Erratum to "Boeravinone B ameliorates allergic nasal inflammation by modulating the GATA-3/T-bet signaling pathway in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis"

In the article entitled“Boeravinone B ameliorates allergic nasal inflammation by modulating the GATA-3/T-bet signaling pathway in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis”,published on pages 245-252,Issue 6,Volume 14 in Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,the weight number was misspelled as“18.5 g”on page 246,first line,under 2.2.Animals paragraph.The correct weight should be“(18.5±5)g”.

Effect of nursing intervention on rehabilitation of patients with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps after nasal endoscopy

BACKGROUND Chronic sinusitis is a kind of chronic suppurative inflammation of the sinus mucosa.Nasal endoscopy is a good method to treat nasal polyps.However postoperative rehabilitation and care should not be neglected.AIM To investigate the Effect of nursing intervention on the rehabilitation of patients with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps(CSNPS)after nasal endoscopy.METHODS A total of 129 patients with CSNPS hospitalized from February 2017 to February 2019 were studied.Using the digital parity method,we investigated nursing cooperation strategies for endoscopic surgery.The comparison group(64 cases):Surgical nursing was carried out with traditional nursing measures;experimental group(65 cases):Surgical nursing was carried out by traditional nursing countermeasures+comprehensive nursing measures.We compared postoperative recovery rates,nursing satisfaction rates,and nasal cavity ratings between the two groups.RESULTS Experimental group patients with CSNPS had a significantly higher recovery rate(98.46%)compared to the control group(79.69%).This difference was statistically significant(χ2=11.748,P<0.05).Additionally,the satisfaction rate with treatment was also significantly higher in the experimental group(98.46%)compared to the control group(79.69%),with a statistically significant difference(χ2=11.748,P<0.05).Before nursing,there was no significant difference in sinus nasal cavity scores between the experimental group(20.29±7.25 points)and the control group(20.30±7.27 points)(t=0.008,P>0.05).However,after nursing,the sinus nasal cavity score in the experimental group(8.85±3.22 points)was significantly lower than that in the control group(14.99±5.02 points)(t=8.282,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Comprehensive nursing intervention in patients with CSNPS can significantly improve the total recovery rate after endoscopic surgery.

Treatment of primary nasal tuberculosis with anti-tumor necrosis factor immunotherapy:A case report

BACKGROUND Primary nasal tuberculosis(TB)is a rare form of extrapulmonary TB,particularly in patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor(TNF)immunotherapy.As a result,its diagnosis remains challenging.CASE SUMMARY A 58-year-old male patient presented to the ear,nose,and throat department with right-sided nasal obstruction and bloody discharge for 1 month.He was diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis and received anti-TNF immunotherapy for 3 years prior to presentation.Biopsy findings revealed chronic granulomatous inammation and a few acid-fast bacilli,suggestive of primary nasal TB.He was referred to our TB management department for treatment with oral anti-TB agents.After 9 months,the nasal lesions had disappeared.No recurrence was noted during follow-up.CONCLUSION The diagnosis of primary nasal TB should be considered in patients receiving TNF antagonists who exhibit thickening and crusting of the nasal septum mucosa or inferior turbinate,particularly when pathological findings suggest granulomatous inflammation.

Nasal congestion caused by long-term retention of a nasal foreign body near the orbit:A case report

BACKGROUND Nasal trauma presents a risk of foreign body invasion into the nasal cavity.However,in the early treatment stage of nasal trauma,patients and doctors are not always aware of possible foreign body invasion,resulting in delayed detection.We describe the case of an adult patient admitted to the hospital due to left nasal congestion accompanied by yellow,purulent,and bloody discharge.CASE SUMMARY Consultation with the patient revealed a history of nasal trauma 30 years prior that did not receive thorough examinations and imaging during treatment,resulting in a glass fragment retained in the nasal cavity adjacent to the orbit.After admission,computerized tomography(CT)confirmed the presence of the foreign body in the patient’s left nasal–maxillary sinus.The nasal foreign body led to symptoms such as chronic sinusitis,nasal polyps,fungal infection,and deviated nasal septum.The foreign body was successfully removed by nasal endoscopy,polypectomy,sinus fungal removal,left middle turbinate conchoplasty,fenestration via the right inferior meatus,nasal endoscopic maxillary sinus cystectomy,and septolplasty.The operation was successful and without any complications.CONCLUSION CT scans should be performed in addition to necessary debridement sutures to avoid possible foreign body invasion during nasal trauma.Surgical planning should be tailored to the patient’s specific situation.The surgical method should be carefully selected,and sufficient preparation should be undertaken before the surgery to avoid possible displacement of the nasal foreign body.

