Blockchain:A Technical Support for the Modernization of the National Governance System and Capacity

The modernization of national governance needs to be supported with modern technical tools to conform relations of production to productive forces and enable positive and orderly interaction between the two.Blockchain,as an emerging technology in the age of information,features distributed architecture,greater transparency,improved traceability and enhanced security.Blockchain’s consensus mechanism can be introduced into community governance mechanisms,which,by virtue of its marketoriented operation nature,helps define the respective functions of the government and market in the modernization of national governance.The application of blockchain technology to the national governance system enables stakeholders to seek consensus and the largest possible common interests to improve the national governance system and better achieve the governance goal,reduce governance costs,improve governance performance and meet the development needs of the times.Through a proper top-down design,China can effectively integrate blockchain technology into its national governance system and thereby efficiently advance the modernization of its national governance system and capacity.Still,due attention should be paid to blockchain’s possible technical risks and impact during the reform and modernization of national governance.

Protection of Women’s Rights in the National Governance of Contemporary China

The development of women’s rights is a specific field in modern national governance.The essence of women-related issues in modern times lies in the political and legal systems based on gender inequality and the unequal male-female relationship established by male chauvinism,which has further created domination over and prejudice against women.Since the founding of the New China,especially after the launch of reform and opening-up,the Communist party of China and the state have attached great importance to the protection of gender equality,bringing about the continued improvement of the protection of women’s rights.However,due to various economic and social barriers,there is still a long way to go to achieve full gender equality.To understand the issue of women’s rights from the perspective of national governance and apply the concept of modern national governance to the protection of women’s rights,it is imperative to pay great attention to the substantive equality concept in the protection of women’s right during the national governance process,take empowering women as an important approach,raise women’s gender equality awareness,and recognize,grant,enhance and guarantee women’s individual rights.

Towards Happiness: Value Orientation and Approaches with Respect to China’s National Governance

The modernization of national governance has become the fifth modernization that modem China urgently needs to push forward and bring into reality.The building of a modern Chinese model of national governance must pursue,as its ultimate goals,the realization of the happiness of the people.The modernization of China’s national governance has chosen to rely on realizing good governance based on good laws,whereas development is the intrinsic force driving such modernization.Participating in global human rights governance and building a community with a shared future for human beings are connotation requirements of the modernization of China’s national governance.

State Audit in the Modernization of National Governance: Institutional Guarantees and the Logic of Practice

The national audit is produced and developed to meet the objective requirements of national governance, and is a basic institutional arrangement within the governance system. In terms of its institutional attributes, legal status and functions, the national audit is the cornerstone of national governance and an important guarantee driving the modernization of governance. In this new historical era, the national audit needs to be appropriate to the new situation and new requirements of comprehensively deepening reform and enhancing the rule of law. We must accelerate the improvement of the audit system, enhance the breadth of coverage of audit supervision, comprehensively increase audit capacity, give greater effect to the functional role of audit and boost the modernization of the national governance system and governance capability.

The Reforming Logic of State-owned Enterprise Corporate Governance:Proceeding from National Governance to Corporate Governance

The top-level design of national governance plays a leading role in reforming the corporate governance of state-owned enterprises(SOEs)at the micro level.Following the overall objectives of comprehensively deepening reforms,this paper argues that the objective of SOEs corporate governance reform at this stage should be to improve and develop the SOEs corporate governance system with Chinese characteristics and modernize SOEs corporate governance system and governance capacity.To achieve this ambitious objective,this paper considers the theory of SOEs corporate governance with Chinese characteristics,and then explores the concrete manifestation and implementation pathway to the modernization of SOEs corporate governance system and governance capacity.This paper thus enriches the theory of corporate governance and provides insights into the newera SOEs corporate governance reform.

Global Governance and National Governance:Two Strategic Considerations by Contemporary China

Preface Since the 1980s,governance has increasingly penetrated into the theory and practice of human activities,and has undoubtedly obtained the theoretical status as the concepts of globalization,global issues,public administration,public management,

The New Concept, New Thought and New Strategy for National Governance Highlight Scientific Thinking

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC,Comrade Xi Jinping pools the wisdom of the Communist Party of China(Party for short),focusing on the overall issues,core issues,and key issues under the new situation of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics,has made a series of important speeches,proposed a complete set of strategy for national governing,thus。

The World-wide Significance of the New Concept, New Thought and New Strategy for National Governance

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has scientifically integrated the two overall situations of the country and the international community as well as the two major issues of development and security,thus forming a series of new concepts,new ideas and new strategies for governing the country.

