Narrow and broad senses on salinity scale

The narrow sense and applicable limit of Practical Salinity Scale 1978 (PSS78) and volumetric titration using silver nitrate to measure the salinity of non conservative oceanwater are discussed.The salinity obtained by electrical conductivity method and chlorinity salinity method obviously deviates from the absolute salinity( S A). The Density Salinity Scale(DSS98)proposed by the writers can be extensively used in conservative and non conservative water samples. The merits of the density salinity scale are as follows. (1)The Density Salinity Scale is only related to seawater mass and its buoyant effect, and is not influenced by the variation in seawater composition, and therefore,has high reliability,and repeatability for salinity determination. (2)The salinity values measured by the DSS98 have a conservative property.For oceanwater samples the salinity values are the same as those determined by the PSS78; for non conservative water samples(e g. samples from industrial sources),the salinity values are close to the absolute salinity values in comparison with those measured by the PSS78 and the Knudsen method. (3)For a solution with given solute mass,the solution concentration can be converted into the corresponding salinity by the Density Salinity Scale using the expansion coefficient of the solution and the calibration coefficient of the partial molar volume of the solute.

Discussion on the role and practice of narrative medicine in China's COVID-19 epidemic

Narrative medicine is an important practice form of medical humanistic care.In COVID-19,the concept and practice of narrative medicine played an important role.This paper makes a distinction between the narrow sense and the broad sense of narrative medicine,and expounds in detail the characteristics and influence of the broad sense of narrative medicine in the epidemic situation,as well as the possible practice forms of the narrow sense of narrative medicine in the special period of the epidemic situation.Through reviewing the narrative medicine during the COVID-19,we hope to provide ideas for further expanding the connotation and application boundaries of narrative medicine.

The Rethinking of “State Shinto” in Japanese Academia After World War Ⅱ

The Shinto Directive,the official source of the term“State Shinto”,on the one hand defines the concept of“State Shinto”in a narrow sense,and on the other hand reveals its profound connotation and generalized extension.In 1945,after the Allied Forces issued the Shinto Directive,Japanese academia carried out in-depth research around“State Shinto”,and gradually formed the“two camps”consisting of scholars who advocated the theory of“State Shinto in a Broad Sense”and insisted on the theory of“State Shinto in a Narrow Sense”.In the process of promoting the democratic reform,the theory of“State Shinto in a Broad Sense”gradually developed into the general theory of“State Shinto”after the war;With the continuous advancement of empirical research,the“State Shinto in a Narrow Sense”gradually rose.While enriching the post-war research of“State Shinto”,it also provided a theoretical basis for historical revisionists to distort and cover up history.Finally,under the situation that the trend of Japanese political right deviation is increasingly intensified,the limitations of the“broad sense”and“narrow sense”camps are broken,and the study of“State Shinto”has entered a new stage.

Generalized Energy Storage Allocation Strategies for Load Aggregator in Hierarchical Electricity Markets

The uncertainty of user-side resource response will affect the response quality and economic benefit of load aggregator(LA).Therefore,this paper regards the flexible user-side resources as a virtual energy storage(VES),and uses the traditional narrow sense energy storage(NSES)to alleviate the uncertainty of VES.In order to further enhance the competitive advantage of LA in electricity market transactions,the operation mechanism of LA in day-ahead and real-time market is analyzed,respectively.Besides,truncated normal distribution is used to simulate the response accuracy of VES,and the response model of NSES is constructed at the same time.Then,the hierarchical market access index(HMAI)is introduced to quantify the risk of LA being eliminated in the market competition.Finally,combined with the priority response strategy of VES and HMAI,the capacity allocation model of NSES is established.As the capacity model is nonlinear,Monte Carlo simulation and adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm are used to solve it.In order to verify the effectiveness of the model,the data from PJM market in the United States is used for testing.Simulation results show that the model established can provide the effective NSES capacity allocation strategy for LA to compensate the uncertainty of VES response,and the economic benefit of LA can be increased by 52.2%at its maximum.Through the reasonable NSES capacity allocation,LA is encouraged to improve its own resource level,thus forming a virtuous circle of market competition.