Postoperative pneumocranium after endoscopic transnasal optic canal decompression

Dear Editor,We present the first time,a case of a patient developed cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)leak and pneumocranium following optic canal decompression(OCD).INTRODUCTION Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy(ITON)impairs visual functions and quality of life.Endoscopic transnasal optic canal decompression(ETOCD)is one of the standard treatment strategies for the ITON.During the ETOCD,the optic nerve sheath are usually incised for sufficient decompression of optic nerve after removal of optic canal,which is associated with complications like CSF leakage,ophthalmic artery injury,and optic nerve injury[1].Generally,the mild CSF leak is common and can heal spontaneously using conventional treatment,the severe CSF leak requires surgical repair[2].

Classification and reconstructive algorithm for nasal alar defect in Asians

Background:The nasal alar defect in Asians remains a challenging issue,as do clear classification and algorithm guidance,despite numerous previously described surgical techniques.The aim of this study is to propose a surgical algorithm that addresses the appropriate surgical procedures for different types of nasal alar defects in Asian patients.Methods:A retrospective case note review was conducted on 32 patients with nasal alar defect who underwent reconstruction between 2008 and 2022.Based on careful analysis and our clinical experience,we proposed a classification system for nasal alar defects and presented a reconstructive algorithm.Patient data,including age,sex,diagnosis,surgical options,and complications,were assessed.The extent of surgical scar formation was evaluated using standard photography based on a 4-grade scar scale.Results:Among the 32 patients,there were 20 males and 12 females with nasal alar defects.The predominant cause of trauma in China was industrial factors.The majority of alar defects were classified as type Ⅰ C(n=8,25%),comprising 18 cases(56.2%);there were 5 cases(15.6%)of type Ⅱ defect,7(21.9%)of type Ⅲ defect,and 2(6.3%)of type Ⅳ defect.The most common surgical option was auricular composite graft(n=8,25%),followed by bilobed flap(n=6,18.8%),free auricular composite flap(n=4,12.5%),and primary closure(n=3,9.4%).Satisfactory improvements were observed postoperatively.Conclusion:Factors contributing to classifications were analyzed and defined,providing a framework for the proposed classification system.The reconstructive algorithm offers surgeons appropriate procedures for treating nasal alar defect in Asians.

Early screening to identify and diagnose primary nasal tuberculosis in patients with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors

In this editorial,we comment on the article by Liu et al.Based on our analysis of a case report,we consider that early screening and recognition of primary nasal tuberculosis are crucial for patients undergoing treatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitor(TNFi).While TNFi therapy increases the risk of reactivating latent tuberculosis,primary nasal tuberculosis remains rare due to the protective mechanisms of the nasal mucosa.Risk factors for primary nasal tuberculosis include minimally invasive nasal surgery,diabetes,and human immunodefi ciency virus.Patients with early symptoms such as nasal congestion,rhinorrhea,altered olfaction,epistaxis,or ulceration,and unresponsive to conventional antibiotics and antihistamines should undergo early rhinoscopy,possibly followed by repeated tissue biopsies and acid-fast bacilli culture when necessary.When diagnosis is challenging,it is essential to consider local tuberculosis epidemiology and the efficacy of diagnostic antituberculosis treatment.The preferred method for tuberculosis screening is the Interferon Gamma Release Assay,with a general recommendation for screening at 3 and 6 months after initial treatment and then every six months.However,the optimal frequency is not yet consensus-driven and may be increased in economically viable settings.