National Governance Quotient: The Foundation of Big Data-based National Governance

A nation＇s rise or fall hinges, to some extent, upon its national governance quotient. National governance quotient, or NGQ, is a quantitative indicator measuring the governance level of a country in quotient form. Its value is the ratio of the national governance system and capacity to national governance costs, and its nature is that of an amalgam of national governance ideas and techniques quantified on the basis of the figures. It is advanced because its inner core lies in logic and computation, and it is scientific because it is guaranteed by technology platforms such as big data and cloud computing. The formulation of NGQ provides technical support and a basis for the transformation from experiential or experimental governance to quantitative, scientific governance, and it thus has great theoretical and practical significance for the modernization of national governance system and capacity. As well as being used to provide quantitative management of national governance modernization, NGQ can also be used as a measurement standard and key symbol for evaluating the modernization of China＇s national governance by 2020.Furthermore, it can be used to compile a World NGQ Report with the aim of taking hold of international governance discourse, as well as to compile China local NGQ reports to improve local governance in China.

A National Governance Perspective on the Transformation of Rural Property Rights： The Chinese Experience

Property rights have multiple attributes, and these are correlated with national governance. In the West, property rights have the economic function of maximizing efficiency and the political function of rights protection, but in China, they also have a strong social character. With the modernization of national governance, these functions interact with and transform each other. When the state＇s ability to supply public goods is relatively weak, property rights take on more of a social character, meeting public demand for welfare at the grassroots level. When the state is better able to provide public goods, the social function of property rights lessens as their economic function grows. The social character of property rights was the institutional foundation for China, as a huge agrarian state, to realize ＂governance through inaction,＂ and at the same time was the secret key that could break the code to the millennial continuity of Chinese agrarian civilization. Reforms including the collectivization of rural property rights after 1949, the ＂separation of two rights＂ （to collective ownership and household contracted land, with a focus on the latter）, and the ＂separation of three rights,＂ （to collective ownership, household contracts and revitalized land management）. These changes constitute a process in which the economic function of property rights has been growing while their social character has lessened under conditions of national governance modernization.

The Reordering of Relationship and the Shaping of a National Governance Structure in China

Various government documents tend to put the reordering of relationship together with institutional reform and functional transformation.If we fail to understand this important issue,we will be unable to understand China’s national governance system.The reordering of relationship has four dimensions:government and market;central and local government;the economy and society;and government and society.The routes to this reordering can be divided into separation,retention and postponement.On the one hand,the conflicts between these routes have affected China’s national governance structure,so that it seeks a balance between closure and opening up;on the other,the course taken by the reordering of relationship is rooted in the demands for generality and modernity that coexist within China’s national governance.One could say that the straightening out of relationship has reshaped the distinctive features of this governance.In the course of continuous reordering,some of its important elements have undergone a crucial change.From the perspective of the reordering of relationship,the openness with which these relations have been absorbed into a larger system is crucial to the future transformation of China’s national governance.

Construction of Chinese Judicial Power from the Perspective of National Governance

The Chinese national governance system includes the Party＇s governing system, the People＇s Congress system, the administrative system, the court system and the procuratorate. Judicial power is neutral, passive, independent and final, features that reflect the irreplaceable nature of its role in national governance. The growth of judicial power is diachronic, complex and evolutionary, which means that its construction will be a tortuous and difficult process. Given the limitations of the functions of judicial power in China and their immediate results, we should fix our gaze on the construction of a socialist country under the rule of law and the optimization of the structure and functions of our national governance system by taking checks and balance as the principle in the allocation of judicial power, taking rights protection as the heart of the operation of judicial power, taking harmonious operation as the standard for guaranteeing judicial power, and cultivating legal culture as the foundation supporting judicial power. In optimizing national governance itself, we should strengthen its functions of adaptation, integration, goal attainment and latency.

The Transformation of Environmental Governance from the Point of the Interaction between Government and National People's Congress

Taking cadmium pollution in X River as an example, the interaction between National People＇s Congress and local government was de- scribed. How the local government transforms its role in environment protection with the help of several deputies to National People＇s Congress was expounded from the angle of social construction, which also enlightened the way to build an environment protection road with Chinese characteristics.

