要集中于水膜内;随空气流速的增加,气—液两相间传质量也随之增大.

纵向涡发生器对矩形窄通道内对流换热的影响

针对反应堆堆芯板状燃料元件冷却通道内的强化传热问题，对带有周期性分布纵向涡发生器（I．VGs）的水平矩形窄通道内的流动与换热进行了实验研究，得出了雷诺数在3×10^3～2×10^4的范围内LVGs安装形式（一侧带LVGs或两侧带I．VGs）对水的流动与换热特性的影响规律．结果表明：带有周期性分布LVGs通道的平均努谢尔数比光通道的高25％～35％，但阻力系数也比光通道的高．在3种不同比较准则（相同质量流量、相同压降及相同泵功）下，两侧带同向I．VGs通道的综合性能好于单侧带有LVGs通道的综合性能．I．VGs能够破坏热边界层，带走更多的热量，从而降低板状燃料元件的温度和堆芯的烧毁率．