Classification and a decade-long follow-up of rat bite injuries in the nasal region

Background:Nasal defects due to rat bites are frequently encountered in rural regions of China.In addition to serving as disease vectors,rats can also inflict bite injuries.In this study,we delineated the characteristics of rat bite injuries in the nasal region and discussed the clinical features observed during a 10-year follow-up period.Methods:We retrospectively reviewed hospital records for patients admitted due to rat bites.This study outlines the demographics,clinical features,and follow-up outcomes supported by comprehensive photo documentation of the patients’progress.Results:Twenty-five patients,with a mean age of 29 years,were admitted due to rat bites.Treatment was provided for three distinct types of injuries:nasal tip defect(type Ⅰ),nasal defect(type Ⅱ),and full-thickness nasal defect with loss of surrounding tissues(type Ⅲ).All patients recovered fully.Conclusions:The treatment for rat bites should be based on the wound type.The long-term follow-up outcomes are more favorable when fewer subunits of the nose affected.We recommend early surgical intervention,along with psychological therapy,to prevent interference with growth and development.

Nasal Dermoid Cyst with Sinus Tract Intranasal Bone: A Case Report

Dermoid cysts are benign tumors originating from germ cells, which can form in various locations, including the nasal area in rare cases. They are of unknown exact etiology, but it is suggested that it is due to abnormal tissue migration during early embryonic development. Nasal dermoid cysts albeit rare, can present in various forms such as sinuses, fistulas, or intracranially extending tracts. They can be asymptomatic and incidentally discovered or present with a visible external mass or sinus that is either painful, infected or cosmetically concerning. If nasal dermoid cysts with an intra-nasal bone sinus tract are left untreated, they can lead to life-threatening complications. This report describes the case of a 6-year-old girl with a nasal dermoid cyst connected to a superficial punctum by an intra-nasal tract. She had undergone surgical excision of a nasal swelling previously diagnosed as a dermoid cyst. One year later, she returned to our clinic with a recurrence of the nasal swelling. Imaging tests revealed a nasal dermoid cyst with a tract extending to the nasal tip, without intracranial expansion. The cyst, along with the entire tract, was successfully removed surgically, and the postoperative follow-up indicated no complications. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of a dermoid cyst. This case underscores the significance of considering the dermoid tract in nasal cyst cases and the necessity of its complete removal to prevent recurrence.

Influence of pH Environment on Nasal Absorption of Meptazinol Hydrochloride

Aim To investigate the relationship between pH environment of meptazinolhydrochloride (MEP) and its nasal absorption. Methods In situ nasal peifusion was performed to studythe effect of pH environment on the nasal absorption. Its effect on the transport from nose tobrain was further researched by in vivo experiment. Results In in situ perfusion experiment, thenasal absorption of MEP in basic environment was significantly higher than that in acid condition,but the difference was not observed in in vivo experiment. Conclusion The pH environment ofmeptazinol hydrocloride in formulation cannot be regarded as an important factor influencing nasalabsorption and transport from nose to brain.

The Phonosemantics of Nasal-Stop Clusters

The essay explores the meaning of nasal stop,in an attempt to provide more evidence to the hypothesis there is certain relation between sound and meaning,and foundation theory of phonosemantics.

CTAC/NaSal和PEO复合水溶液减阻和流变实验研究

深入研究表面活性剂和高分子聚合物复合水溶液减阻规律和流变特性,有助于理解复合减阻机理促进其在工程领域的应用。利用旋转圆盘减阻装置研究了温度、浓度和雷诺数对表面活性剂(CTAC/NaSal)、高分子聚合物(PEO)及其复合水溶液减阻率的影响;同时利用旋转流变仪研究了浓度、温度和剪切速率对三种减阻溶液表观黏度的影响。研究表明,PEO和CTAC/NaSal复合溶液的减阻率明显高于纯水溶液的减阻率,复合溶液具有减阻雷诺数和减阻温度范围宽及减阻率高的特点,且PEO浓度变化对复合溶液减阻率的影响小于CTAC/NaSal浓度变化的影响;在所测温度和雷诺数范围内,相同剪切速率下复合溶液的表观黏度基本高于纯溶液的,一些浓度组合的复合溶液在较低剪切速率和较高剪切速率下均出现剪切增稠现象,温度升高使复合溶液剪切增稠现象推迟、次数减小以及表观黏度峰值降低。