Revelations of Muhammad Ali’s Reform for Egyptian National Governance

This paper conducts an in-depth study on Muhammad Ali’s reform which plays an important role in the history of Egypt or even the whole Middle East,and holds that the reform may reveal the following features:1)Only by opening up and keeping up with the times can ancient civilizations thrive;2)Without the unity of the state and the centralization of power,reforms can never be implemented,nor can development be achieved;3)Economic revitalization is the cornerstone of reforms and development;4)Development of culture and education lays the foundations for the sustainable political,economic and other development,even the national rejuvenation;5)Personal dictatorship and external expansion always hamper the positive trend of reform.

政府与体育社会组织合作关系研究——基于澳大利亚“National Compact”的经验借鉴

政府与体育社会组织携手合作共同提供公共体育服务已经在理论界达成基本共识。对澳大利亚政府与社会组织之间签署的"National Compact"的背景、内容、运行机制、发展前景等进行分析,并认为我国政府与体育社会组织的合作应推进双方的监督性制度维度建设,拓宽政府与体育社会组织的合作平台,大力建设政府与体育社会组织合作的软环境。

Support for obesity policy: The effect of perceptions of causes for obesity and national identity in Canada

Interventions in Canada to address obesity have largely been limited to individual-level change through education rather than a population-level public policy approach. Little is known about obesity policy support in Canada, and substantial national variation in obesity policy support prevents direct transferability of these policies among nations. Our study recruited 521 young adults for an online survey through leaflets and flyers. We investigated how respondents’ demographics, health characteristics, political attitudes, beliefs regarding causes of obesity, and national identity affected their support for obesity policy. Results showed that there is high support for many obesity policies among Canadian young adults. Including Canadian national identity in regression models was significant in explaining obesity policy support beyond the combined effect of other predictors. Further exploration of national identity, in Canada and elsewhere, has implications for understanding obesity policy support that might assist policy makers in making more informed decisions in addressing obesity.

Research on Ethnic Minority Representatives in State Council Agencies During the Period of Nanjing National Government

China is a multi-ethnic country.From the wuzu gonghe ( Five nationalities under one u n io n ) in the early R epublic of China to the current union of 56 ethnic groups, the participation of ethnic m inorities in p o litica l affairs has always been a vita l and important factor for the development of China?s democratic politics. On one hand, the Nanjing National Government was dedicated to the model of a “ civil iden tificatio n ” and weakening ethnic characteristics.

Merit and Evaluation Models for Managers in the National Health System： An Empirical Study

The national health system （NHS） complexity increase requires a review of the managerial human resources evaluation and recruiting methods, considering that nowadays doctors need to improve not just their clinical capabilities, but also managerial competences. At this end it is important to develop performances control models and to identify appropriate results indicators, with the aim of introducing an effective doctors selection system for managerial roles. The paper considers the Italian situation and tests the current evaluation and selection methods, by analysing the literature and the existing legislation and by interviewing experts. Moreover, in order to reach an innovative model, complex organizations have been taken into account as benchmarks. Three different categories of experts have been interviewed and texted： national health care organizations managers, companies managers, and business consultants. The 137 interviewed experts have been asked about four main questions concerning the evaluation for hiring managers as chief medical director, department director, and head of complex units. The conducted research suggests four different options in order to evaluate and to select heads of complex unit for the most strategic roles. By consequence, the analysis shows that required characteristics must be managerial attitudes as well as clinical capabilities.

China's National Characteristics,Government-Market Relationship and the Development of Its Financial System

This study seeks to determine an effective boundary between government and market in light of modern financial theories.According to the findings of this paper,the relationship between government and market must be conceived of as under the "continuous spectrum of change" resulting from economic development.In practice,an effective frontier between government and market not only transforms continuously with the process of economic development but also demonstrates significant contrasts internationally according to the different national characteristics existing in each country.Determining a frontier between government and market requires that the relationship between the two be embedded into a broader set of institutional environmental constraints that incorporate consideration of the dynamic processes and mechanisms of economic development.The key issue is that government and market act with regard to the principle of comparative advantage as they play their respective roles.

Global Human Rights Governance in the United Nations Arena:China's Participation and Contribution

This paper expounds how China participates in and contributes to global human rights governance from the perspective of its participation in United Nations’ human rights affairs. For more than 70 years since the United Nations was founded, it has done a good deal of work in establishing the principles and standards for human rights, developing the connotation of human rights, setting up the international human rights treaty system, and reforming the specialized United Nations’ body on human rights, and so on. Since the United Nations was founded, China has been an active participant in and made important contributions to global human rights governance under the framework of the United Nations’ human rights conventions. It has contributed to the establishment of the principles and standards for human rights and the connotations of human rights. It has also actively joined international human rights treaties and conscientiously fulfilled its obligations.