CTAC/NaSal表面活性剂棒状胶束自组装行为的介观布朗动力学模拟

表面活性剂分子在溶液中能够自组装形成多种形式的胶束结构,使溶液呈现出不同的流动特性。表面活性剂分子的自组装行为是其众多实际应用的重要基础,因此也一直是研究热点。表面活性剂分子的自组装行为受溶液条件(质量浓度、温度、流动强度等)影响显著,但目前实验条件下很难直观地、定量地对不同溶液条件下表面活性剂分子自组装行为进行系统监测和研究。本文选取CTAC/NaSal棒状胶束溶液系统为研究对象,通过介观布朗动力学模拟计算,系统研究了不同质量浓度、温度、剪切强度下CTAC棒状胶束的自组装行为。研究表明,溶液的质量浓度、温度以及对溶液施加的剪切强度对CTAC棒状胶束的自组装能力都具有促进和抑制的两面性影响,即适当的质量浓度、温度及剪切强度有利于CTAC棒状胶束之间的自组装;相反,过高或过低的质量浓度、温度及剪切强度都不利于CTAC棒状胶束之间的自组装。

High-flow nasal oxygen availability for sedation decreases the use of general anesthesia during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound

AIM To examine whether high-flow nasal oxygen(HFNO) availability influences the use of general anesthesia(GA) in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) and endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) and associated outcomes.METHODS In this retrospective study, patients were stratified into 3 eras between October 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014 based on HFNO availability for deep sedation at the time of their endoscopy. During the first and last 3-mo eras(era 1 and 3), no HFNO was available, whereas it was an option during the second 3-mo era(era 2). The primary outcome was the percent utilization of GA vs deep sedation in each period. Secondary outcomes included oxygen saturation nadir during sedation between periods, as well as procedure duration, and anesthesia-only time between periods and for GA vs sedation cases respectively.RESULTS During the study period 238 ERCP or EUS cases were identified for analysis. Statistical testing was employed and a P < 0.050 was significant unless the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was used. General anesthesia use was significantly lower in era 2 compared to era 1 with the same trend between era 2 and 3(P = 0.012 and 0.045 respectively). The oxygen saturation nadir during sedation was significantly higher in era 2 compared to era 3(P < 0.001) but not between eras 1 and 2(P = 0.028) or 1 and 3(P = 0.069). The procedure time within each era was significantly longer under GA compared to deep sedation(P ≤ 0.007) as was the anesthesia-only time(P ≤ 0.001).CONCLUSION High-flow nasal oxygen availability was associated with decreased GA utilization and improved oxygenation for ERCP and EUS during sedation.

Primary site and regional lymph nodeinvolvement are independent prognosticfactors for early？stage extranodal nasal？typenatural killer/T cell lymphoma

Background:Nasal-type extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma(ENKTCL) originates primarily in the nasal cavity or extra-nasal sites within the upper aerodigestive tract.However,it is unclear whether the primary site can serve as an independent prognostic factor or whether the varying clinical outcomes observed with different primary sites can be attributed merely to their propensities of regional lymph node involvement.The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic implications of the primary site and regional lymph node involvement in patients with early-stage nasal-type ENKTCL.Methods:To develop a nomogram,we reviewed the clinical data of 215 consecutively diagnosed patients with early-stage nasal-type ENKTCL who were treated in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center with chemotherapy and radiotherapy between 2000 and 2011.The predictive accuracy and discriminative ability of the nomogram were determined using a concordance index(C-index) and calibration curve.Results:The 5-year overall survival(OS) and progression-free survival(PFS) rates of patients with nasal ENKTCL were higher than those of patients with extra-nasal ENKTCL(OS:68.2%vs.46.0%,P = 0.030;PFS:53.4%vs.26.6%,P = 0.010).The 5-year OS and PFS rates of patients with Ann Arbor stage IE ENKTCL were higher than those of patients with Ann Arbor stage HE ENKTCL(OS:66.3%vs.59.2%,P = 0.003;PFS:51.4%vs.40.3%,P = 0.009).Multivariate analysis showed that age >60 years,ECOG performance status score >2,elevated lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) level,extranasal primary site,and regional lymph node involvement were significantly associated with lower 5-year OS rate;age >60 years,elevated LDH level,extra-nasal primary site,and regional lymph node involvement were significantly associated with lower 5-year PFS rate.The nomogram included the primary site and regional lymph node involvement based on multivariate analysis.The calibration curve showed good agreement between the predicted and actual 5-year OS and PFS rates,and the C-indexes of the nomogram for the OS and PFS rates were 0.697 and 0.634,respectively.Conclusions:The primary site and regional lymph node involvement are independent prognostic factors for earlystage ENKTCL treated with chemotherapy followed by definitive radiotherapy.

Computational technology for nasal cartilage-related clinical research and application

Surgeons need to understand the effects of the nasal cartilage on facial morphology,the function of both soft tissues and hard tissues and nasal function when performing nasal surgery.In nasal cartilage-related surgery,the main goals for clinical research should include clarification of surgical goals,rationalization of surgical methods,precision and personalization of surgical design and preparation and improved convenience of doctor–patient communication.Computational technology has become an effective way to achieve these goals.Advances in three-dimensional(3D)imaging technology will promote nasal cartilage-related applications,including research on computational modelling technology,computational simulation technology,virtual surgery planning and 3D printing technology.These technologies are destined to revolutionize nasal surgery further.In this review,we summarize the advantages,latest findings and application progress of various computational technologies used in clinical nasal cartilage-related work and research.The application prospects of each technique are also discussed.

Intranasal administration of carbamazepine-loaded carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery to the brain

Epilepsy is considered as a common and diverse set of chronic neurological disorders and its symptoms can be controlled by antiepileptic drugs(AEDs). The presence of p-glycoprotein and multi-drug resistance transporters in the blood-brain barrier could prevent the entry of AEDs into the brain, causing drug resistant epilepsy. To overcome this problem, we propose using carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles as a carrier to deliver carbamazepine(CBZ) intranasally with the purpose to bypass the blood-brain barrier thus to enhance the brain drug concentration and the treatment efficacy. Results so far indicate that the developed CBZNPs have small particle size(218.76 ± 2.41 nm) with high drug loading(around 35%) and high entrapment efficiency(around 80%). The in vitro release profiles of CBZ from the NPs are in accordance with the Korsmeyer-peppas model. The in vivo results show that both encapsulation of CBZ in nanoparticles and the nasal route determined the enhancement of the drug bioavailability and brain targeting characteristics.

High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy and noninvasive ventilation for preventing extubation failure during weaning from mechanical ventilation assessed by lung ultrasound score: A single-center randomized study

BACKGROUND: We sought to demonstrate the superiority of a targeted therapy strategy involving high-flow nasal cannula oxygen(HFNCO_(2)) therapy and noninvasive ventilation(NIV) using lung ultrasound score(LUS) in comparison with standard care among patients in the intensive care unit(ICU) who undergo successful weaning to decrease the incidence of extubation failure at both 48 hours and seven days.METHODS: During the study period, 98 patients were enrolled in the study, including 49 in the control group and 49 in the treatment group. Patients in the control group and patients with an LUS score <14 points(at low risk of extubation failure) in the treatment group were extubated and received standard preventive care without NIV or HFNCO_(2). Patients with an LUS score ≥14 points(at high risk of extubation failure) in the treatment group were extubated with a second review of the therapeutic optimization to identify and address any persisting risk factors for postextubation respiratory distress;patients received HFNCO2 therapy combined with sessions of preventive NIV(4-8 hours per day for 4-8 sessions total) for the first 48 hours after extubation.RESULTS: In the control group, 13 patients had the LUS scores ≥14 points, while 36 patients had scores <14 points. In the treatment group, 16 patients had the LUS scores ≥14 points, while 33 patients had scores <14 points. Among patients with the LUS score ≥14 points, the extubation failure rate within 48 hours was 30.8% in the control group and 12.5% in the treatment group, constituting a statistically significant difference(P<0.05). Conversely, among patients with an LUS score <14 points, 13.9% in the control group and 9.1% in the treatment group experienced extubation failure(P=0.61). The length of ICU stay(9.4±3.1 days vs. 7.2±2.4 days) was significantly different and the re-intubation rate(at 48 hours: 18.4% vs. 10.2%;seven days: 22.4% vs. 12.2%) significantly varied between the two groups(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the 28-day mortality rate(6.1% vs. 8.2%) between the control and treatment groups.CONCLUSIONS: Among high-risk adults being weaned from mechanical ventilation and assessed by LUS, the NIV+HFNCO_(2) protocol does not lessen the mortality rate but reduce the length of ICU stay, the rate of extubation failure at both 48 hours and seven days.

Transnasal endoscopic retrograde chalangiopancreatography using an ultrathin endoscope: A prospective comparison with a routine oral procedure

AIM: To investigate if transnasal endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (n-ERCP) using an ultrathin forward-viewing scope may overcome the disadvantages of conventional oral ERCP (o-ERCP) related to the large- caliber side-viewing duodenoscope. METHODS: The study involved 50 patients in whom 25 cases each were assigned to the o-ERCP and n-ERCP groups. We compared the requirements of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) prior to ERCP, rates and times required for successful cannulation into the pancreatobiliary ducts, incidence of post-procedure hyperamylasemia, cardiovascular parameters during the procedure, the dose of a sedative drug, and successful rates of endoscopic naso-biliary drainage (ENBD). RESULTS: Screening gastrointestinal observations were easily performed by the forward-viewing scope and thus no prior EGD was required in the n-ERCP group. There was no significant difference in the rates or times for cannulation, or incidence of hyperamylasemia between the groups. However, the cannulation was relatively difficult in n-ERCP when the scope appeared U-shape under fluoroscopy. Increments of blood pressure and the amount of a sedative drug were significantly lower in the n-ERCP group. ENBD was successfully performed succeeding to the n-ERCP in which mouth-to-nose transfer of the drainage tube was not required. CONCLUSION: n-ERCP is likely a well-tolerable methodwith less cardiovascular stress and no need of prior EGD or mouth-to-nose transfer of the ENBD tube. However, a deliberate application is needed since its performance is difficult in some cases and is not feasible for some endoscopic treatments such as stenting.

Expression of IL-17 and Syndecan-1 in Nasal Polyps and Their Correlation with Nasal Polyps

Nasal polyp(NP) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal cavity and sinuses. Although some authors have suggested that NP is related to inflammatory factors such as interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-5, IL-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor(GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, and IL-17, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and progression of NP remain obscure. This study investigated the expression and distribution of IL-17 and syndecan-1 in NP, and explored the roles of these two molecules in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps(Eos CRSwNP) and non-Eos CRSwNP. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of IL-17 and syndecan-1 in samples [NP, unciform process(UP) from patients with CRS, and middle turbinate(MT) from healthy controls undergoing pituitary tumor surgery]. The results showed that the expression levels of IL-17 and syndecan-1 were upregulated in both NP and UP tissues, but both factors were higher in NP tissues than in UP tissues. There was no significant difference in IL-17 levels between the Eos CRSw NP and non-Eos CRSwNP samples, and syndecan-1 levels were increased in the non-Eos CRSwNP tissues as compared with those in Eos CRSwNP tissues. In all of the groups, there was a close correlation between the expression of IL-17 and syndecan-1 in nasal mucosa epithelial cells, glandular epithelial cells, and inflammatory cells, suggesting that IL-17 and syndecan-1 may play a role, and interact with each other, in the pathogenesis of non-Eos CRSwNP.